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GENERAL HANNA AND STAFF
Character Sketches of the Be-
publican Oatnpaign Managers.
MEN WHO PULL THE' POLITICO WIRF.S
to IMrrot
Vcnr'M rrrflldcnllr.I llnttlr for
Mound MIIIII- > , J'riiUM'llon ami
tlir Anllon'N Honor ,
Copyright. 1S96.
WASHINGTON , Aug. IS. In electing to
the rcpubllraii campaign Just open-
IliB , Mnrk llanna has given fresh nnd fin-
quent proof of his friendship for .Major Me-
Klnlcj. for , while tlio post of chairman of
n picsldj'iiHal campaign committee l one j
of honor from the politician's standpoint. It j
nlso one demanding extraordinary labor ,
tne.t mid oncigy. Upon the chairman falls
the burden and stress of the battle. He
must be both field marshal and brigade
commander. When others limp an.l fnltci
lie must ne > ver bo found vnntlng. The party
councils may bo torn with strife1 and jeal
ousy , but the chief must ever present a
unite" ! and limiting front to the enemy. Ills j
mall Is larger than that of nnj other man In
the country anil his callers are numbered
literally by the thousands Most men would
io ; era/y In a .single day over the Intrlcac-los
of tliu position which HIP man from Clove- i
Jnnd will hold during the ne-xt three months. I
Hut Mi Hanna thrives under a load that
would crush an ordinary man. Ho has the
nerves of a IllKnmrck and the digestion of
a LI Hung Chang. Loss of nlco | > no\cr
troubles him. He ilscp every morning rojy
and refreshed and icaily for anothnr hard
day's work. Mr. Hanna has of late paid the ,
penalty of success In becoming the target |
of the lampoon , the cailcaturo and the camnt |
palgn Ho. It has hern nald of him , among
other things , that be Is a pinse-pioud milas |
llonnlro and a domlnccrlnt ? boss. As a matJ )
tcr of fact , ho In n man of distinguished np-
pcaranco and IB described by thoje who know
him best as refined In characlci and man
ner , a student both of books and men , pa
tient to a fault , considerate to all , but witlnl
ntcady In aim nnd firm In purpose , and endowed
dewed with the saving gifts of humor and
common sense1. Ncvci , perhaps , wab there
a bolter exemplification In our politics of the
mailed baud In the velvet glovo.
From his earliest > nuth Mr. Hanna has
known clearly Just what ho wanted , and.
more Important still , the best way to get
It. Gl\cn a desired object , he puiaues it
relentlessly nnd without lest. This has
enabled him , a poor boy. from n small
Ohio town , to roll up a fortune of many
millions , and now that ho has turned his
attention to president-making , to handle
with perfect altlll the tremendous forces
placed at his command Mr. Hanna has
been following politics as u diversion fern
n dozen jcars or more He was the cham
pion of Shciman In 1SS4. 1SS8 and 1892. Ho
bcllovcd the Ohio senator was the great
est financier In the country Tour years
ago lie was the soul of the Sherman cause.
Ho fought for Sherman , and continued to
fight until nil hope was gone , for ho Is
one of these who hoist the white Hag only
when the last ditch Is reached Itcallrlng
in the end that Sherman's sun had set , he
accepted scrvlco under the MiKlnley ban
ner. Ho quickly cameto believe In his
new chief as thoroughly as he does in
hlmsolf. and has pursued the Canton ma
jor's campaign with all the energy of a
Donaparto. In the canvass for the nomi
nation ho called Into existence a vast and
perfect organization , and spent his money
as freely as be did his tlmo. This prelim
inary canvass , which he began three years
ngo , cent him nearly , If not quite , ? 100,000.
but Mr. Hanna counted It tlmo and
money well spent. Now that his favorite
Is nominated , ho has sot out In the same
careful , systematic , methodical way to
secure pop.ilar endorsement of the nomina
tion made at St. Louis.
Mr HRima IR a man sparing both of time
nnd woids. He does not waste ono nor
mince with the other. If you want to know
the real character of the roan you lia\c only
to question this veracity. This was done
once slnco the present campaign opened
Some one made a statement which Implied
that Mr Hanna had dealt In a double-faced
manner It was called to his attention by
n friend , and ho was asked what reply
should be given to the public. His answer
is worth recording1. It was short and to
the point If not In the most elegant dic
tion. "It Is a d d lie ! " ho said. Mr. Hanna
believes In calling n spade a spade , but he
knows , too , that morn lllcs can bo caught
with honey than with vinegar , and , what
ever the result of the present campaign ,
it will not bo charged at the end that the
republicans were wanting tu brains and
money or In all the sinews of successful
warfare Should success como it will be
accepted by Mr. Hanna as a matter of course.
Should his party bo defeated he will go
down with colors flying and with his face
to the foe.
The members of the executive committee
Rclcitcd by Mr Hanna to nld him In con
ducting the McKlnley campaign show him
to bo a shrewd Judge of men Ho takes
prldo In the fact that be Is a business man
and not a politician , but ns n business man
ho has surrounded himself with the cleverest
politicians ho could find. Colonel M. S
Quay , who Is to conduct the campaign In
the eastern states , Is what Thomas C. 1'lott
admiringly terms "a sly old coon. " Like
Hann.i , ( Juay knows what he wants and the
best wn > to get It. His gifts ns a strategist
were In evlilenen at an early age. One day
when he was 0 years old , as ho tells the
story his father brought home n pocket
blblo and a tin sword with a red hilt Ho
might ha\o his choice ; his sister was to
have what ho left Ho chose the bible , because -
cause ho knew that his sister would have no
tiso for the sword and that It would eventu
ally como to him as it did Subsequent
exercise of his shrewdness and foresight
made him first a county , then a state and
finally u national boss. I use the- word ad
visedly , for Quay does not object to being
called a boss. Dostes , ho holds , arc an es
sential part of our body politic , and so long
as there are political battles to bo fought
bosses will bo needed to win and lese them.
