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About Omaha daily bee. (Omaha [Neb.]) 187?-1922 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 21, 1894)
T , 1 Q nVATTA TIATTYV 11101 ; f-STTN'TVA.Y. OOTOT173T ? . fl1. A Fight For Life . . . By S. A. Anderson. , . ( CopnlghicJ JJ3I. ) In th * year UC8 I was at Molapololo , tno chief town ot Seohlle , King of the Bakwana tribe of the Dcchuana family. The oltuatlon of this town Is BO romantic , situated amidst tall , perpendicular hills ot red sandstone , lhat I had been loitering here for nome llttlo lime , exploring the country , enjoying the loclMy of Mr. t'rlco. the missionary , or drink- Ine Kappe beer with the king , Mr. H. Shelton , who kept a large store here , also offered me hospitality , BO that 1 had a prolonged - longed period of enjoyment. Dut Inactivity is liable to become Irksome , and the arrival ol a trader bound for Mangwato with a cargo of Capo brandy induced me to decide to travel with him. Mangwato IB 133 mllss north-northeast of Molapololo , and , at the lime t am writing of , was the capital of Machln , chief of the JUkallnnrl trlbo of the Uechuanas. Not long before 1 visited the town Machln had driven his brother , Sekomo , from Ihe sover- elgnlty. The country has recently become known to English readers through the aid which Khnma , who succeeded Machln , rcn- ilercd Mashona settlers In the war against Lobengula. LION HUNTING IlY TUB WAY. The Journey from Molapololo took fourteen days to accomplish , but-It lay through a very pretty wooded region where big game was abundant , so that we had plenty of shooting. Wildebeest , koodoo and giraffe all fell to our guns , and the nightly -visit of lions which kept the camp constantly on the qul vlvc , gave us n lively time. H was 4 o'clock In the afternoon when vo arrived al our destination and outspani)3d ) on tlio outskirts of the thickly populated town ot some 12,000 Inhabitants. News soon got abroad that the trader was loaded up with brandy , and the storekeepers , some fourteen In all , came flocking out of the station to make pur chases. Conviviality was the order of the day , hut unfortunately neither native nor European wus wise enough lo distinguish the boundary line between moJcratlon and excess , so that before night set In nearly all had IndulgJd too freely , nnd a few continued the orgle until the small hours of the morning. As 111 luck would have It , itev. Mr. McKenzle and his family had only left the day previous for England , and , as there was nobody tenet net for him In his ahsenco , wo were left without a guiding hand In a perilous emorgjncy. It must be understood that the native population at the tlnie I am writing , of was far less civilized than It Is at present under Khama's enlightened rule ; fierce and Ravage passions were easily aroused nnd were with difficulty assuaged without terrible bloodshed. When I went lo bed that night I little dreamt that a dangerous crisis was being prepared by the foolhardlnesa of two or thraj reckless topers , As It was , my peaceful Bleep was rudely broken al daylight by the Buddcn outbreak of a tremendous uproar resounding - sounding from ono end of the town lo the other. One huge wave of Indignation crashed into my ears with terrifying effect , and the clang ol assagai and the rattle ot knob- lit rr I cs on shields , told mo only too surely that Macliln'a warriors were up In arms and bent on ruthless slaughter. Hastily array ing myself In a scanty costume , I Jumped from the wagon and saw my driver and two Kaffer boys standing Irombllng with fright and uncertain what to da to ensure the safety ot their own ahlns , Al this moment Strombom , a Mangwato trader and a Swede by nationality , came rushing Into my camp lo tell me Unit the chief had given orders that every white man was to be killed. The news was not conducive to producing a good appetite for breakfast , but I could hardly believe It , as Machln had hitherto been a very good friend to ths traders and Others visiting his country , and consequent'y I expressed my lucroduality. "I have mi time to waste In argument , " said the trader. "You must come up to my store , for If you remain herIn ; the open yon will bo JIASSACKEI ) TO A DBAU CERTAINTY. Come back with mo nt once , for the road will bo closed against us In less than ten " minutes. "Hut wlmt is the reason for this sudden frenzy " on the part of Machln ? " I asked. "Fitzgerald Is the man who has caused It. After drinking himself Idiotic through the night , he took It into his head to kill a pig thla morning. Then an Idea passed through his crazed brain , ami the 'fool ' pro ceeded , to , put it into execution. He cut a leg off the pig and marched with It straight to the kolln or enclosure , wliero the king was Bitting in council with his chiefs. He ad vanced direct to llaohln , and , thrusting the pork under his nose , asked him It he liked ' the smell' " " "H was foolish and Insulting ! " I exclaimed. "Dut It WIIB not bad enough to warrant Machln to issue orders for our extermina tion. " "Ah. you do not know lhat the Bakallkarl navean even stronger aversion to pork than the most orthodox Jew , " said Strom- bum , "That alters the case. " I answered dole fully. "It seems that our plight la all but desperate , " "And that Is Fitzgerald's ' condition , also , continued Strombom. "The Indians did not allow the outrage- - pass unpunished. They knocked him down and gave him such a severe boating that he Is almost at the point of death. " "I'oor beggar ! " [ could not help ejacula ting. "Now , will you come vlth mo ? " urged my visitor. "Your wagon ccrlnlnly will be looted , but that Is n small ultulr compared with losing your life. " I thought for a moment , but came to the conclusion that I should stand as much chance hero as anywhere ; so announced my > determination of sticking by my property. Strombon urged mo strenuously to alter my resolve , nnd