THE OMAILrV DAILY J3EEt SATURDAY , MmiUAllY 15 , 18JGj
THE' ' FIELD OF ELECTRICITY
Invasion of the Domain of Steam in
Suburban Roads.
DEMAND FOR ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
n < Itotui * unit Afiroml
Cure fully Wntdiril Hlcrlrlp Uttlit-
In iillnlnir li Other
< n ( N ,
The Norwalk , Conn. , city council recently
granted the Norwalk Tramway company per
mission to extend Ita trolley line to West-
port , a dlstanco of about three miles. When
that line Is completed there will bo only
a gap of about four miles between the Nor
walk Tramway company's syatom and the
system of the Bridgeport Traction company ,
now reaching to Southport , and with thai
Rip eliminated the Now Haven Steam com
pany's main system will be paralleled by
trolley roads for a distance ot about twelve
miles between .Bridgeport and Norwalk and
South Norwalk. This Is an Important part
of the New Haven company's line for local
travel. Figures presented by the latter cor
poration to the state legislature at the last
session showed , for example , that between
Bridgeport and Southport during six months
the local passenger traffic has Increased
by 5,131 passengers , or about 25 per cent ,
an compared with the year 1894 , when no
electric co'mpetlon existed. Between Bridge
port and Palrfleldr-somewhat nearer Bridge
port than Southport the traffic during throe
test months of the same period fell oft on
the New Haven road 60 per cent , owing to
the opening of the trolley line. The only
chance probably of blocking the now lines
is an appeal by the steam company to the
superior court , which , under the general
street railway law of the state , can rule
that a parallel line Is not demanded by pub
lic necessity or convenience.
An examination of the whole trolley sys
tem of Connecticut shows that the steam
railroads of the state are now paralleled by
trolleys for a dlstanco of about 101 miles ,
and that about one-third of all the trolley
roads parallel steam roads moro or lejs di
rectly. The New Haven steam road Is par
alleled about sixty mites ; the Now England
road ( coritrollod by the New Haven corpora
tion ) about twenty-eight miles , and the
Philadelphia , Reading & New England about
thirteen miles. Trolley roads almost certain
soon to bo built or actually In construc
tion now will add aliout thirty-four miles ,
of which sixteen miles will parallel the Now
Haven road , six miles the New England
and twelve miles the Now London. North
ern. On the basis of last year's official fig
ures of the results of competition on pas
senger traffic , the Indications are , however ,
that the total loss of the steam companies
by electric rivalry does not now exceed
$100 000 a year , as compared with the pertou
before any trolleys had been built. In such
a comparison It must bo remembered that
a largo proportion ot the trolley parallels
represent merely the BUbstltutlon of elec
tricity for horse power on old. street railroads
paralleling steam lines.
ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES.
Further evidence of the steady Invasion of
traction by olcc-
the domain of steam power
trlo motors Is further shown by the demand
for the latter. A representative of the
Baldwin and' Westlnghouo companies , speak
ing of the demand to a correspondent of the
Globe-Democrat , said :
"Tho Westlnghouso and Baldwin companies
have become convinced that the demand for
electric locomotives will grow rapidly In ttic
near future. The steam locomotive which
the Baldwin company has been making rpr
sixty years Is not to te laid on the shelf
rfsut away , but that company has come to
believe , I think , that U will gradually , but
surely , bo displaced by Its electric successor ,
and has grasped the opportunity to take ad
vantage of the coming change by Joining
forces with ono of the two great electric
motor companies which control the supply
of ouch motors In the United States. The
alliance Is an exhibition of the foresight of
both companies with respect to coming
chances of very great Importance , as well
as an attempt to avoid the waste of energy
by a division of labor and unnecessary dupli
cation for It would scarcely be practicable
for the B-ildwIn company to set up and use
an effective motor plant of Its own. Exist
ing patents would stand In the way.
"The allied companies propose to perfect
and offer to the steam railroads electric
locomotives which they will buy and uss.
The resources of both concerns , the eloc-
trlo Inventions , devices and experts of the
one- the methods , the expert locomotive and
Tunning gear machinist of the other , are
being taxed In the effort to produce a mo
tor which the steam companies can use to
service but especially
advantage for any kind of ,
pecially for the rapid and safe transportation
Sf passenger trains running more frequently
than steam twins at the prcsant time.
"Tho demand first to be satisfied Is for
electric locomotives to draw passenger trains
on the suburban roads of the trunk Ines.
The 'demand already exlste-ln fact , all the
eastern Jteam companies have placed large
orders This has been caused by the compe
tition of the suburban trolley roads which
are extensions of railways In city strnsts.
Only o fo.v months ago I had a successful
business Interview with two of the grea
companies having terminals In Chicago , and
hitherto doing a largo and profitable busl-
npss to tlio suburbs on their main linos.
The Burlington company's suburban bus ness
threatened by anew
In and out of Chicago Is
which has undertaken to
corporation ,
i Extend new trolley roads from the- city tea
' lines , and
dwcn towns on that company's
this a payliiE business will bo fought for to
the dolM' '
MAGNET.
"Tojla li working on an Ideajn the shape
of a. motor , and you know our company has
the flrit call upon anything that comes from
his fertile brain , that I bellove will about
! IP a locomotlvp with the
success . llv cqt
"deilVefl. This motor Is entirely or g-
pro or
nal and truly maivolous. The secret lies
turning the Inc-rt and seemingly lifeless
of magnctlwn Into an active force
force powerful than steam or a current from
n " ° take tin ordinary magnet or a piece
nf Iroii through which a magnetic current Is
n' sslng and hold It close to llttlo pieces
Sf rS'nnd tecl , It will attract them and
hold them motlonlow. This Is practically all
that the world has e\cr known of magnetic
Tesla that this In-
forte Now It M IW to
vlolble force , pent up within the confines of
the magnet , might perhaps ba developed or
transmuted or changed , or utilized In such
1 nunnor thai It would become active and
quick \yhcro It has always lain passive. Upon
this theory he worked for years , and Its sue-
* cctsfut development In Jho Testa motor 1
i' only ft question ot small details.