In fact , there Is nothing of the senti
mental about Colonel Quay. Ho Is. on the
contrary , n keen , able , methodical man , who
bos made politics his Ufa work and whoso
methods are Beu'roly pratlcal Ho Is not a
an orator or a speaker Ho does not believe
In u speaking campaign , or In meetings
to listen to speeches A procession or two ,
and a few mass meeting may , In his opin
ion , be well enough to keep up the enthusi
asm of a campaign , hut do not make -votes
or chnngo results Ho puts his faith , on the
other hand , in money , In Influence and in
activity without nolsei. Indeed when dlrcet-
tng a campaign ha maintains , so far as tbo
public ls concerned , a silenceus unbroken
as the Sphinx. Hut this Hllvnco Is born of
experience , and the conviction that men who
do not know are not apt to tell. As a nnt-
tur of fact bo Is not a recluse by nny man
lier of means In his personal relations ,
lie IE gracious and unassuming He never
turns you away with a short answer , sate
as "No" Is a small word Anyone , when
lui U in , and not Indisposed , or In con
ference , may see him. and may talk as long
ns he lias anything to say As a rule , It
Is tbo visitor who docs the talking ; but
when a friend comes into his room In whom
he has confidence , ho will open thu doors
of his speech and chat lntt > ret > tiiigly hour
after hour.
Associated with Quay In the management
of the eastern end of the republican cam
paign are \V , T. Durblu of Indiana , N. I ) . of
Scott of West Vliglnlu and Joseph H. .Mauley
of Maine. Durbln ami Scott are political
managers of high repute In their respective
states , and Manley baa hud a hand In the
management of every national campaign
during the last dozen years. Mauley was in
for many years the most trusted lieutenant
of the late James 0 , lllalne , ami never had It
brllllanf chieftain a more devoted and capa
ble follow IT. Ho Is a many-sided und suc
cessful man of business , but ho llkei hot
to be known as a practical , common sense
politician , Personally he Is a man of singu 20S
lar charm. Ills manners tre frank and the
pleasing , he looks > ou squarely in the eye
when Im talks to you , and he U an easy
and always interesting talker. As a polit
ical fighter ho believes In giving and taking the
hard knocks , but as he ls always open and
honest In his methods , his enemies reaped
as will as fear him , and In private life he
1 > incut popular , Mauley believes lu youug ,
: i en , a.id mn * * ] of bis success In Maine
politic * JIM IMPH due to his employment of
tbo younnrer eltmnnt In his party ,
( lost nil 1'Jw.sll CUj-ton c/f Arkansas lua
ch r e of the sou'liorn ind of the rcpub-
Ilc n ( . . mpilcn , Clayton stands for an
( Itmerit tlint has almost disappeared from
cur pilllks. Ho It a native of Pennsyl
vania and vretit lo Kansas before the wnr.
lie was then a Dourbon democrat , and
consorted with the young "border ruffian"
,
clement about Lcnvtnworth , vhere bo lived.
Hut ) vhen Lincoln Itsuc-d his first call for
troops to suppress thn rebellion Cl > ton
was the Til it trail In tbo state of Kansas
to rullst In Hie union army. He lost an
rrm hunting rabbits In Arkansas after he
bad escaped the tl.ots oi the enemy in an
nrr.icd conflict. Ho settled there after the
war , niarj > d a southern lady , and was
governor of the state In the era of ua-
rorlclnly that followed the surrender of
( he confederate : nrmy Ho left public llfo
an a United , States senator about the time
Uoisey , who was bis colleague , was playing
n mighty roleIn the drama of our later
day politics. Since 1884 General Clayton
bns | been a member of the republican no-
| tlotml committeeHe Is n tall , well-formed
man , with a thin voice1 , a long nose and a
lint'bet foco Hint Indicate. * an Intense tm-
lurn As he cnirles his armless sleeve by
lilt side * , ho looks the plctuie of a worn
nnd rusty soldier. Than ho no man better
I'liot.a thu south , or the best way of win
ning political huttlci there More Imporv"
taut still , ho is a flghlrr who never knows i
wbpn he Is whipped. |
Henry C. I'nvnc of Wisconsin Is conductpi.
Ing tbo western end of the McKlnley cau-
\ass , with headquarters In Chicago. He Is
one of thu most astute nnd faiceful of the
rcpubllraii lenders of tbo northwest , and
would have been chairman of the national
committee In 1S92 If he could have left his
pilvatei affairs for the time the office de
mands. Aasoclatevl with Mr Pajne are
Cyrus Leland of Knnsaa and C. G. Dawes
of Illinois Dnvvos Is a new-comer in tbo
nntlo'inl Held but Leland , who Is one of tbo
Keenest politicians In a state noted for Us
clover wire-pullers , has been a member of
the national committee for several years
past. Aside from these I have named , the
new national committee Includes several
men of long experience and superior ability
as politicians Snmuel Kcsscmlcn of Con-
nortiout was secretary of the national rotn-
mlttre In 18SI and 1SS8 and a member of liic
executive committee In 18S4. 1SSS nnd ! SrO
Ho U n nephew of Wlllln-.n Pitt Keseii'ltn
and inhnlts much nf his ability. J'osatu-
dcn docs his work without brass bands , and
la a shrewd oltbon Ho his nevci made
much money out of politics , but soil of man
ages for the love of the thing.
General James II Wilson of Delnwaiewas
a majoi sencrnl before ho was 30. His In
terest in politics came late In life , but for
soveial years past ho has been the repub
lican leader of bis adopto.l state. George L
Sboup nf Idaho Is a tried nndctcrnti cam
palgncr , nnd George L Wellington of Mnrv-
land Is the brilliant young chieftain who has
lately wicsted his state fiom the democrat/
H C Kciens of Missouri , or "Uncle Dick , "
KB his friends call him , has bc * > * n signally
successful both In business and politics Ho
Is rich , shrewd and gencroua , and not only
knows how to make a dollar , but bow to put
It to the best advantage. Mr. Kerens Is one
of ex-Prcsldcnt Harrison's most trusted
friends and took an active and Important
part In the campaigns of 1SS3 nnd 1892. John
M. Thurston of Nebraska la the heio of a
career possible only In America. 'Ibitty
yeais ago ho was a hack driver In Chleago
Dut by hard woik and hard knocks he sained
admission to the bar and begun practice-
Omaha Identifying himself with the poli
tics nnd giowth of his state , he has since
won fame and fortune. He Is a splemH-l
orator and a born leader of men. Charles
L. Kurtz of Ohio is a long-headed fellow ,
who has 'oug ' been Senator Koraker's right-
hand man In the politics of the Huckoye
state.
Garret A. Hobart of New- Jersey ro-
signed bis place on the national commit
tee when be was named for vice president
by the St. Louis convention , but bis expe
rience and ability make it certain that he
will have much to do with the shaping and
conduct of the republican campaign. Mr.