at last , when he saw erJ was obstinate , reluctantly hurried away to barricade himself in his store , a proceed ing which nil tha other traders were adopt - ing. ited Fortunately , In 1SG8 the natives possessed no firearms : they held them In mortal dread , and scarcely ono could bo found fearless enough to face a loaded rifle. The store - keepers know thla and behind tholr barrl 1- cades were enabled to keep tha foe at bay tor many hours by a plentiful display ol every shooting weapon they possessed. The flimsy material ot which the Rcchuana hut Is wore constructed , and the close manner Ir which they were huddled together , also gav the traders another advantage , for the na - tlves did not dare to lire the stores for aar of setting the whole town In a blaze. Hai they allowed passion to overcome prudence not & single hut would liavo been saved . and the while1 men would hnvo been roaster allvo. The enemy was mad at being baffle * l by a moro handful of men who Him ply main tained their positions by showing the deadlj gleam of the rlfla barrels whenever a dlspo > - Bltion was- shown of rushing the frail leIf - fences. Thus the day were on without loa single shot being flredr and to this self - possession on the part of the traders I an ! convinced I own my liteor had any of he natives been killed my life would not hav boon worth flvo minutes' purchase. A BAND OF NATIVES SHRIEKING } FOII VENOUANCK. When Strombom left mo to my own de - vices I felt annoyed nt having refused llB offer ot protection , for tha first maraudln party might make abort work ot mo wit1 > their assegais , Wlmt chance could I posslbl have now that their blood was up ? It wa sheer madness which had prompted mo to estimate mr wagon and mr oxen as ot ejua valua with mr life ! Yet the dlo was caa , and ven II I would I could not now reac my white brethren , for a band of Jlakallhnri was now rushing from the station , block ng the only road to safety. . And a veritable sot of demons they looked as they brandlshe their long spears and yelled out vengeance In I most blood-curdling oil ricks. I jumped on to the- wagon box and aw that the three rltlos were loaded and read , to hand. Hut what WB.S the use oC thes against hundreds of assegais. I could fire six bullets and perhaps toke as many lives ; then , before I oould reload , I should be toued n bleeding , nungled corpse to mother cart amidst tha Jeers of my slayers , I fancied 1 I jr t had ono chance , which would be utter ) . Bmaihod it I fired n single shot , Wlthoui bealUtlon 1 determined lo adopt it , o I sat down on tha wagon box. lit mr Plp , .lid i w , smoking when the foe came up | to me. This apparent sangfroid seemed to stagger them , for they stopped their wild rush nnd stared at mo with great curiosity , which seemed lo Increase when they noticed I had no offensive weapon within reach. What exactly passed through their minds as they saw mo sitting there the least concerned of them nil t cannot tell , but I bcllovo they must have lakcn mo for a wizard or a medi cine man. However , they merely Jumped on to the front wheel , some poising their spears as It lo hurl them at me , others flourishing knobkerrles In my face , and all employing their tonems in such a voluble fashion that tha noise they made prevented mu from gath ering their meaning. After enduring this un pleasant demonstration for quite five min utes , the warriors withdrew , without BO much as having touched me. 01 course my driver and KalMer.i had disappeared completely luring the performance of this almost trag edy , and I could not help laughing when I saw them Rneaklng out of some native gar dens an the hindmost of the enemy moved out ol sight. Their astonishment was ludi crous when they found that I still possessed a whale skin , but I put on a. stern nlr and angrily asked them whcro they had been. "Ah , Boss , " exclaimed 1'let , the driver , "I never thought to sec you allvo again. ' " IN DHEAD OF ANOTHER ATTACK , "Yet. here I nm safe and sound , without having had to crawl away Into Iho bush like n coward , " I answered so sternly that Plot looked thoroughly ashamed of himself , al though his self-abasement could not entirely destroy the look ol wonderment with whlcli he still regarded me. Although wo had so fur escaped I still felt anything but safe , knowing full well that I should have many visits from bands of raging Dakallliarl. any one of which might prove fatal , Harely an hour had elapsed when my wagon was dis covered by another furious horde , which came swooping down like n vulture on Its prey. I repeated the same tactics of calm Indifference , with arms folded , and pipe emitting volumes of smoke tactics which were so puzzling ( o the native mind that I again escaped wtlh nothing more se-lous than * n hostile demonstration. Tills kind of thing went on at Intervals durlnc the whole of the day , and I never felt moro thankful when the sun sank and darkness sent the yelling Kafllse to their huts , The anxiety I underwent and the strain I hail to put upon myself to maintain an absolute placidity when the spears were levelled thickly around me was the most exhaustive process I liavo ever gone through. I believe another hour uf such mental tension would have broken down my courage , and that I should have put un end to the awful suspense by lirlng wildly upon the enemy , an action that would have caused mo to be Instantly riddled by u hundred asscgnis. A UUUIAL , POSTPONED. TheDakallliarl had probably been unsuc cessful In their attack on the stores , for the shouts which went on through the night made me Imagine that they had set a guard over the traders , whilst the bulk ot the war riors turned In to rest until daylight , when the siege would be resumed. Somewhere about 2 In the morning the sentinels appeared to be getting drowsy , for their calls became less and less frequent , until they dually ceased altogether. I began to think