' "Tho principles of the motor , concisely put.
are these : An electric current U passed
thrciiKh a circular magnet , In uppearanco
resvsmbllng a life prci-orver. It coiwlste
limnlir of a. ring of Iron with copper wlra
bound around It. The eloctrlo current gen-
crates a strong magnetic current which
fUkhes around and around the rlrcular mag
net at a torrlllo speed , Now. If ono holds a
.mil flow to an ordinary electric magnet It
will bo passlyn In the hand until It Is
' brought close enough for the magnetic fyr , < *
to seize It , when It will fly out of the hand
ttnluht to , tlio magnet. But If ono holJ& n
nnll rloso to the circular magnet pf Teria'r
It nil ! begin to revolve In the hand ; that U
if the nail Is held by thu head and the point
' allowed to hang over the hollow renter of
the magnet , the point will move around In a
circle , tilowly M Hrst. then fatter and fuitrr ,
, . until , It U Is drnppud upon tlio table In the
centur of the hollow , It " 111 uplu around FO
rapidly that the eye csusot follow Its mo
tion * .
.11 "Sorrral explanationrc elven nf ( he
- phenomenon , one tl.at there are ocvrral mag-
{ nolle currents In the Iron rlns. and they
ire chaclnn one another around in A furloiii-
, ; ac , but the myetury it M profound a
v Yer ,
"Anotl.tr Intereillne experiment la the
balancing- an Iron \\hccl OR a nnll , or
let the wheel revolve upon tha finger , uilng
( lip flng r a tlio axle , and holding It clew
tfl th , mignet , It will Hy n round at a rate
tVt wjll take one's bruth tv.vay. It li not
Dcccj.ary to touch thu magnet .U all. All
nil ? neQU | jo da U to hold a piece of Iron or
t l Iw the hand nd bring It vritblb a fo.-t
of th mEUil ( , anil then ) i will fe | a quu r
. tuvAlou ( , a * of XUUIQ Juvll'lo | fcrce trying
to draw the piece of , metal out ot hl hand ,
and , falling In Ms , trying to twist It
around In a circle.
"Such Is the principle of the coming Tctl *
motor. In Its application as a motive pJwt ? "
on the railroad , the construction , of course ,
differs from that of the experimental msg-
net , but the Idea IS the name.
A TRST OF TH13 NEW FORCH.
"In equipping the new locomotives the
circular magnet Is attached to the bottom
t the engine , and the axle upon which the
wheels revolve passes through the center
of the magnet without touching It. tthen
the current Is turned one the maisnetle fotco
whirling around In the hollow of the mag
net catches the axle and turns It. The
power for generating this magnetic current
can bo transmitted by underground wlrej
for almost any distance , and there Is prac
tically no waste of pwor or energy.
"Wo tested two of our motors recently
on the Nantashct Beach railroad , and while
the experiments were successful , they did
not completely satisfy us In all the working
details. It's the little things In olcclrklty ,
an In life , that cause trouble.
"A two-motor car was first tested with a
load of nine cars , with a combined weight
of 302 tons. As this load was too heavy ,
the cars wore dropped off , ono at a time ,
until only five remained , which were drawn
fairly well. Then the four-motor engine was
ballasted with 5,000 pounds of iron and at
tached to seven loaded cars , weighing 243
tons. It drew the load easily , and there
seemed to be no great effort when the load
was Increasid to nine Cars and 303 tons. The
two motor engines were then coupled to
gether and attached to various loads up to
thirty cars , weighing 954 tons , which * wore
successfully hauled. While making this test
something gave out on the four-motor en
gine , and the less powerful engine handled
the entire load , giving us another electric
mystery to salvo. . . . . . .
"Our company Is also keeping a strict
watch on the Hellman electric locomotive ,
now In operation over In France , on a trunk
line loading outof Paris. It Is said to be
a great success" " , and Its admirers predict
that it will supplant all competitors. N\hlle
our locomotives are supplied with electricity
from overhead or underground , the Hellman
electric locomotive carries a triple expan
sion steam engine , which generates the elec
tricity required * Steam power produced In
the ordinary way drives n dynamo carried
on the tender. The motors are placed on
the trucks. This arrangement Is said to
give a saving of 20 per cent In fuel over
tho- simple steam locomotive. At first sight
such a result seems Incredible , and no ono
was moro surprised at the claims set forth
than your humble servant.
"It might be conceded that n locomotive
generating Its own' electricity by the use
of steam would bo more economical than
our electric locomotive , since It dispenses
with costly qverhoad copper wire conduc
tors and Is exempt from the waste of cur
rent' Incident > to the use of long wires , butte
to suggest taat It Is moro economical In
fuel than the ordinary steam locomotive
sounds Ilko a Joke.
"The explanation Is. that Hellman go'.s moro
ot coal by using
power out of n given weight
a triplo-oxpanslon engine. Ordinary locomo
tives are extremely wasteful of steam. By
using the same steam thrice Instead of
once enough power is saved. It Is claimed , to
rnako up for what Is lost In convert ng or
dinary power into electricity. If this be
practicable , the Hellman locomotive has for
most purposes , decided advantages over other
electric locomotives , slnco It can he used on
ordinary tracks without special prepirat on.