Hobart has already been through three
presidential campaigns , and in 1892 was
vice president of tbo national committee
Hut the gicutest triumph of his political
career wns achieved last jcar , when he
brought about the election of John W. Grigga
ns governor of New Jeisey. Grlggs suc
cess was a personal triumph for Mr. Hobart.
The latter originated the Idea of running
him for governor. He took personal charge
of Grlggs' canvass for the nomination , and
In the fierce fight In tha convention it was
his hand which held the lever and gave
Grlggs the pri/e. In the campaign , which
ended in n signal tepubllcan victory , he
was the recognized lender , the woik
throughout the state being mapped out by
him aud executeel under his direction.
Mr. Hobart Is In many respects an Ideal
campaign manager. Fertile In resouicc
and quick to discern the weak points In
the line of the enemy , ho is always cheer
ful , welcomes the advlco of others and
keeps his o\\n counsel. Tills year he will
do his best to secure the electoral vote of
Now Jersey for the republican ticket
The pivotal state of New York has no
representative * on the lepubltcan campaign
committee this year. However , the man
agement of the McKlnley compalgn In that
state Is in tbo bauds of National Com-
mlttceniaii Frederick S. Glbbs , a devoted
and trusted lieutenant of Thomas C. I'latt ,
and the tatter's wishes and advlco will be
potent In Its direction. Mr. Platt's public
career lias made him for years past one of
the best abused men of his time , and his
friends and enemies have often be-en puz
zled as to the real motive of his interest
in politics Ho was pluroply asked this
question once at a dinner , and replied
"f Just saw jou take a glass of champagne.
What did you diiuk it for ? "
"Oh , It vvas pleasant , and stimulates me. "
"That's why I'm In politics , " replied Mr.
Platt. "It stimulates me. "
Politics , In other words , is Mr. Platt's
fun , and the harder he Is opposed by his
natural enemies , the democrats , and by fac
tional enemies In bis own party , the harder
ho lights and the more he Is stimulated.
It is , perhaps , the most amazing feature of
Mr. Platt's career during the last ten jcars
that , while he has re galucd and Increased
his political strength , tie has also developed
a business capacity that has brought him
the teapcct of thu meicantile community. a
Kstlm.ites of his wealth vary , but be IB
generally placed among the millionaires a
He never expects to hold political office
again , unless some president should make ) a
him secretary of the treasury. It has been
life-long ambition of his to hervo In that
oflle'o , and it Is no secret that he was
sorely disappointed when ex-President Harrison
risen passed him by for the late Secretary
Wlndom. Hut Mr. Platt's career as a
politician will end only with bis death.
of
IA1IH ( AM ) I.NDliVl'HV. to
Detroit has 700 union moldcrs and the
organization bun a strike fund of J2JOOX
Under a icctmt law no now bakeries can of
bu established lu Ohio bulow the surface of to
the sidewalk.
There weio GO.OOO unemployed people In
New York City prior to the strike of the
garment workers.
Of the 40,275 members of the amalgamated ?
carpenters aud Joiners of Grt-at Drltaln "
only 3SS vvero unemployed June 1. "
Six thousand glass workers withdrew from
the Knights of Labor on July 20. The Uos- I )
ton pavers have also withdrawn. cini
ni
Trades unions are well organizoel in Ilel- nirf
fast , Dublin and Cork , and the Irish trades rfui
congress was recently held at Limerick. ol
According to reports from eleven of the In
leading cities of the United States building to
operations this year are IS per cent ahead cl
the tame time lust year.
The Minnesota Slate Hoard of Arbitration
has Its first work. It has been asked to in be
vestigate the printers' ' troubles with the
newspapers of the twin cities ,
The strike of garment workers now on
New York Is assuming large proportions
tions , upward of 0,000 workers being out
is a life aud death struggle against the to
sweat'Sbop system.
The wages of cotton workers in the St.
Petersburg , Russia , dlitrict for a year of 2S3
duja and a clay of twelve hours only reach
rubles ( at face value about $100) ) , while
highest mechanics' wages on record are
only COG rubles.
IlrlcXmaklng in the vicinity of Chicago
was never at so low an ebb , Only three of
ten yards are running , aud In the Dlue
Island district , where 700 men are usually by
employed , there are but -100. The uulon has
dwindled to half 1U former intwbcrBbly of be
2,500 IUUQ. be
JUBILEE YEAR OF NEPTUNE
Fiftieth Anniversary of Ono of the Most
Famous Astronomical Discoveries.
TO BE CELEBRATED THIS YEAR
A IVotiilrrfiil Mntlirmnflrnt Triumph
Sir ItoluTt lluH' I'ourtli Ar
ticle * nn the "llommioen
of tinHklcn. . "
( Coprrlgbt , 1WC. by the S. S. McClure Co )
III tbo course of the present year we bnvo
lo celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of ono
of the most famous astronomical discoveries
of modern times ; Indeed It may truly bo
saU of ono of tbo most famous discoveries
over made In the whole annals of astronomy.
There Is no chapter in the history of science
which contains Incidents of a moro dramatic
character than those which are described
In the narrative of the discovery of the
planet Neptune Nor are other associations
wanting to lend additional attraction to
this splendid achievement. The human etc-
ment , without which no story could bo com
pletely . Interesting , la hcic also present , nnd
a memorable controversy , the smouldering
ombcrs of which still occasionally burst Into
( lame , has arisen with respect to the dis
covery of the lomolest planet In our systc.ii
At the present time , when the lapse eif
just half a century has again stimulated a
general Interest In the subject , there scorns
to bo a flpccl.il propriety in attempting once
moio to draw attention to the series of
novcr-to-bo-forsotten Investigations which
brought Neptune Into light
To tell the story from the beginning , It
Is necessary lo commence ) with the latter
part of the hist century , when those who
loved to heat about the stars vvero as
tonished ry the announcement of the first
Mmmiom/SLJm
PROF. LK vnninii.
discovery of a planet which had ever been
made since the time when history com
menced. The older planets , Jupiter , Saturn ,
Mercury , Venus and Mars , bad been known
to observers of the heavens prior to the
very earliest ages of which we hnvu nnj
roooiel. No fresh additions had been mide
to the slender list of five , until William
Herschel , then organist at the Octagon
chapel at Hath , suddenly sprang Into
fame by the announcement that with
a home-made telescope , ho had , on the-
night of the 13th of March , 17S1 , dis
covered the vast orb which presently re-
celve'd the name of Uranus. Herschel was
led to this discovery by having Imposed
upon himself the task of examining ; all
the stars he could find whose magnitude
exceeded a certain limit. In the fulfill
ment of this scheme ho happened on the
night In question to bo reviewing the vn-
rlous stars in the constellation of Gemini ,
when his penetrating glance vvas attracted
by an object which seemed different from
the ordinary stars which are strewn in
such thousands over the slry. Closer In
spection revealed that this object was a
planet. Hence came the announcement of
the superb discovery of a mighty orb which
revolved far outside the orbit of Satuin
An Immense enlargement was thus given
to the dimensions of the planetary system
ns they had been previously understood.il
THE DISCOVERY OF HBUSCHEL.