that I might now take a little much-needed sleep , so I awoke Piet and was giving him strict Instructions ' to keep a careful watch when a loud 'cry from the adjoining- bush attracted my attention. My hand was Instantly clugped on a rllle and I was raising It when the figure of my friend Strombom , togsther with another trader , stepped out Into the dull gray light. An exclamation of astonishment broke from both of them as they came nearer ami recognized my features. "Thank Oed ! " muttered the Swede. "We crept out here to give your body a decent burial , and behold you rise up , unharmed , to receive us. What miracle 1& this ? " "Tho whole thing Is as puzzling to mo as to you , " I answered. And then I gave a brief account of what had befallen me during the day. "Your coolness saved you , " said Strombom. " "Had you fired one shot , you would have been mercilessly assegaled. " "Hut how has It fared with you all at the " stores ? "We have had our work cut out , 1 can as- wre you , " said Strombom. "The black dovlls made most determined assaults upon our po sition , but by barricading the doors and win dews with packing oases , boxes , planks and jnythlng wo could lay our hands upsn we have managed to keep them at bay without firing a. shot , " SPARED HUT BANISHED. After a little further conversation my two friends loft , and , I am happy to say , safely accomplished their perilous return Journey. \Yhen \ day broke , the noise In the town in creased and bands of armed men began to collect around the different stores to continue the assault. For some time I was In n woe ful xtnto of anxiety , for wnnt of rest mido me doubtful whether my nerves would stand another day like the last. Nobody , however , came out to molest me , although the tumult at the station waxed louder and louder. Then , for some Inexplicable reason , he hub- Then , for some inexplicable reason , the hub- oppressive silence reigned over everything. [ was not loft long In doubt as to the cause , for very shortly after an [ mluna , accompa nied by a band of warriors , came slowly up to my wagon and Informed me- that Machln had consented to spare the lives of the white men , but that they must all leave the place , bag and baggage , by A o'clock that afternooh. Any one remaining after that time would bo put to death ! I was Intensely relieved at the- news , and immediately commenced to inspan Whilst I was doing this two of the traders Joined me. They were- furious af the looses they hod un dergone , the natives openly appropriating goods whilst they were being packed , nnd the owner not daring to protest. The unfortu nate Mackenzie came In for a large share of vituperation , his Insult to tno king being the sole cause of our disasters. The rest of the taleIs soon told. We sent a deputation to Machln to solicit permission to return to his town , as the outrage , which all deplored , had been committed by a drunken man who had already been very se verely punished. After some demur Machln assented to Ihe petition , but many , Including myself , felt that Manzwato would be unsafe ground for rome time to corao , BO wo decided to go on to Molapololo. Mackenzie- recovered from his wounds , though he was 111 for many n long day , and no doubt received a lesson which has made him a wiser man. COLLEGE ETIQUETTE. IJinrrlttcu I.JUY tlnit Uovorri Htuclrnls nt the Urrnl Heats of Learning. There are one or two phases of American col I ORU life little known to the general public. The custom of "fagging , " which has become historical through "Tom Brown , " Is ona ot these. Few people have an idea tory what extent It Is practiced in this country today. At a large hotel on the Massachusetts coast this summer four Harvard men were > stopping. One of them was observed to obey the other three with such alacrity that Ilia guests believed him to bo a valet until they were informed that he was "only a freshman. " While sitting on the piazza tlio freshman strolled by In company with Eome friends and with a cigarette In his : mouth , At u significant nod from the junior , who was talking tea number heof Klrls , he abruptly stopped smoking and threw it away. When fishing or boating If there was any work to do It fell to the freshman's lot , On one occasion he addressed , a guest of the hotel , a Jovial sort of fellow , by his last name. Ho was- toM to go back and call him "Mr. , " nnd when ho hesitated was asked if lie "wanted lo go into the river. " which he evidently did not , for he straight- May obeyed. html It Ia difficult for an outsider to understand how the custom , even It practiced on the campus , should remain In force out of col lege. Dut such U tha cue. Hardly any student would admit that thla could bo called "fagging , " because it la not don ? through fear , a * In English schools. The causa ighof thla practco ( at Harvard and Yale Is simply [ tliU : It In Iho on ambition of every ( lyu dent to gel into . society , ud If he fags for a Junior or senior who IB already a mem ber his chances nro good for being elected. When freshman enters college he has very llttlo standing , and ho U Bind Jo avail him self of the friendship of an upper classman , so that where Ihero are gathered together a company of seniors nnd a freshman the lat ter would not think of refusing to run an errand. Societies at Harvard and Yale form an Important feature of college lite. The Phi lleta Kappa at Ynlo admits only those men who stand high In their class. Every man who has a certain mark Is supposed to Join It. At Harvard there Is nothing of this kind. The three senior societies at Yale nro the "Skull and Hones , " "Scroll and Key , " and "Tho Wolf's Head. " Kach one ot those takes In fifteen men , so that there arc only forty-five In all , The election Is carried on In a curious manner. Near the last night In the Junior year nil the members ol ( hut class congregate in a largo space. In a short time forty-five