Trolley wires and poles are dispensed with ,
a
' "It Is suggested , however , by the Hellman
Indention thatvOf It bo a practical thing a
further development of the steam locomotive
Is possible , which would give It a new lease
of life and make , electric constructors hump
themselves to- keep up with the procession.
For use In Ion ? itunnels , however , our loco
motive remains the bast , since It produces no
cmoke as the Hellman engine does.
ELECTRIC LIGHTING IN EDINBURGH.
Prof A B. W. Kennedy , electrical ad
viser to the Edinburgh Town Council , has
recently had occasion to make an exceedingly
pleasant report with regard to the progress
of the electric lighting station In that city ,
says the Electric World. He advised the
town council to lay down a plant to supply
40000 eight'candle-power lamps connected ,
and led them"to expect that this figure would
bo reached within two or three years , and
that the works' costs ( Including all office ex
penses ) would , when the output reached
300,000 units per , annum , be about 3 pence
per unit sold , Prof.Kennedy now finds that
after only sevbn and a half months' working
the lamp connection has reached an equiv
alent of 45,000 eight candle-power lamps , and
that the works' costs ( although the output In
the thlrty-four-weeks has only been 285,000 ,
and the greater part of this thirty-four
weeks has been summer time ) , averaged 1.50
pence per unit 'Bold. nWlth this data to go
on , he now. prophesies that by April next ,
which will be the end.of the first year of
operation of this , station , 800,000 units will
have been sold , and that the averags for
works' costs will be about 1 % pence. The
total Income earned will then bo 16,000 , and
the town council will possess a balance of
between 2,000mnd 3,000 , after paying every
thing , Including Interest and sinking fund.
It In needless to say that one outcome
of this favorable result will be the imme
diate extension , of the plant.
Prof. Kennedy also suggests that the
voltage between the outer and middle wire
of the three-wire system should be raised
at an early date to 200 or 250 volts. With
regard to the consumers' lamps , he sug
gests that the town council should Issue a
notice to the effect that on and after May ,
1806 , the standard voltage will be 220 In
respect to consumers connected after that
date , and that on and after August , 1S97 ,
the now voltage will bo standard for the
whole system , and finally that at any time
between these dates , the town council will
bo ready to supply any existing customer
with new 220-volt lamps at 6d each , the
old lamps becoming the property of the coun
cil. The effect of this last clause. Prof.
Kennedy thinks , will be that each customer
will run his existing set'of lamps as long
ns possible and ( Ifen buy a new set cheaply
from the town council. He estimates that
the loss will be about 8d per lamp , and as
the present lamp connection Is equivalent
to about 40,000 8-cp lamps , and means prob
ably about 20,000 actual lamps , the cost of
the total operation will be under 700 , and
the carrying capacity means ( for the same
percentage drop ) will have been quadrupled ;
nn operation which would have cost about
60,000 had It not been necessary to quad
ruple the capacity by laying extra copper.
ELECTRIC RAILWAYS IN ENGLAND.
The slow progress of electric traction In
Great Britain 1s a matter not easily com
prehended In the United States. A recent
English , writer states that tha total mile
age of electric roads In that country doei
not much exceed forty ; and that , while
It was expected that the opening of the
City & South" London and the Liverpool
elevated railways would have a powerful
Influence in favor of electricity , It Is
doubtful If twelve miles of electric road
have been opened In the three years these
lines have been working. This teems to
have been chiefly due to the widespread
opposition to overhead wires. As Eng
lish streets are not remarkable for beauty ,
the objection to the wires can hardly been
on esthetic grounds , but It probably results
from a vague .fear that the safety of the
public might be endangered a fear much
Increased by the garbled reports of accidents
In America. Accumulator * , steam and pe
troleum , have been tiled on certain tram
ways with no very encouraging results.
A change of sentiment now appears to be
In progress , .as several new electric lln ;
are nearly completed , and the opening of
the tram line at Bristol a few weeks ago
may bo taUon oa the beginning of electric
traction In England , The slJe trolley , orig
inated on the South Staffordshlic line and
alto utffil at Bvlttol , Is raid to liavo inc ) .
with very favorable reception , as It makes
cro3s v.lres unncccsiury.
iMi'ROVijp ELECTHM OANIH.I : HOMIER.
A new electric cjm'lo holder ban been
t ] tl&u' ! > i which ( a likely to popularize H
alylo of clcnfrjc Hauling tU ; ho * n'way ' *
been ottiuctho for Jpwln ? roon . wlon
and gallery Illumination , the Imitation of a
candle ftimti In tlouilcj or tinted glak . This
method of lighting has hitherto been xomc-
what noRlceieii Sy reason nf the dlfllcultlcv
i-xpeilencnl | n'a.Jip iig candles ot varying
lengtl.o. 1l.c- nun ; fitting 1' arratiKiN ) to hold
candle tubes of jufy Ipngth ulthln : \ range
of from about three in I three-fourths to > ! x
ami ono-liaU luhei. : ( th stalk being tele-
8opti ! , and lilted Witt ; all tl.w needful ad-
jutting device * , .
Ono Minute Cpugl ) Cure touches tl.b right
ipot. It also louche * It at the right tirju U
you take It it hen you have a couga or cold.
Sea tht pulut : Then don't cougU.
IN THE GHETTO OF CHICAGO
Section Througed vd h Russian and Polish
Jews.
THEIR FANATICISM AND THEIR SUFFERINGS
Orcnt MnrilNlilpn ntul MticH I'ovcrlr
nurtured L'nroiniilnlnliiKlr Core-
niniilill OliHcrviutCf * of the
Jcrrliili Snbliutli. it
The Chicago Jewish Training school Is
situated In the midst of a peculiar people ,
says the Chicago Tribune. A people pos
sessed of a fanaticism so high , so fine , m
self abnegating that It enables them to tn-
dure exile , poverty , and every deprivation
.without a murmur.