When Herschel bad directed attention to
this new object Uranus it was naturally
submitted to careful observation by astron
omers nil over the woild. They weie
anxious to learn all they could with
reference to tbo nature and the movements
of this newly added member of our solar
system. It was presently found that the
planet required a period of about eighty-
one jears for the accomplishment of u
complete revolution around the sun. As the
years pasbed by , observations were accumu
lated showing the several points which
the planet occupied lu the different stages a
of Its circuit. More and more accuracy
was thus Infused Into our know ledge of
the various circumstances of the motion
of Uranus At Inst astronomers were able
to follow with all needful precision the
mighty highway which the great planet
pursued as it traced out what was then
supposed to constitute the frontier of the
solar system. H was found that , like the
orbits of all the other gieat planets , the
highway of Uranus was not exactly a cir
cle ; it was In fact an oval , or as we should
say more accurately , an ellipse , and the
details of the size and position of this
ellipse weio carefully studied and became
exactly known.
As soon aa the track of Uranus through
the heavens had become deti'rmlned it was
possible to liud with some approximation
the position which the planet occupied
at any particular date , even though that
date were antecedent to its discovery. In
fact u time table vvas formed from which
the locality of the planet , not only for each
year , but oven for each day , could be as
certained for any past epoch extending
If necessary to centuries before Herschcl
lived. It happens , singularly enough , that
planet of the slzo of Uranus and situ
ated at Its distance from the earth bears
striking resemblance , though of a very
bupcrilclal kind , to an ordinary star. Such
planet Is indeed very liable to bo mis
taken for a star , and as the history of the
Uranus vvas studied ) It came to the Knowl Ini
edge of astronomers that though this ob pit
ject had never been recognized aa a planet fre
before the ) eagle glance of Herschel first me
detected It , jet that It had In n certain BU
Lo
sense often come under the observation
ret
preceding observers , Nor Is this fact
at 1
be wondered at , when wo reflect that atwa
Uianus Is bright enough to be visible with wli
the most moderate tclebcaplc power. Those fK
earlier astronomers , who In the course lie
recoiinolterlng the heavens , happened of
light on Uranus , not Unnaturally took ab
fci granted that It was a fixed star , It KB
never occurred to them that It was any do
thing essentially different from one of the I'll
thousands of similar looking objects lying sp
all . around. They never Imagined Jei
that , it called for any further rli
recognition than was Implied by ex
noting its magnitude and the exact of
position which It occupied lu thu sky These ofwe
early obbervatlons lu which the planet was Iti
mistaken for a star , nnd bad its jilaeea by
recorded In catalogues with thousands of ex
undoubted stars have slnco pioved to bu
signal service in connection with the
immortal discovery which v.o are presently
set forth Little could any ono of those ancient Pi
In
cient astronomers have suspected that while ti
th
his attention was fixed on a supposed star
whose place be vvas so carefully measuring , to
was just on the very brink of a discovery sowl
wl
covery which would have rcudered his name
famous throughout the ages. The records m
which these astronomers have left possess ,
however , great Importance for our present th
purpose , because we are able by their aid he
learn the track along which the planet neU
U
was moving during the century which preceded -
coded Its discovery. Thus , the study of to
these early investigations permits us to
'
leaTn the exjict position occupied by Uranus ,
before attention hail Li
years been directed
CUBITS OP PLANETS.
If a planet were permitted to pursue 1U
movements without the Interference of any
external forces , so that It wan guided solely
the supreme central attraction of the
sun , then the orbit of the planet would > n
Invariable , Bach revolution would .e .
performed along the same elllpso pro- >
clscly as that which -MU' ' travcMcd during
the preceding rovolutttb > When the high
way which Uranus w , jfolpRlnR } at the tlmo
of Its discovery nnd for. jenra subsequent
thereto nnrv compareMlh the track
which the same planrt < wns pursuing In
these earlier yenrs bfforft Hc-rachel's time
when It was unwittingly observed by pre
ceding astronomers It' ttns found ; bat tbo
two tracks did not agr tj. No Joubt the
differences wore1 but. small between the
actual position In which Uranus was found
by the early obscrveWKud the positions
which calculations baled on the latter ob
servations Tvoulel have f assigned to the
Planet. Hut they were quite large enough
to be unmistakable "hon we remember
how accurately the determinations of posl-
lions can bo effected ) a our observatories
It was therefore clear that there must bo
Homo other Influence upon the planet
Uranus besides that which wns due lo the
supreme controlling attraction of the sun
Aatronomerft had been long accustomed
to find thnt the movements of the planets
varied from the movements which the > so
planets would have had If tbo sun's nttrac *
lion had been the solo guiding force. In
all such cases It had been the custom to
seek for an explanation e > f tbo observed
discrepancies In the effects produced by
Iho attraction of the other planets. H
was known , for Instance , that the move
ments of the earth vvero In this way af-
fectcd by Jupiter , and that the move
ments of ' Mars were affected by
the ntlrnctlon of the earth. In fact
every one of the plnm'ta exeielscs n dis
turbing effect on ; ho movements of each
of the other plnnc'H , the amount of these
disturbances depending primarily upon the
mass of the disturbing planet , and also , of
course , on the other circumstances of the
movements of each of the bodies The
studies of mathematicians have so farei | -
focted our methods of calculating the ef
fects of these forces that we nre nblo to
elctcrmlno bow much each plnnet Is forced
to swerve from Its track In virtue of the
pull exercised upon It by every other planet ,
Generally speaking the disturbances which
observation showed to tnko place In Ihc
movements of the lipavcnly bodies nd-
mlttcd of being completely accounted ferns
ns consequences of such attractions Thus ,
for Instance , in the case of two mighty
neighboring planets , JUpltcr and Saturn ,
there was an irregularity In the movement
of Jupiter wlhch was most satisfactorily
explained to be n consequence of the at-
tinotion of the plnnet Saturn , nnd a cor-
lespomllng Irrcsulnrlty in the movement
of Saturn was sitlsfnctorlly attributed to
the dlsttnblng effect of Jupiter
When It appeared that Uranus was per
forming movements which indicated that
the planet was affected by certain pcrturb.i-
tlona attempts were naturally made to ac
count for these perturbations by showing
thnt they were the consequences of the at
tractive power of the other bodies In tin1
solar system The effects 'which Jupiter
could produce upon Uranus admitted of
being estimated , nnd so nlso the disturbing
Influence of Saturn , as well as of the other
planets , could bo certainly ascertained. After
due allowance had been made for nil known
souice's of disturbance It wns , however ,
found that there wore still certain discrep
ancies outstanding between the places ac
tually occupied by the plane > t discovered by
Herschel nnd the places In which calcula
tion seemed to locate it. The belief in the
universal validity of the Jaws of gravitation
Is so well founded thnt U suggested the
possibility that the perturbations of Uranus
which could not be > otherwise accounted for
must bo due to the attractions of some other
plnnet which was quite unknown to as
tronomers This gave rise to one of the
grandest Intellectual iirobloms which the
mind of man has ever undertaken to solve
SEEKING THE , DISTUHHEU.