members of these three societies emerge ) from different directions , Each man peers about until ho sees the man nflom ho wants to take his place , then ho goes up to him nnd hits him on the shoulder and says In a loud voice , "Go to your room. " The lucky man , hardly able to contain himself , runs oft lo his room , where a short time afterward he Is called on nnd told when the Initiation Is to take place. It Is paid that this night Is tlio most exciting during a man's course. H sometimes takes a , long time to do the "tapping , " owing to the dimnessof the light and the number of the men , nnd so eager is each nun tobe chosen that he would almost give his right hand for the honor. At Harvard there are two principal socie ties the "Hasty Pudding , " composed of eighty-five men from the Junior and senior classes , and "The Institute of 1770 , " a sopho more society of 100 men , The requirements for election differ greatly at these- two col leges. A man may become a member of "Hones" if he Is a famous athlete , a literary man or very pppular. Harvard , we may say. Is aristocratic. A man may bring renown to the Institution either by his brains or his muscle , but that will not admit him to a society. He must be a gentleman In the strictest English sense of theword. . Money also counts a great deal here. When a verdant freshman conies lo Yale or Princeton he Is likely lo be used rather roughly. He way be required to drink milk tliiough a straw while standing on top ot the bar In a cafe , to run hurdles by night , to wulk n curbstone , to march down the street with his coat on backward , or to climb a tree and sing. In fact , there are innumerable de vices for taking down a freshman at these colleges. At Harvard It Is different. There they I simply | Ignore them. Harvard has more the | atmosphere ot a university than either Yale or Princeton In this respect. At the latter college the- spirit Of rivalry between the two lower classes takes the form ot a systematic persecution , among other fea tures of which is Ilicir annual rush , cane light , snow ball fight , base hall game , where no freshman is allawed to wear colors , and tlio posting of placards. It might be said that , owing to the late aclloi on hazing at this school. It Is probable that the practice will bo discontinued. At Yale , however , it is still In vogde , and there seems to be no particular objection to It. a There are some unwritten laws at--these colleges which a fellow could disobey If he would choose to do so , but he would be branded as a "freak" It he did. For ex ample , at Harvard , on the first Monday of the year , called "Bloody Monday. " owing lo a light at the college on that day a num ber of years a o , every freshman Is sup posed to set up punch to any sophomore who comes along. No gentleman would have an empty punch bowl In his room on that night. At the three assemblies given each year , freshmen are debarred , and none would think I of attending. None but members of the different athletic teams are allowed to wear .1 sweater bearing the Initial of the college , nor are they per mitted to frequent the training houses. This holds good at all the colleges. At Princeton and Yale a freshman does not -carry a cane. wear a high hat or smoke a. pipe. And In general a freshman gives precedence to un upper classman. At Yale there. Is a long fence called the "new fence , " which Is divided Into sections for each class. In the spring and fall evenIngs - Ings the boys sit there smoking pipes , telling college stories and indulging in horseplay. . Hut as soon as any one attempts to occupy I a seat In the section of a higher class he is hustled off without ceremony. In examinations at Princeton every one Is put upon his honor , and should a fellow be caught cheating he Is compelled to leave town within twenty-four hours. Any fellow who observes these customs and does not make himself obnoxious will be Ireatcd fairly. Otherwise the pleasures of his college life will be- greatly curtailed. 1'OIXTX ( Iff'l'HOaitH.'tS ' , West Virginia exports ginseng lo China. Sugar fifteen times sweeter than the sugar- beet product has been extracted from cotton seed meal by a Gorman chemist. A master mechanic In Hrooklyn has In vented a machine which takes off one-third of the present cost of making binder twine. The final patents on the basic steel process will soon expire. The \vorld will then be at liberty to use it without paying royalty. It Is estimated that the process has yielded to the owners of the original patents more than $700,000 in Great Britain alone. Pour cotton mills , having an aggregate capital of $528,000 , have been successfully conducted at Charlotte , N. C. , on the co operative system. The funds were raised by small weekly installments , and the pros perity of the ventures shows what may be done in any community In aid of manu facturing Industries In the cotton belt with out the assistance of men ot large capital. A cotton picker , which may revolutionize the whole process ol gathering cotton , has been Invented by Ell Whitney of New Haven , grandson ot the famous Ell Whitney who In vented the cotton-gin. ly means of this machine , which is called the Whitney har vester , the work of 100 men can be done by two men and two horses. Tlio shutting down of the Central copper mine In Kewaunea county , Michigan , closed a forty-year term of continuous operation. During this time the mine has returned to its stockholders $27.00 < > ,000 in dividends on nn Investment of $100,000. The vein had been worked by some pre-lilsloric race , and the trace * left of their work led to the dis covery of the mine In 1S54 , The shutting down was due ta the- exhaustion of the vein. vein.Tho The annual demand for bismuth is said to be only between twenty-five nnd fifty tons. Thus , although the- demand Is probably slightly on the Increase , the recent dis covery of this metal in Michigan Is more