To the casual obsarver that locality bounded
on the north by De Koven street , on the
south by Fourteenth , on the west by Johnson
strict , and on the cast by Canal , Is simply a
place InhablteJ by poor Russian and I'olUh
Jews , so crowded and packed together thai
many thousands of them live _ within" tlita
limited area. Passing Up ahd'db'wn the very
dirty streets In this vicinity one. . sees at-every
step men , cither seated or moving , vending
all sorts of cheap things , and whole families ?
boiling over , as It were , from the pots of
the thronging tenement houses unto the side
walk from which they open. They are not
buoyant , hearty , romping children , and well-
fed , contented mothers that one flndg biding
on the sldowalk , for many hours of the day ,
when the weather Is mild. In evpry part of
this Ghetto , but clfln children and , acnemlc
mothers , for they arc a delicate , although a
prolific , persistent race. Indeed , how , could
they bo otherwise than delicate since they
are slowly starving , not only 'for want of
proper food , but for everything In life , for
all they have is hope , which , with them , Ir
surely a thing deferred , but nourished by
the religion for which they suffer. How It Is
that they are a persistent people Is a problem
which would seem to have no logical solu
tion. Perhaps It Is a matter of Inheritance :
and from the old patriarchs from whom they
are descended , they have the peculiar , endur
ing vitality which has enabled the people of
their faith , through many centuries , to endure
the untoward conditions which have annihi
lated races not so endowed.
Whatever the cause , certain H Is that here
they arc living , constantly companioned by
poverty and sickness , and yet living and also
multiplying , and through all holding firmly
not only to the spirit , but to the letter of the
Jewish religion as It was taught and prac
ticed In the time of Abraham and Jacob.
Strange as It may seem , In this Ohotto there
are more than 10,000 people who have been
for years , and still arc , suffering martyrdom
for their religious faith. Prosperity was *
theirs In their native lands if only they
would renounce Judaism and accept the
teaching of another faith , but with one ac
cord they turned them from material pros
perity , with all Its allurements , and accepted
cxllo and the thrall of the grimmest sort of
want for conscience sake.
Although they find religious liberty here ,
these Jews of the old regime find little else
for which they havn reason to be thankful.
Of handicraft they know absolutely nothing ,
although with very few exceptions they are
well , oven highly , educated. Many of them
are fine accountants , and are quite familiar
with the technicalities of business , and many
of them could command a fair eulary It they
would work on our Saturday , their Sabbath.
This they will not do. They will sacrifice
themselves , their families , ' their future , but
their religion never. This being true , there
Is not much they can do but peddle. Thus
It happens that the spectacle is seen of a
man of fine acquirements , often the possessor
of exhaustive , abstruse knowledge , Kolng
about every day in the week , save Saturday ,
with a pack on his back. In this settlement
of vendors who can-read and speak In many
tongues , and are so familiar with the Talmud
that they can give whole pages of It wlthoul
the addition or omission of a' word , tbo man
who has a horse and wagon , however poor.
Is an exception , and Is regarded as opulent
FRIDAY NIGHT CEREMONIES.
It Is when the sun goes down on Friday
night that a strange and dignifying trans
formation , both.within and without , but es
pecially within , takes place throughout the
length and breadth of "this peculiar settle
ment. Without the shutters are drawn , and
every sign of occupation ls"banlshcd. Be
fore the setting of the sun every peddler has
returned ; every sidewalk vendor withdrawn
his wares ; every child is gone , and the
streets , so ovcrthronged every other tlmo In
the week , are dcsarted and still. Just after
sunset the sixth day In the week one may
walk blocks In this section without being able
to purchase anything , not oven food.
Within the poor houbes of these poor
people , and here three rooms 'are a luxury ,
which Is by no means common , whatever
the size of the family , the change Is greater
than without. If there Is but one room ,
though It be dull and grimy and lighted
by a single window opening on to a court.
It Is made as attractive as cleanliness and
such little trifles as ore kept stored for
this one night of the week can make It.
A white cloth , often only a coarse bit of
cotton , costing but a few cents , but Im-
ir.nculately clean , la spread upon the tablu
and a light set upon It. The- children are
made as tidy as circumstances will per
mit , and all evidence of poverty Is , as far
as possible , banished. The best meal of the
week , however poor It may be , has been
prepared , and although the miserable home
may have been without the cheer of warmth
for the whole week , Is made comfortable
by a freshly trimmed Ore lighted before
the going down of the sun ushers In the
Jewish Sabbath , for after that no Jew here
may light a tire until it goes down again.
Thus a hoiiso where squalid poverty very
often reigns the rest of the week , on' ' Fri
day night Is made to assume an air cf
comparative comfort.
Leaving the children , excepting such boys
as are over 13 years of ago , gathered about
the whlto covered table , on which have
been placed the Talmud and , such other
books as the family possesses , the father
and mother and grandparents , If there are
any , proceed to the temple , for they know
their place of worship , as have their fore
fathers through all the centuries , aa the
"temple. " When the polemn service of
the Mosaic dlipensatlon | s finished , and
they return to the abiding place tliey call
hcme , as they enter the door the children
all rise and stand with bowed , heads , while
the oldest man of the household , the patri
arch , the father usually , If , there U no
grand'father , stretches forth his hands and
pronouncea the blessing jvUh which Jacob
blessed his grandchildren when on his * death
bed : "God bless you like Ephralm and
Manasseh. " Then the mother or grand
mother pronounces the blessing : "God bless
you like Rebecca , Rachel and Leah. "
Despite pinching poverty and Its endless
attending train of evils , , wlilcli Include all
that externally bemeana and b.elittler , there
Is about these people , in thrjr wretched
houses , the night that tbo Jewish Sabbath U
u e be red In , an Innate distinction and dignity
which reminds ono of Emerson's assertion
that a sanctified soul Is always elegant. The
Hollcltous , anxious Insistence of the street
vendor falls away from the father of the
faintly , and he becomes the patriarch , teach
ing his family the fine poetic truths voiced
by the prophets of old. And the mother ,
also Just returned from the temple , Is at
this time rajsed above her mean surround
ings by a certain spiritual exaltation which
U not of the 'ephemeral , emotional eort , but
\\hlcli Inspires her to bear without complaint
her Iwrd lot , and yet honor the law by greet
ing racli Sabbath with a clean house In aa
near holiday attire as she In able to command.