Let It bo observed that the facts -with
which astronomers had to deal In their
quest for the unknown planet were simply
these- The position In which Uranus was
actually found differed Ifrom the positions
which that planet would have held had there
been no other agents noting upon It , except
those which nre already known. Accord
ingly two accomplished mathematicians , Le
Verrlcr In France and Adams in England ,
undertook to investigate the v hoi eabouts
of a conceivable planet which should bo
capable of producing precisely these
disturbances In the' motion of Uranus
vvblch bad actually been observed.
It need hardly bo said that
the solution of tnls question Involved re
finements of tmthematical research which
could not be hero reproduced. Wo may ,
however. Indicate an outline of the methods
which had to bo pursued In this extraor
dinary . Investigation First , some well con
sidered guess or assumption had to be haz
arded as to the distance from the sun at
which the supposititious planet might bo
likely to re-'olvc. Its orbit should certainly
be picsumcd to lie outside that of Uranus ,
and from a certain curious law which
governed tbo distances of the other planets
from the sun with some regularity , It was
possible to anticipate what the distance
from the sun of an additional planet revolv
ing outside Uranus might bo reasonably ex
pected to amount to The weight of the
hypothetical planet could also In the first
Instance be only estimated rather vaguely ,
but the assumptions being made It became
possible to calculate the effects which such
body. If It really existed , would produce
upon Uranus.
It could hardly bo expected that a first
attempt of this kind would provldo a satis
factory explanation of the 1/rcgularltlcs In
mop. J. c. ADAMS.
a
10 motion of Herscliel'a planet , but by inak-
ig successive trials in which the unknown
Innet wns placoel at ellffere-nt distances
om the sun and nssumc'cl to ha\e illnVrent
ingnlttHlns light gradually dawned on the
tibject. Doth of the Illustilous astronomcm
0 Vcirler unel Adams , each pursuing his
searches Independently , the other , came
last to tbo < ; < ) ) ! ( . ] Lfulou that It
as qulto possible to determine the
bouts of the , , , .unknown planet
) the ( is
study of action re-
ected , so tei tpeak , , In the movements
f Uranus. Indeed , It 'Is'n moat remnrk-
blo circumstance tbAt the two inveutl-
ators should have cohcii/rerl not only In ,
otermlnlng the track "dr the unknown "
lanct , but even In nfc(5eri'ilnlng ( ' the very
pot In the heavens wlilch 'ilia ' unknown ol > -
L'ct occupied. When AVlairis and Lo Vcrq
ler found that this hypothetical body did
xcrclse precisely thaf" Itind and degree
f attractive power nptfu Uranus , which
rould provide the necessary explanation of
Is perturbations , thelrcicaiifldcnco that the
lypothetlcal body must ! have a veritable tt
xlstenco rose to abnolutea certainty.
LOCATING THlSfl'LANBT J , '
La Verrlcr's calculation's1 having been comc
iletcd , he not only ascjerYhlned the track tl
which the unknown 'plttnct moved aud u-
he mass of that body , ' but ho was able Bt
learn its movement through the heavens ,
as to know thu platd among the stars
hlch It occupied day after day .At last Is
felt to confident that this planet could
low be detected by the tvlefacope that on
ho ISth of September , 1S1C , a day from
encoforward to be memorable In the an-
ials of astronomy , Le Verrler wrote to Dr.
Inlle , astronomer at tliu Uerlln observa-
ory , requesting him to direct bis tele-
cope on a particular spot of the sky which
'as carefully Indicated , and there , said
Verrler in effect , you will see a planet
ihlcb I have nol seen , and which no human
ye baa ever Been , luit which , nevertheless ,
iiust lie In that spot , because my cal- Is
alculatlons have pointed out the neces-
Ity for Its existence. It may sound almost
ko a romance vhen wo are told that this
stonUhlng prediction wan literally fulfilled.
the very evening of the day on which
Verrler's letter was received at Ilerllu
r. dalle was able to comply with the re
quest made of htm. Ho wai fortunately In
possession of an accurate chart of the gtnri
In that part of the hearrni which the spot
Indicated by Le Vorrler was situated , This
circumstance greatly facilitated his search.
Ho compared the several bright points which
his telescope showed him in the heavens
with the stars which had been marked
down on the chart. Most of the stars In the
sky could bo readily Identified with the cor
responding stnrs on the chart. There was ,
however , ono starllkc object In the field of
the telescope which was not represented by
any point on the chart. The > attention of
the experienced practical astronomer was In
stantly concentrated on this object. U was
perfectly clear that the orb ho vvas now
looking nt could not have been visible to
the painstaking astronomer wi.o bad some
years before been stud j Ing that port of the
sky , and taking note of all the stnrs U con
tained with a view to the preparation of the
chart.