In teresting from a scientific than a commercial standpoint. Hitherto It has been found chiefly In Saxony. France. South America and New South Wales , and not at all In this country , and In no place is It abundant. Ilismuth is principally used as a medicine and n cosmetic , although in recent years It has been experimented with as a possible component of useful alloys. If the French were not able to make a fine soup out of a pair of chicken's feet they never could live on their earnings. In the shops and factories Just out of Paris and Lyons Klrls get 12 cents a day. They will make a roan's shirt for 30 cents , a sUIrt for 20 cents , a petticoat for 10 cents , a night roba for 8 cents and a cloak for 1C cents. A girl with out a trade cannot live on what she honestly earns at Job work. The little girls who go from school to the dressmaking shops , run errands , clean , sweep , dust and pack , pull bastings , seam skirt linings , stitch , pink and gather ballyeusea , baste In belts , bustles and sachets , and receive from SO cents , to $1 a week. Happily this talary Is raised at the rate of 20 cents every month for three- - years , when the apprenticeship expires , The iron buslners shows a considerable Improvement. The movement of ore through the St. Mary's Falls canal in Sep tember was twice lhat of the same month last year , and Ihe movement for the eight months ending with September was 5,247,000 tons , against 3,190,000 for the same months In 18S3. The Rockefeller syndicate ) has un covered a boJy of ore about 1,200 feet long and COO feet wide In the Mcsaba region. This ore can be taken out with the fcteam shovel and Is estimated lo be equal to a yield of nearly 10.000 tons per day lor a whole year without additional stripping. The number of Iron furnaces In blast In the United States decreased ona last month , but tha weekly capacity of the furnaces In blast two weeks ago was 8,101 Ions greater than that ot a month previous. THE BATTLE AGAINST DEATH t < r A Discovery ttdt FfomUes to Neutralize Ona of the Most Dreadful of Diseases. DIPHTHERIA CURED BY A NTI-TOXINE Itesnlt of Kipcrliuco'n In N w Turk mill llerlln Varloun Aiivniitngm of the Now System Over Ilia Old Now York's Athirlrnblo Syatcin. CCopj-rlshtcd. IMI. ) NRW TOKK. Oct. IS , I liavo lately had several conversations with lr. Hermann M. IJIggs , the New York pathologist and bacteriologist , who has recently returned from a. visit to Merlin , where he spent much of his llmo studying the wonderful progress made at the Koch Institute , ln that cits' toward overcoming diphtheria , a dlseaso only less dreaJ/ul in Its consequences than consumption - sumption , Dr. lllggs was one of the first American physicians to realize the vast Im portance of bacteriological laboratories In dealing with the problems ot municipal health. Ten years ago , finding absolutely no facilities In this country for the researches ho wished to undertake , he went abroad nnd spent several months in Copenhagen , which at that time the only bacteriological laboratory In the world. From Copenhagen he was recalled to New York In 1885 , to tike charge it the Carnegie laboratory of pathology and Icc- tcrlology. which was then established in ccn- ncctlon with Dellevue lio.'pHnl , being the first laboratory of the l-lml opened In the United States. So successful was Dr. IJIggs in his work here and In his lectures at Bellevue - vue hospital as professor ot pathology that In 1S92 , at the time of Mie chol. r. scare , he was called to the assistance of the New York Hoard of Health end as'tpJ ' by tlum to organize n bacteriological laboratory for the city , which he did. Owing to hi * wide epu- tatlon nt < a specialist In iMC'-i-rlnlo y be was accorded special Hnd unu'Uial iii'.v'U'Rcs by Dr. Koch for studying the : intl-to\lne method of Inoculation Js practiced at the Berlin Institute , nnil It has been my en deavor in the present ai'tlcle to P'lt ' tlio re sults of his observations fi simple term , as far as it Is possible , without snc'iflcMic ac curacy of statement. HOW TOXINE rUI/TUHES ARE MADR. In all diseases Induced by bacteria , or germs , the harm to the human body Is done , not. by the germs themselves , but by certain chemical substances produced by these germs In their life processes. These harmful products are called toxlnes and are found in the blouil of patients , each disease of this class having Its particular toxlne. The virulence of the germs of any disease de pends upon tliu ( ( uaiitlties of these toxlne products engendered. It Is perfectly possible to separate the vari ous toxines from the germs that produce them and repeated experiments have been made upon anlnjula by inoculating them , sometimes with cultures containing the orig inal disease germs , sometimes with cultures containing only the toxlne products. In the bacteriological researches begun a few years ago at the Pasteur Institute in Paris most of the experiments wera made with cultures of the former kind , but it has bean t tires containing only the various toxlnes. A llttlo consideration will show that these two methods must give widely different re- suits. Animals Inoculuted with any disease from the living germs may transmit the disease to other animals , or possibly to human beings , for they have within them selves germs capable of endless self-multipli cation and reproduction. On the other hand , animals Inoculated with only the toxlne , which Is merely an organic chemical prod uct , as lifeless as morphia or strychnia , may themselves experience all the effects of the genuine disease , possibly death itself , and yet remain Incapabla of infecting other ani mals , for they arc themselves free 'from ' llv- liiK germs. Thus an animal Inoculated with the toxlno product of diphtheria may repre sent the constitutional effects of diphtheria in Its most severe form without having the disease at all. Persons unfamiliar with the mysteries of