In Home of tlieso poor houses the strenuous
effort to honor the eacred day Is , Indeed ,
touching.
When the evening meal Is over the children
gather about their parents' and the father
reads to them , first of all , from the Talmud ,
and It Is upon such literature aa the fallow-
lug that the children here , who are , indeed ,
a mighty company the average Is ten In a
family who have little to cat and less to
near , are n-urlslied :
Tin- olive then Its oil will yield ,
When In the olive prem ;
So from Iil xliix Is Israel healed
Through guttering and distress.
Uod oxtendh His hand of merojf ,
T iom beneath the antieli' wings ,
1\ > receive , unseen by justice ,
Whonuoe'er repentance brings.
O lot respect be dully shown
To Mm that's old unil , fee.ble erown ,
Whose store of learning , nobly won ,
Now hnplesly from him hn rtonol
The nacred tablp.o , hewn of clone ,
Within tlio' nrk lay not alone ,
For Mile by side with them we find
The broken tablets lay enshrined.
Oed make * tho" c- high who humbly gd
The velf-cxnlted Oed brings low.
It In the custom for all the children of a
ho'iichold to be at home , whether they live
at homo or not , on Friday evening , and it
la an unwritten law among this people , whoso
lives are In so many respects like a strong
strange current from rcmota antiquity , thai
all differences , whether between parents ami
children , or brothers and sisters , snail bo con
sidered as If they never had been , when the
blessing of Jacob has been pronounced. This
undoubtedly accounts. In part at least , for
the strong and loyal regard which Invariably
exists between the different members of fam-
Illes among thlS'pybple , and the unvarying
considerate affection and respect with which
children regard "their ; parents.
It Is alsj a rule ff6m which there rcems to
bo no dcvIatlon 'a'WBng ' these strenuous re
ligionists , that w iilt'ever ' betide , the parents
Instruct their bnlWren most carefully In
the tenets of thotr rhllglon. At < mo time , at
the social settlement house in this vicinity ,
classes were formell1 , by tome young ladles
from one of thofashionable South side synagogues
'
gogues , for thi pU'rposs of teaching the
children hero In , regard to religious matters.
To the astonlshmtnl > of the : * ) refined , highly
edcuatcd philanthropic young women they
discovered thai . . these poor , under
nourished , raggda children knew more about
the old testament ) scriptures than they , and
were constantly 'propounding questions which
they were quite'undbje to answer.
Parents are supposed to be responsible
for their children .Until they are 13 years of
age , and It Is thin expected that they have
been so Instructed that they can answer
for themselves. The boys at this age arc
given a "tcphllllm/ " which Is a small leath
ern case containing four verses from the
Pentateuch , which Is bound on the head ,
In accordance with the scriptural command ,
while the wearer , with his face turned to
the east , eiys his morning prayer. The
girls are not so provided , neither are they ,
or the women , permitted to occupy the same
part of the temple as the men , but have a
place provided apart as In olden times.
This separation of the sexes'is also carefully
observed In the home. U matters not how
small the room , how poor the occupants ,
oamo sort of a division Is managed , and
the boys are separate from the girls of a
family when they sleep.
TRAITS OF THE PEOPLE.
In studying the lives of this unique pee
ple. In our midst , and yet no more of us
than are the people of the South Sea Islands ,
ono finds'some peculiar phases of human
character and extraordinary facts In regard
to how people are able to live. For In
stance , ono day a teacher , who has among
her pupils two little Girls , the children of a
Russian Jew , observed they did not go home
at noon. She Inquired the reason , and after
some hesitation was told that they did not
have any lunch for that day nor any fire.
She Investigated the matter and found that
the father was an Invalid and was In the
country , where he was barely able to earn
his board , and that the family of three
the mother and two children were and
had been for a long tlmo living on 12 cents
a day. which the mother earned by finishIng -
Ing slippers. When the work was not forth
coming , as sometimes happened , even this
small sum could not be expended , and then
there was no lunch or fire. Yet this woman
would not accept charity , declaring firmly
that she was not a pauper. When later
the eldest of the girls stated that slip must
leave the training school for two
or three weeks until she could
earn enough money for a Jacket
and was offered one that she might not leave
the school and so lose her place In her classes
her mother refused to let her accept the gar
ment , saying she would rather the should
lost her place In the school than take the
first step In dependence , for the first step
taken the second would be easy. This sort
of moral fiber Is quite consistent with the
persistent tenacity 5n the matter of religious
faith which brought these people exiles to
our Ehores and 'keeps them steadfast In
holding their Sabb.ath sacred , and while It
cannot be eald to J > o general It Is quite com
mon among them , .