There seemed to bo only two possible
suppositions to account for the discrepancy
between Hie chirt and the sky. One > would
be that HIP objeet In question wns a star
which had sprung Into visibility at Homo
period subsequent to the observation made
for tbo preparation of the map The other
supposition would bo that the suspicious
object was A veritable planet , Hint Is to
any , a wanderer over the heavens which
h.il , been In some other part of tbo skj , at
the tlmo chart wns made , but which had
slnco moved Into the position where It was
now met with in September , 1S46
Closer examination showed that the latter
was the true Interpretation of tbo new
object. It wns found to bo lu motion ; It
wns therefore Indeed n planet Subsequent
Investigations with high magnifying powers
on the telescope disclosed that tills new
member of the solar sjstotu possessed a
characteristic by which a planet can often
bo distinguished from a star. No amount
of innrnlfjliig power will ever exhibit a
star otherwise than ns a brilliant point
of light Such an object never presents the
appearance of n disc with perceptible nrei
nn 1 a circular or oral outline. On the other
hand a planet may frequently be- observed
to show n distinctly marked disc. This test
was here applied , nnd the' new object wns
presently shown to possess the planetary
llgurc , nnd thus Its true i character was illus -
trated In another way
STARTLING TUB SCIENTIFIC WOULD
The scientific world stood nmarcd at this
astonishing discovery. In nny case to have )
nddcd jet another iniRiilllcent plnnet to the
sun's retinue would have been a notable-
achievement Hut the circumstances under
which this plnnet wns brought to light
made tbo Incident murk an epoch In the
history of the human Intellect. Here was n
supcib planet , eighty times larger than Hieni
oaith , dlscovcicd , not b > n mere accidental
survcj. but In consceiiciiti | > of lellned m.ithcui
mat leal anticipations , which Illustrated lu
the most emphatic manner tbo truth of
the law of universal gravitation , Ihc name
of Le Verrler wns Immediately elevated to
n pinnacle of renown transcending that
vthlch had been attained by nil ) niatlicb
niatlc.il astronomer since the davs of Newel
ton.
ton.Thero
There can be no doubt that oven If Le
Veirlcr or Adams had never lived Neptune ,
would in the1 couise of the last fifty jenrs
have been discovered In some other way. We
fre-qucntly icad in the papers announcements
of the detection of an additional planctaiy
member of our svstem , but iio'one" attaches
to such achievements moro than n very
small fraction of the significance ? that must
ever bo attached to the discovery of Nep
tune These small planets aie usually dis
covered by diligent comparison of the stars
lu the sky with the stars on the chart and
whenever a new objeet Is thus brought under
notice It Is carefullv looked after. Theie
can be no doubt Hint Neptune would In
course of tlmo bnve been found by this sim
ple survey work , aud though Its detection
would have been a great reward
to the diligent astronomer who
wns so fortunate as to have first dropped
upon it , yet It would haves been a nutter of
much regret had Neptune been thus picked
up , instead of having been the object of that
wonderful mathematical triumph by which
Indications were given of the exact spot In
which the search was to be made > Indeed ,
as a matter of fact , Neptune hnel once been
very nearly discovered In what may be
described as an accidental manner before
either Adams or Le Vcrrier was born
Astronomer Lalando records In his great
celestial catalogue a certain "star" in n
certain place on the 10th of May. 1785. Sub
sequent Inquiries Instituted by Adams
showed that this object was not a star , as
Lalando thought , but , that It was really the
planet Neptune A reference to the origi
nal manuscript observations of Lalande
brought circumstances , of much Interest to
light. It appears that the astronomer had
observed this object on May S , us well as on
the date two days later , but as his observa
tions showed n different position on the
10th from that which ho had set down on
the 8th , Lalando concluded that the latter
was erroneous. Wo now Know that the
discrepancy In the two positions was simply
due to the movement of the planet In the
Interval. Little did Lalando dream that a
superb discovery hnd lain so nearly In his
grasp , but we cannot regret that he did not
make It. Hnd ho done so It would have been
what wo may relatively describe as a more
accidental achievement. Wo should have
been doprlvetl of tbn most glorious Illustra
tion science has jet Riven of the principles
of theoretical astronomy.
DIVIDED HONORS.
The fame of the discovery of Neptune
was not to be solely the property of Lo
Vcriic-r , but that It would have to be
shared with a young English mathema
tician , J. C , Adams , who had recently
taken an exceptionally brilliant degree at
Cambridge nnd had nlso , as we have said
dlscovcicd the planet by calculation ere
It bad been telpscoplcally seen. Adams
had also , like Le Verrler , provided In
structions for the practical astronomer by
which the telescopic search for the planet
might be undertaken. Prof. Cballls of
Cambridge commenced to search for Hie
planet in accordance with the cumulations
of Adams , but he was unfortunately not
provided with that special appliance for
facilitating such PJ research which was
available to Dr. Oallo nt Herlln. The Catn-
bildge observer had not yet received a copy
of that star chart without which the task
of discriminating the planet from among
the hundreds of adjacent starw Involved
nn arduous and tedious piece of work
Prof Ohallla did , however , manfully un
dertake the laborious duty of Instituting
careful survey of the region. Wo now
know that In llie > course of his work he
had , on moro than ono occasion , unwit
tingly observed the' plnnet Neptune so thnt
Micro cannot bo the least eioubt that thei
process which hn was pursuing must neces
sarily In duo Hum have resulted In complete
success , Dut while Challls was engaged In
this laborious work news reached Cambridge'
of the discovery of the planet which hnd
alre-ndy been effectc'd nt Ile-rlln A consiel
orablo controversy thereupon ensued. The
French * nation claimed for Lo Verrler the
ciodlt of tbo discovery of Neptune , and was
at first Inclined to deny to AdJina miy share
whatever In the Immoital achievement It
urged ' that Le Verrler , quite unconscious of
thu labors of Adams , had completely worked
out the position of the planet and In conse-
eiuence of that work , and eolcly In consequence
quence of It , the planet had been telescnpl-
cally discovered at Uerlln. These who put
forward tbo claims of the English mathema
tician urged the undoubted fact that the
calculations of Adonis were really prior to
tlio.io nf Lu Verrler , though it was admitted
thnt the optical discovery by Dr Galle antic
ipated tbo discovery which certJlnly would
have ' been made by Challls when he bad
completed and compared hid observation at
Cambridge. The English claim demanded
that the fame of the ellBcoyery of Neptune
by mathematical icsearch should bo equally
shared between La Vcrricr and Adams ,
Gradually this claim has come > to bo al
most universally recoKnired an a just one. U
true that certain French writers speak of
the discovery of Nrptune as simply duo to
La Verrler , but Impartial Judgea generally
refer to It aa the joint result of the concur
rent labors of the French and the English
astronomers. UQIIEUT 1JALL.