a bacteriological laboratory mny be In'erest- ed In knowing how these cult tires of dise-ase germs are made. Take diphtheria , for In stance. The doctor remove from Hie pa tient's throat on a little swat some of the germ-tainted secretion , called tha cx-tdato , and introduces this line n t st tjh.i. con talnlng a little bouillon solidified to the con sistency of Jelly l y the addition nf { it-latuse. On warming the test tubs slightly the gel atine becomes liquid and Is poured over a glass plate , the layer beliii ; so thin , almost film-like , that the varl-rjs disease perms OTP separated from each other. This glass plate Is then placed on a' piece of lea until the reduced temperature makes the film solid. Then it Is put In a warm place for a few days , at the end ot which time each germ on the plate , owing to the marvelous rate of self-propagation , becomes the center of n col ony ot germs ot Us own kind , Ihero being millions of separate germs in each colony , so many , in fact , that they can be detected with the naked eye , a little opaque point on the glass. Many ot theae germ colonies will b entirely different in their character. Tor all the secretions of the body , even In a state of health , contain a multitude of various germs , so many lhat it Is usually impossible for the bacteriologist to begin his experiments with any particular germ until ho has separated It , In the manner Just explained , from the others existing along with it. In the present Investigation the doctor would select on the glass plate ono of the colonies produced by a single diphtheria ccrm , and this colony would now be a pure culture , that is. would contain no other germs except those of that disease. A fine platinum wire is then Introduced into Iho pure diphtheria culture on the Klass and a few of these germs are transferred to flasks of liquid bouillon , in which further pure cul tures of'diphtheria germs are allowed to de velop , being left there al Ihe temperature of the human body for about six weeks. At the end of lhat time these cultures will be found to contain not only Immense numbers of the diphtheria perms , but a large quantity of the toxlno product , which , with the lapse ot time , has reached a very high degree of virulence. It Is this toxlno that In ainlmals or human belncs would have been absorbed into the blood and been responsible for the havoc wrought by the disease. In order to separate this toxlne from the living germs that produced It the culture Is treated with a solution of carbolic acid , one-half per cent strong , which hills , the diphtheria germs and leaves what Is known as a sterilized culture , In which the toxlne product remains unchanged , It Is tills sterilized culture that Is used In Inoculatjons where It Is desired to introduce Into Ihe animal only the toxlne product. product.HOW HOW OOATS AIIE IMMUNIZED. It has long been known that one attack of diphtheria gave thfc patient temporary Im munity , this being greater or less , against a second attack. The same was true ol various other diseases and some years ago the doctors In the Berlin institute began active experiments to determine the nature and extent of this immunity. Their experi ments were performed upon animals , among thosa used being1 rabbits , guinea pigs , dogs , sheep , goats , sows ) and horses. All these animals are susceptible to diphtheria , the most susceptible of all being Iho goat , ch animal for this reason wan singled out as especially suitable for the Inoculations. It has been found , furthermore , that Ihe goat , possessing the highest susceptibility to the disease , Is also capable all acquiring the highest immunity against It. This conclusion was not reached until scores of experiments > had. been made upon animals varying- size from horses di > wn to rabbits , and not until a great many of theso- had been sacrificed. For example- , during the lime lr. ) Hlggs spent at the llerlln Institute last summer ho saw simultaneously three or four cows undergo ing regular Inoculations wllh Ihe toxlno loot diphtheria , three or four horses , two or three sheep , half a dozen goats , etc , the animals beliiK treated in the following manner : A healthy goat hiving been procured , the inoculations are commenced by Introducing into the animal's flank , by means of an > ngr dinary hypodermic syringe , a small quantity of the- sterilized culture containing toxlne , allowing the normal degree of virulence. ie.In order to determine what this normal degree Is , U has been necessary to establish what might be called a unit of virulence. A tox- Ino solution l said to be ot the normal utandard when n quantity of It cquil to one- tenth of & cubic ccnlltnelcr , nbout two drops , given to n guinea pig weighing 250 grammes , will kill the guinea pig In forty-eight hours or thereabouts , That Is called a standard toxlne solution. Al the- first inoculation It Is usual to Inject Into the goat about one- fiftieth ot a cubic centimeter of tha toxlne solution , with that small quantity there being no danger ol death. This Inoculation Is followed by various local and general symptoms , such as Inflammation , swelling , pain , tenderness of the flank and fever , The Intensity of these symptoms varies with the. amount of the dose , the anltnnl Buttering for several days , after which all trouble dis appears and the normal condition la estab lished , The goat has now experienced results such as would have followed a mild form of diphtheria , and In consequence has acquired a measure of Immunity iigalnst the disease. Therefore , when the time comes for a second Inoculation , after the lapse of a. few days , It U possible to Inject Into the animal a larger quantity ot the toxlne solution without caus ing any more disturbance than In the first Instance. Again the xamo symptoms appear , followed after an equal period by complete restoration ot health. Then a third Inoculation Is performed with ' a still larger quantity of toxlne , and BO on for weeks and months , the quantity Introduced being Increased with each Inocu lation , the constant effort being to admlnls- tcr to the animal Just as much of the toxlne solution ns It can receive without dying. In other words , the goat is brought at intervals during the long period of treatment Just as near the death point as poislblo without reaching It. An thcro U always some doubt as to exactly the quantity of toxlne that will produce death. It happens repeatedly that too largo a , quantity In given and the animal dies. In fact , thus far In' their experiments the doctors at the Berlin Institute have found.