Althought the faith of their' ' fathers Is
carefully and ponslstcnlly Instilled In the
minds of , their children , and , for the most
part , successfully ; "to' theds most orthodox of
Jews , still the" chUdren'"do''not ' escape the
trend of tl o Umls rtor"fatl to 'sic that they
must in , part jflelil to tie } customs of the
country In wlilcli tfieyllve. : At the training
school they are instructed In practical handi
craft , which makesjthem capable of breadwinning -
winning In" any 'one 'of several different lines.
When they havecdmpleted the course there
they realize thar'th'cre Is open to them in
dependence , com'fort. respectability on the
one hand and poverty , dependence , depriva
tion , and keeplnt 1Kb Jewish Sabbath on the'
other. They make'their ' choice , and a large
number of thcni' oVc now supporting their
families , for they ah ) fa'.thful to their faith
In all but' ' the Sdbbath observance , and es
pecially are they'loy'al to that part of It which
commands filial J'deVotlon. The young men
and women who" are taking this stand In
dicate the change1 ( Which , when the present
genertlon shall have passed away , will take
place In this Ghetto.1' In the meantime It Is a
strange anomaly that these psoplo who like
Paul , the chle'fcst of the apostles , are
Pharisees , and , In ia way , believe In a future
life , still , when questioned , will affirm that
an after life Is something of which they
cannot know , but > for which they hope. It
Is this hope that leads them on that they
may cherleh It iwlth as much certainty
as possible they forego everything which
would enrich the present.
You can't makp a new f.rni with Salvation
Oil , but you can cure the bruise with It. 25c.
INDIVIDUAL POINTS OK VIEW.
IIoiV I'tTHOiinl IntiTi-HtK Color
NloiiH of Opinion.
A man absorbed In his own trade or pro
fession often views all other subjects through
a medium colored by It , Bays Youth's Com
panion. A shre d young New Yorker was In
North Carolina when Fort Sumter was fired
upon. Ills father excitedly , telegraphed to
him , "Civil war has begun. "
"Then , " calmly said the youth , "turpentine
will go up. " Ho spent all of his money In
the purchase of turpontlne , sent what he
bought north , kept It for two years , and laid
the foundation of a successful business career.
Ileau Drummell Is said to have met the
duke of Wellington just after that hero re
turned victorious from Spain , the Idol of the
English people. Drummell regarded him
coouy ana remarked , rnere is something
lacking In a man who can wear a coat like
that. "
An enthusiastic horticulturist , when he
heard of the massacre of the Engl'sh mis
sionaries In China , wrote In his farm journal :
"While wo deplore bloodshed , It must be con
fessed that the English and American mis
sionaries are a selfish lot , lacking In patriot
ism. They never have sent a eeeJ of the
famous melons of Asia back to their own
country. "
A canny publisher In New York when the
labor strikes of two years ago began raid :
"Hard times and trouble of all kinds are
upcn us. The public will want books to
make them laugh. " Ho acted upon the Idea ,
and his books of gay romance and fun had a
ready dale In eplte of the scarcity of money ,
Perhaps no subject Is tinged in our nilndi ,
so Etrongly with our own personal ( Idlosyn-
craclea as that of a future life. "Do I be-
Here In Immortality ? " eald the great German
physician Knope. "Do you think 1 ! shall not
be here because a valve In my heart will not
open ? "
A faithful negro nurse traveling In Italy
with her mistress objected to tlp ( robes of
the angels in a hmoua picture by Corre-gglo ,
which tlmo had .yellowed , "Ua saints , " she
tald , "Is de last fblk.to put bad laundry work
out ob dere hands , ' , ' In which she stumbled
on a great truth , ' though In homely gultv.
A great ccniedfgnHwhOEe character has en
deared him to majiy.who care nothing for his
art. was once talking of the mystery of
death. . .
"The Great Ifpnagcr la right , " he said
reverently. "Who would give any heed to
the play If ye coujd ijee behind the curtain ? "
U -
Not a few who read what Mr , Robert Rowls ,
of Hollands , Ya.-riia to ay below , will re
member their own experience under 1 ke clr-
cunutanccx : "Lart&wlnter I had la grippe
which left mo In a Iw state of health. I
tried numerous remedies , none of which did
me any eocd , uaf\ ( \ I was Induced lo try a
bottle of Chamberlain's Cough Remedy. The
first bottle of ll , ; * far relieved me that I
'
wa enabled to'aitend to my work , and the
second bottle ejected a cure , " For file at
25 an > l V ) cenU i > er bottla by drugglMs.
THE ARMY RIFLE A TERlif
Phanomonnl Destructive Powers Shown by
Recent Testa.
THE FLIGHT OF ITS PROJECTILES
Hone CtMinlilriu ; nnil i\p1o lre 1'orco
'
of the Miilloln-Kvcrv Solillcr 111 *
Own .Snrnron An Alnrm-
I'rnlilruii
A very short time ago. when most of the
natlona of the oartli were going about \\lth
chips on their shoulders , Imploring some
one to knock them oft , the medical men ol
the various countries began wondering whit
would be the effect on the soldiers of the
possible enemy should the arms now adopted
by the various countries be used In actual
warfare. These medical gentlemen , say the
New York Herald , made their reports to their
governments , and , needless to say , the findIngs -
Ings of the scientists after their experiments
were not made public. There wore some
thing ? . It was found , that In order to retain
oven an ordinary degree of patriotism It
was well to conceal from the possible sol
dier.
,0no of the government ! ? which miulo those
Interesting Investigations sent Us report to
the surgeon general of the United States ,
with the warning that It was not Intended
for the public. On the contrary , It was
printed , for the benefit of the surgeons of the
army , and should be kept from the rani : and
flic , as the romilt of the promulgation of the
facts mentioned In the report might Inter
fere seriously with the personnel of the
army.
SOME EXPERIMENTS WITH THE GUN.