The kingof pllla Is Beetham's Ilcccham's.
Mm. 1I > T * ' IVfiillnr III HIT.
Mrs. Ivan Dyers of llartwell ban a very
peculiar ring , and it is safe to say that there
none other of like design in Hie country.
The ring itself is only a wire circlet of gold ,
but attached to It Is an oblong opal fully
half an Inch long , which extends nearly to
the joint above. On the other aide of the
wire , extending toward the knuckle , Is a
large solitaire. Doth the opal aud the
diamond are exceptionally fiiie stoaei.
COMMERCIAL CIMS WORKfo
Some Things Accomplished During Uio Past
Six Month1 ; ,
SEMI-ANNUAL REPORT OF SECRETARY UTT
Iiitrr4nlne < l Vlnllnrs , Srrtircil CeniA on-
llonn ( or i\iniHltloii car , ItroiiKliI
In : \e - inti-ri > rlwoi unit MntU-
llnclf IIIUTIIJVifftit | | ,
"Iho follow ins Is a statement of the
principal work of the Commercial club of
Omaha from January 1 to July 1 , 1S9G :
'Scvcntj-flvc new menibeis have bee1 ! !
added to the > list , as compared with a total
of 100 for the entire jcnt of 1S95.
"Thero are now about 550 paying mem
bers , and the dues collected during the cur
rent voar should be approximately $7,000 ,
against ? fi,735 for 1VJ5 , and $5,923 for 1S91.
"Tbo Indebtedness of the club has been
reduced by the sum of $ tlGO 19.
"Tho club rooms are accessible nt nil
times to membeia of the club nnd their
friends.
"All organlratlons In the city devoted to
the development of the Intel csts of the city
and state arc permitted to bold their meet- !
Ings lu the club looms. j I
"Ono hundred and eighty-two business
mcctlugs have been held In the rooms of I
the club during1 the past sK months. |
"Iho following associations hold their |
meetings regularly In the club rooms , vl ? . .
llusluess Men's association ( Knights of Ak- i
Snr-Ucn ) , TrnnsmlsslEslppI and Interim-
tlon.il Exposition nssoclatlon , Omaha Knlr
nnd Speed association , lletnllcrs' associa
tion , Retail Grocers' association. Heal Es
, tate exchange , and meetings nre frequently
held by Insuianee organizations , medical
associations , etc.
"The high standard of the reading rooms
has ' been maintained. Tort-live different
newspapers ' , magazines , etc. , are iccelvcd
regular .
"A first class restaurant Is maintained
and during the past six months has been
bclf-subtalnlng.
"Tho work of tbo club has been broad , nil
mailers pertaining' to tbo Interest nud com
mon welfnre of the city nml state being
given careful attention. A number of new
enterprises have been located in Oniahn
and efforts made to secure otheis. Good re
sults may jet follow some of the work
done In this ellicction , which has not thus
far borne fruit. The club Is particularly
desirous of Increasing tbo number of Job
bing houses nnd is devoting much time and
effort In thnt direction
INSUHANC15 HATES REDUCED.
"During the je > ar 1 ! > 94 the city was visited
by dlsasteious tires , and tbo insurance com
panies in consequence iniscd their rate's
on ] all buildings exceeding throe stories In
height. The failure to control these fires
was attributed to Insufficient water pressure
and nn Inefllclciit flro departinc.il * Prin
cipally through tbo efforts of Iho executive
committee of this club during the venr 1 ! > T
tbo fire elepaitmeiit wns rooiganlzc-d ai.l
the wnter scrvlco greatly Improved. The
intos were then reduced. The mobt Im
portant rc'sult , however. Is that propertj Is
now comparatively safe and tire loibes arc
reduced to a minimum
"Tho standing committee on union dei.ot
has frequently reported progiciid and has
kept constantly before tbo railroads the
urgent necessity for belter depot facilities
While a definite plan has not as jet been
adopted by the roads , there Is no doubt but
that the railroads have decide. ) to con
struct a depot as soon as the piclimlnarlcs
can be arranged , and that the same will
be completed before the opening of the Ex-
posltlon In 189S.
"Tho club has reason to feel proud of its
record In securing and entertaining excur
sions , fairs and festivities. Its efforts .lie
now largc-Iy directed to attracting convon-
lens , etc. , to Omaha In 1898. Already a
large number have been secured and suvcr.il
propositions have liven made that It is ex
pected will be acted upon favorably In the
near future exposition jcar , through the
efforts of the Commercial club , will be made
the great convention year In the history of
the city.
"During the past six months Omaha has
entertained the Nebraska Poultry exhibit ,
the Grand Army encampment , the Ladles'
Relief corps , the Nebraska Retail Jevvelers"
convention and the Commercial Law League
of Ameilcn. The Young Peoples' Christian
union and the Scandinavian Singing society
will meet In August and September , respec
tively. Thcso gatherings were secured
largely through tbo efforts of this club.
"Within the past six months the club
has had the gratification of Inaugurating
and successfully carrying out a grand ratifi
cation jubilee of the Transmlsslsslppl and
International Exposition , which was organ
ized In the club rooms In pursuance of reso
lutions adopted at the Transmisslsslppl con
gress held under the auspices of the Com
mercial club In 1895. The club has devoted
a large portion of Its energies to the promo
tion of the interests of this great enter
prise , and stands ready to assist It In every
possible way In the future.
DISTUIHUTING ADVERTISING MATTER.
"Tho club has distributed extensively adv -
v 01 tlslng matter pertaining to Omaha. Press
dispatches have been sent over the conn-
tiy setting forth our prosperous condition ;
untruthful and damaging reports relating to
Omaha and Nebraska have been expohcd and
refuted ; fraudulent solicitors of aid for No-
biasKu Hiifferois have been denounced
through the Associated press ; special issues
containing excellent cuts and important
commercial facts concerning Omaha have
been distributed throughout the couutiy ;
numerous newspaper aitlclcs have been fur
nished for publication to papers In various
sections of the United States ; handsome
souvenirs of Omaha have been distributed
extensively The development of the proposed -
posed exposition will enlarge our advertising
work , as greater facilities will bo afforded.