- that they ore obliged to sacrifice Iho lives -several goats , sheep , cows or horses for every one they succeed In bringing to the highest polrfi of immunity , called the poljit at maximum tolrranco. At least nix months is the time and sometimes a year Is required to bring a goat to this point , the doses In jected toward the last being two or three hundred times as large as those first admln- Ister.-d. TIIEOHY OF ANTI-TOXINR INOCULATION It was In finding a logical and strictly sci entific explanation for thl.i Increasing Immu nity against the toxlne poison that theHer - lln doctors made their great discovery ; In fact , found what Is the basis ot the whole nntl-toxino theory. Their experiments prove beyond controversy that during the months of Inoculations there is gradually formed In the blood of a goat thus Immunized a certain chemical product which acts as un antidote against the toxlne Introduced Into the ani mal's body and allows it to live not thrive although there lias beecn Injected Into Its blood enough of this toxlne to kill half a dozen ordinary gonts. TlilH antidote to the toxlna product undoubtedly exists in nnlnmls Immunized against diphtheria and hncteriolo- r'sts ' are confident tht-y will find similar an tidotes in the cases of other Infectious dis eases , when they shall have Immunized ani mals against them. These antidotes to the toxlne products arc called the antl-toxlno products and are found In the serum of the blood , their strength Increasing with the amount of the toxlne solution tlmt has been Injected Into the -itilm.il. In order that the doctors may know during the psrlod of the Inoculations how high n degree of Immunity has beeen reached by the goat , cow or mare under treatment , they re sort to a regular series of tests of the ani mal's milk , females being generally used In these experiments. It has been discovered that In animals under inoculation the milk contains a quantity of the antl-toxine pro duct that bears a constant ratio to the quan , tity In Ihe animal's blood , this ratio being about ono to twenty. In other words the blood of a female goat in proceMs of Immuni zation will always contain about twenty times as much of the nntl-toxlne product as the milk does. Accordingly at any time dur ing the Inoculations It Is only necessary to make a simple experiment upon a guinea pig of normal weight , with the milk containing the nntl-toxlne. In order to determine with considerable precision the antl-toxine or curative value of the animal's blood. These experiments , which will be presently ex plained , show in the milk with each succeed ing week and month an Increasing measure ot curative power , which Increase Is main tain Ml until the animal is brought ta the point of maximum tolerance , that Is , a point beyond which It Is found impossible to adi1 to the curative value ot the milk and hence of the blood. When this point Is reached Ihe doctors draw off as large a quantity of the goat's blood as the goat can afford to lose at one time , perhaps a pint or a quart. Then they carefully separata the red corpuscles of the blood from the amber-colored serum , whlcli contains the precious antl-toxine , and this having been treated with chloroform wale Is preserved In little vials for the purpose This blood serum with its antitoxin product is the basis of the practical treat ment of diphtheria in human beings by the new method. TESTING STRENGTH OF ANTf-TOXINE A quantity of blood serum , of which one tenth of a cubic centimeter is sufficient to neutralize one cubic centimeter of the stan dard taxlne solution , is called a normal antl toxlno solution , and of this each cubic ccntl meter represents an antl-toxine unit. Thui each antl-toxine unit neutralizes ten toxin- - units. This Is the measure established fo dosage in the treatment of human beings a IK Its rigorous observance Is most Important , Tlio doctors determine how large a quan tlty of taxlne the antl-toxine serum will neu trallzo In a very simple way. although anti vivlsectlonlEts tnny protest against It. Hav ing mixed together carefully one cubic centl meter of tlio blood serum with say COO centl meters-of the toxine solution , they inject Hi regulation dose of thl.s mixture into a guinea pig of standard weight and If the little un ! mal dies they know that the anti-toxin serum was not as powerful as they supposed Usually , however , when the goat serum I ; used In a mixture even us strong as COO ti 1 , the guinea pig experiences not the slight cst Inconvenience from such an Inoculation thus showing that the poison of dlphtherln has been neutralized. Having found that th guinea pig will survive an injection of th mixture at COO to 1 , the ratio Is Increased t 700 to 1 , 1,000 to 1 , 1,200 to 1 , and so on untl the guinea pig dies , which point Is taken a showing the limit of the antl-toxlno's powe to counteract the toxlne solution. . In expert mcnts upon horses , cows and sheep , the antl -toxlno product has been obtained should ; various degrees of efficacy , but In no cas reaching a higher ratio than 1,000 to 1 Where the blood scrum from goats has bee used , however. It has been possible to obtali an antl-toxine product , ono cubic centlmete ; fof which would neutralize 1,400 cubic