It Is rather singular that at Just about the
same time , If not a little before this oHlclal
Inquiry was made , Or. John H. Qlrdncr of
Now York City began some experiments on
his own account with the new rlflo adopted
by the United States army and now In the
possession of the regular troops , with the
gun factories hard at work turning out
sufficient to supply an army of war strength.
Dr. Qlrdner made his experiments and drew
a number of deductions , which have been
published In a weekly newspaper , but ijieso
remorks'of the experimenter merely skimmed
the 'surface , and the complete results of tl.e
surgeon's experiments will not bo known
until he makes them public In a scientific
periodical of repute.
Prom .the experiments made by exports not
alone In firearms and dynamics , but by sur
geons of renown , the weapon adopted by the
United States army , the Krag-Jorgensan rifle ,
Is one of ( ho most brutally effective weapons
which has ever been Invented. It was re
garded as humane. Inasmuch as the wounds
It made would be clean and the passage of
the projectile BO rapid that there would be
nlmopt no splintering of the bone or tearing
of tissues. Instead of this , except within a
certain very limited range , the effect of the
bullet la explosive , and It not alone tears
and mutilates In a terrible fashion , but It
nalioK tii hnnn Into a nn In and Increases
the percentage of fatalities to a very ma
terial extent.
When the military arms having small cali
ber and using a bullet of a diameter much
less than the old rifles were adopted by the
European armies , the representation made
was that the change was In the Interest of
humanity and that the small caliber bullet
could not make so severe a wound as the
heavy projectile of the old weapon. The ex
periments were made at certain wellvdeflned
distances at which "armies would be likely to
do battle. But the effect of the missiles at
other distances , especially up to 400 yards
and beyond. 1,500 yards , was not determined.
It was presumed that If the wounds were
clean and free from excessive laceration at
the distances experimented with , they must
bear , necessarily , the same general appear
ances at other distances.
IT WAS HOPED TO DISABLE. NOT KILL.
With this general result the examining
boards were content and the public gener
ally was Informed and thoroughly convinced
that even though the now arms adopted
were much more precise In action and had
an enormously Increased carrying and pene
trative .power. , they were adopted because
the' chief object of warfare was not to kill
an enemy but to disable him , and that the
wounds Inflicted by the new weapons would
be of a character which could be treated
successfully and that recovery from them
would be rap'd. '
The same condition of things which In
duced the acceptance of the guns in Europe
existed hero. This government had Its hu
mane Inclinations played upon and the ex
perimenters were shown how straight was
the trajectory and how clean was the track
of the projectile , until there seemed to be
a decided demand for the gun because the
person hit with Its missile might bo knocked
over and made helpless for a time , but that
he could be fixed up with great promptitude
and dispatch after the battle.
Dr Glrdner , In his article , describes the
flight of the bullet as In three divisions. The
flrst Is from the muzzle of the gun to the end
of 400 yards , the second Is from 400 yards to
1 500 yards and the third Is from 1.500 yards
to the limit of flight-two miles. The first of
these may bo described as the destructive
division of the flight. Anything struck within
this range Is splintered and torn as though
by nn explosion. The mark of the missile in
an oak board is Irregular , and the effect of
the projectile striking anything having the
same resisting power as flesh Is explosive ,
the bullet tearing the mark to pieces.
ENORMOUS VELOCITY OF THE BULLET.
It should bo re-membered In considering
the power of the flight of the bullet from
this now -gun that the muzzle velocity Is
2 000 feet a second , and that Its course Is
almcst resistless. It Is not like the Mlnlo
ball of the civil war merely lead , which Is
Itself flattened and torn In Its course but
It IB conical , and the lead core Is first cov
ered with rtcel and then plated with German
silver. It was sent through sixty Inches of
plno board without disturbing the Jacket of
the bullet In the slightest , This was cal
culated to have the effect In gunshot wounds
of doing away with the sever ? laceration
Inevitable from the course of a missile dis
charged from .one of the ola army rifles ,
when , the bullet spread at the point of Im
pact. At the distances dcecriboJ , between
400 and 1,500 yards , the advantage Is very
marked , and Is likely to make this limit
known as the humane limit. Her ? the
wounds Inflicted by the rifle are remarkably
clb'an and the punctures of the bone appear
as though they had been carefully drilled.
The appearancetrf the flesh wounds \v \
equally clean and without laceration , and If
there was a certainty tnat every person
shot and 'not ( { tiled outright would be within
Lho humane limits and would recover from
Ills Injuries the gun would seem to make
warfare a sport rather than a hardship.
Ah experiment was made In Germany with
the ( ir/ny rifle with which our army IH
equipped , and seven dead bodies were placed
In Indian file to receive the bullets. The rifle
wan dltchargcd at a distance of 650 yards
and the missile pasted through all of the
subjects and was never found , This was lit
> 50 yards. Had the bullet been discharged
at ' 350 yards ( hero would Imva been plenty
o addiTho conditions then may \ > t tin.
aglncd when an experiment recently made
with a human skull U relitoj.
SMASHED A SKULL TO PIECES.
Thfr experimenter secured a bkull and filled
liu Interior with potato , which has about
Iio same consistency as tlic brain mutter.
One of the new Unlt l Stales army rlAp *
vas OUchargcd at the ckull at a distance of
,00 yards and the ikull was Jltfrally binaelioil
> y the force of th ? Impact. TliB content *
were , strewn for half a doren yards about-
lad this been tried nltliln the humane
Imlt the bullet would Imvu patted through
ho skull , leaving a tiny hole behind It.