"The most Important work of the club Is
In relation to transport.itIon rates , as they
affect Omaha ship ] crs During the last six
months final arguments have been made In
the cases pending before the Interstate Com
merce commission relating to unjust rates
to points In Iowa and to Texas points ami
decisions are expected at an early date 13f-
forls have been made to maintain the Mis
souri river as a basing line on eastern rates
and to prevent any chanpc , n earload rates tu
tbo Missouri ilvei. Chicago und other east
ern jobbers constant ! } seek to make carload
and less than carload rates Hie same , which
would be very mueh against the Intercut of
this locality ,
DISCRIMINATION IN RATES ,
"Tho rates from Lincoln are much less
than the rales from Omaha to a Infge part nf
the common territory , while the distances
from Lincoln to a considerable portion of
this territory are greater This constItutes
a discrimination which has been unjustly
borne for many yearn ,
"April 20. 1898. the Fremont , Elkhorn &
Missouri Vnlley rallnay and the Union Pa
cific railway issued tariffs , making rates
from Lincoln and Omaha tbo HUIIIO to com
mon points on their respective lines Iho
jobbers of Lincoln enjoined these loads and
this club has Intervened , and Ihe case Is set
for final hearing .September 11 We should
succeed , as justice Is on our side ,
"Hates from Omaha , as compared with
those from Kansas City , Ht Joseph , AtchIson -
Ison and Lenveuwurlh to common points In
BoutheaHlein Nebraska , distance. considered ,
have been unjust und unreasonable Through
the efforts of this club the H h M Hallway
In Nebraska and the Missouri Puclllc railway
put lu effect July 1 tariffs which remove the
discrimination which has heretofore existed
"Much attention IIUH been given to classi an
fications which affect Missouri river terri
tory , and thu efforts of eastern jobbers to
obtain undue advantage have bc.cn frus
trated.
"It will be seen that one of the most Im
portant duties of the club In relation to
rates and classifications Is to prevent the
cic.'i ! , < .i ( ! .l crlmlnntlons. and thnt It la
iMlng for t'iftt foatuir , AS v.pll ns worklnR
foOl tlic rcnovn1 : of pxlRtlng discriminations.
Other Inii'ottin' steps Imvo btem taken to
secure ? nilelltlor.nl ficlRht adjustments thnt
cnnuotfll IK > jnnitc public at this tlmo ,
"The johblnx tra.dt < of Omaha Is in a pros
perous condition , Tim packing lioimo and
stock yntil bunhtos la Improving rapidly.
The ratio of fnorrSso In bunk cleainnccs for
the pn.st six mouths exceeds that of any
other city In Amcilca. Nebraska this yeur
will have the Rrcntrst crop In Its history
f.tid Is certain to uap lirgo commercial bcnr-
llla , not only In the Increase of the Undo of
our present manufacture nnd mcichnnts ,
but by iho location hold of additional Indus
tries. Ibo outlook , Iholefoie. Is icnysurlng.
trnn "Many minor mnt'cra Imvo been consider * !
nnd acted upon by the club which nre
omlltc.l In this report , us It Is only In
tended to mention the morn Important work
accomplished.
CONUUCTHD nrnNOMlCALLY
"Attention Is railed lo the fnvornblo re
sults attained by this club with the nx-
pendltuio of less than $7 000 mutually Min
neapolis nnd St Paul cnch collect dues aggre
gating $20,000 per ye-ar , while Kansas City ,
t'li
tlnnuRh Us Commercial club and freight
bureau combined , collects $10,000 per annum.
Tbo woik of this club commends It to nil
those who de-slro to see the city grow nml
prosper. Ha success Is circumscribed , how
ever , by the limited resources nt Its com
mand To moemipllsh all to which It can
reasonably aspire , it must bo supplied with
additional funds.
"H U Iho duty , and to the prisonnl Inter
est of every rttlreii of Omaha , to become
lilt'iitlfle-il v\ltb the club , nnd by the pay
ment ' of the small annual dues nld In the
good work It Is doing and place this city
jv n position te > compete with the constant
efforts . , being made by Its commercial rivals.
It must be apparent to nil that the odds
are ngulnst us in our competition v\ltb
oilier clubs having the financial support ns
slioun | nbovc
"Tho iiiombcrsblp of this club can , nnd
should , bo Incioased to at least 1,000 active
workers.
"I respectfully ropommond that this re
port ho published , ns I consider the showing
made sulllclcntlv favorable lo constitute nu
elllclent appeal to the public for Increnseel
support. I also recommend that the good
work of the mombeishlp committee be con
tinued , and that the dlioctens of the club
give this committee all the assistance In
their power. Very icspcctfully ,
"J i : UTT Sccictniy.
V
Purifies and Beautifies
.
by restoring to healthy
activity the Clogged , Ir
ritated , Inflamed , Slug
gish , Overworked Pores.
Sold throughout the world Pin * * Dee AHP
Cm * ( ' rtr'rnni ! , Mu Mn , USA . * . .
Our Window
Is always interesting !
This week we are showing a
special line of choice Scotch
Cheviots.
They look pretty in the win
dow but when you examine
the quality and texture then
you'll leave your order.
Beware of "imifa/ton" Scotch
C/u viots.
Pants to ordur , 91 to $12.
Suits to order , 315 to 350.
Samples Mailed.
DrnticIioB lu all Principal Cities ,
207 South 15th St.
SPECIALISTS IN
Kcrvous , Uirouic
uud
1'rivaie ' fliseiss.
WEflFMEH
'
All 1'rtiutu LMIC * I
' iiIIliord r of lloa
Ireulninut by luall
con > ultuttuu ( r u >
SYPHILIS
Cured for Ufa tnd the puliui Uion/uamj
1 nifd from lln > ltm. J'lhr.fl FIRTULA
iiEcrrxi , ULCKHH , HYDHOCKI.KH AMJ
VAniCOCni.K p rm > nintly * nJ > ucc ifutly
our > 4. Mtlhcxl new ana unfulllng.
STRICTURE AND GLEET
Bjr n w nulhod without p ln or cuttlnc.
Call on or * ddrc wun itimp ,
Dr , Searles & SearlM ,
Ihe Keeley Institute
88OT WHISKEY , MOHI'IIIM ' , OPIUM , TOBACCO AND CIGARETTE HABITS ,
rVrito for to nil a and testimonials , Corrospontlunce confidential.
Blair *