The eamo experimenter had occasion to
hoot a rabid dog while using I'JC ' .inny rifle ,
and thought that the use of the ucapon
would be about an humane a method of kill.
tig the lirute as could be devised. What W.IB
ils astonishment when the bullet struck the
unfortunate animal to sue It practically burnt
ho fore part pf the trui.k open , ifiilte as
hough iha animal had litcn lilllnl Itli an
explosive bullet. Tlilr wouU Iio nmloubtrdiy
ho ft/suit of a wound lu a limn in bujy. In
cioo.the rangn wan within thu limit which
nay bo dcrcribed a * brutal.
The pbyalclaos who have folio fed the ex-
pertaentn tuy that the cffixt of Me : bullet
I'trlklng a thigh or au arm br.in : would lit ) ,
unli > * the perron was wltblti the urea pf 400
o 1,500 yards , to reduce the bono ulimiyt tea
a pulp. Setting or raving the llmh would
10 Impossible. The amputation would Irtve
o be prompt and complete. Dsuth vpiild
probably result , from BUCU a wound.
There liptf lie it , of tounc , a r ? t di-ul nf
which caeuallley may occur. Uo'cie ad-
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curiosity expressed among scientific men' to
account for this phenomenon of shattering
by a projectile traveling at such an enormous
rate of speed as 2,000 feet a second. IJut
none of the explanations seem to be as satis
factory or as flrnplo as the ono offered b > -
Dr. Glrdner. Ho Instances a boy's humming
top , and calls'attention to the fact that at
the beginning of the pln the toy whirls at
an extreme point of Its' velocity and that It
wabbles for a tlmo , for the rapidity of its
motion has not yet overcome the laws of
gravitation. Then there Is a period when the
top appears to bo'perfectly still and yet Is
revolving at an enormous rate.
A third period onsuca when the toy be
comes uncertain again and again begins to
wabble. These three stages of the spinning
of a top explain , according to Dr. Glrdner ,
the three points of theflight ot the projectile.
Ho believes that as the bullet leaves the
tnuzzlo of the rlflo It 'Is given a twist which
Improves Its accuracy , 'of , course , but makes
Its penetrative course decidedly unsteady.
The quiver "which accompanies this early
flight of the bullet Is the thing which docs
to ! business with. , human flesh and bono. .
When the 400 yards mark is reached' the bul
let's flight becomes steady , and Its penetra
tive power Is.of course concentrated. At the
1.BOO yards limit the top begins to be tired
of spinning and the bullet shows Increasing
Indications of unsteadiness until tbo end of
Its flight. It Is during the periods when the
cour.so of the projectile Is not perfectly
straight and true that the great damage Is
done by the bullet.
SURGEOMS ARE COM ILfNG STATISTICS.
The medical corps of the army is com
piling a scries of talliesbased upon the medi
cal reports of the casualties during the
civil war , with the object of showing how
lestructlve the present rifle will bo In actual
warfare. From what Is known at present
concerning the results ot these experi
ments , they will show that bscauso of the
iractlcal absence of trajectory In the flight
of the projectile of tlie'qew rifle the chance
of escape while charging will bo reduced
to the minimum , There can be no longer
any charges across country. The charging
'orco ' would be wiped out before It reached
ts enemy. The straightens of the flight
of the bullet has entirely done away with
the chance that the enemy will fire over
your head. All he has to do Is to hold his
ifle straight and blaze away and kill gonio-
hlng. Ucsldes , there will be no longer any
advantage in flghtlng In the woods from be-
ilnd trees and the < like. The cxparlmcntB
tave shown that the bullet passes with the
utmost readiness through trees three feet In
diameter , and any person standing behind
would be killed lnovlably. ( The absence of
trajectory has Increased to an alarming de
gree the area In a Held of battle within
vanccs could bo made over Intervening spaces
with comparative immunity. Now , nothing
Is safe within two miles of thu gun.
An exceedingly alarming problem la con
fronting the authorities In regard to the
safety of the military corps or any person
not combatants. Tliry will bi > practically
wiped out should they attempt to save the
wounded on the field. They could scarcely
avoid being wounded , and another corpx
would have to be employed to aid tlu'in , and
D3 on ad Inliiilttim , Now It Is proposed to
teach every soldier the principles of first
aid to the Injured , co that 'they may rtrenj
.heir own and their comrades' wounds.
They nlll ho taught especially how to stop
liemorrhages and caqh man vll bn provided
with a little package of antlieptlcs. tewed to
iih ) uniform and freed from till pmalulo In-
'ectlon. Then when they receive wounds
hey may aid each other and no : awult the
ambulance corps.
Raymond
JCWKLKK.
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IM < H am. . -
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In season and out of season , a
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assembled from every artistic
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of the hand , in producing those
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Too good for Dry Goods
Sto.-ci Jtv/ilen 6nly.
The rnancin uo conrliio otirtviTuH lo rioriium
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B R. Corner IRtU oud Donula * .
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STOCKHOLDERS' MEETING.
Notice Is hereby clven that the regular
annual meeting of the stockholders of tha
South Plntto Land company will bo held at
the ofilce of said company , In Lincoln , Ne
braska , at 10 o'clock a , m. , on the first
Wednesday In March , 1890 , belinr the fourth
day of the month.
] } y order of the board of director ; ) .
R. O. PHILLIPS , Sccrotnry.
Lincoln , Nebraska , February 3 , 1800.
H-Fcb l-M-23t
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l'oV < 0 jTii , , . AI In iiflo I ! | ir i Itx. H jmTny ; , , , sTs pin
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Om li3Je | ! 't , J5II ; und tVvbitrr Hii. J Onuli *
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7. min..Norfi < IU Ijxnrr" < ' * Kvnl vi,1UI3iim :
J.lSrm. . . . . . . . . .Hi. p.-iul Bx pi iiir „ . . . , , „ t.Rim
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