ccntl meters of the tnxlno solution. This Is th best result that has been obtained thus fa at the Berlin Institutes SUCCESSFUL USE ON HUMAN PATIENTS Having thus learned to measure th strength of the blood serum , the doctors a the institute proceeded , not without some up prehension , to administer the antl-toxine t diphtheria patients. Deglnnlng with ver ; small doses and watching Iho effects with th greatest care , they noon found that the bloo < serum containing the antl-toxine was obio lutcly Inocuous to the human body , and I It did not euro the disease , at least It coul do no harm. Having established this point they proceeded to administer by hyperclarml Injections Into the patient's arm , leg or dies a quantity of the nntl-toxlne , the dose vary Ing with the strength of the serum prepara tion , of which there are four or five grades , The ordinary amount Injected at each Inocu latlon was about ten cubic centimeters , o two and a half teaspoonsfiil , of the anti-ton Ineserum , which Is a liquid nearly as till as water. That quantity was usually admlnls tcred twice In. the first twenty-four hour and continued tor two or three days , accord Ing to the symptoms. From the very first the results Justified th doctors' highest expectations , and It wa found that In the great majority of cases th antl-toxine brought the disease to n rapid an happy termination , cutting ihort Its cours and usually effecting a complete cure In few days. From the first Inoculation th angry symptoms In the throat begin to mod crate , the swelling diminishes , the fever falls , the terrible false membrane ceases to pprea' and thicken , nnd the child begins to get we prematurely. Statistics from the Berlin In stltuto show that when this precious serum U administered to diphtheria patients with ! twenty-four hours of the Inception of the dls ease the number of cures amounts to about 100 per cent. When administered on tlio second end day thenumbrr of cures amounts to 9" per cent ; on Iho third day , ST per cent ; 01 the fourth day. 76 per cent. In 101 casei treated at the Instltutu In the spring of 189 during the first three days of the dlseasi there were only six deaths , and of tlieti three occurred where tracheotomy was per armed. There were In lhl erlc fourteen iases In nil whtro tracheotomy was per- ormcd , nnil of these eleven resulted In ires , although ( ho average mortality In Iphthcrla cnscs where tracheotomy Is neccs- ary Is from CO to SO per rent. In general It nifty bo staled positively lhat In diphtheria : asos treated within the first thirty-six hours ir perhaps forty-eight hours , the mortality itiercthe anll-toxlne treatment U used may e reduced practically to zero. After this mo the value of the treatment diminishes rogrcsslvcly , much less favorable results elng obtained in canes treated after the hlrd day. This Is not lo ba wondered nt , iOwcvcr , when one remembers the frightful apldlty of thl * disease , the poison having ftcn donn Its deadly work before Iho begin- Ing of the fourth day. Similar experiments have been made al ha llerlln Institute lo procure the anil- oxlne product for fombatlng tetanus nnd arlous forms ot blood poisoning , but re- .ults have not yet been obtained as satls- actory as In the case of diphtheria. There s no reason why what la true in ono dls- lase should not be equally true In another laving a similar nature. On the con- rary , there Is every reason lo believe that ho nntt-tnxlno I red linen t of diphtheria Is ill the precursor of an entire revolution In ho treatment of such Infectious diseases .8 typhoid fever , typhus fever , rcarlct fever , ly-drophobla nnd possibly smallpox. Each * * no [ ot these diseases has Its special germ ' nd , Its special toxlne product , which docs nlsclilef in the human system , moro or ess deadly , just as any chemical poison vould do mischief there. For each one ot hcse toxlne poisons nature provides an null- oxlno antidote if man can only find It. 'he ' Hcrlln doctors liavo taught their liroth- TS In medicine how to flnd the nntl-toxlne vhlcli is a specific for diphtheria. It rc- nalns for other doctors to continue working , > n the same lines until other nlitl-toxlncs , - nch being a specific in other diseases , shall avc been discovered. Then medicine will ndeed be an exact science. Chief among those who have perfected ho antl-toxine treatment of diphtheria and whose names should bo spoken with gratl- tide tlirougho.it the world wherever little iilldrcn die Is Dr. llehrlng , who has , per- i.ips , done more than any one man 0 glvo the wurlil this great discovery. Other doctors nt the llerlln Institute who ave been working actively In tha same llrect on are Hrlcgor , Ehrllch , Wassermann ml ICitasato , the List named being a Japan- se physlc'Jin , who lins recently discovered the i.-iclllus of the terrible Chinese plague. Of : otirso it Is impossible to say exactly which ne of thebo associates of Dr. Koch Is to ie regarded as the real discoverer of the tew treatment ; that would bo like saying vhirh ono ot many workmen built a house , 'rom the germ nf the Idea to Its perfected pplicallon were many steps covering many cars , and even today the anll-toxlne treat ment Is still in Its Infancy , with boundless possibilities for future extension and de- relopment. THEATMENT OF DIPHTHERIA. At present In the United States wo are ' still restricted to the old method of treat- ng diphtheria. The precious antl-toxlno | , olutlon Is not to be had for love or money. 1 small supply that was sent to this coun- ry from Herlln for experiment at the Wll- ard Parker hospital In Now York having icen long since exhausted. The house sur geon of that Institution , Dr. White , who ised the nntl-toxlnu serum thus scut , ob tained most excellent results , similar to : hose recorded in the Herlln Institute , but it s doubtful If In the whole country there is nt the present moment enough of the diphtheria antl-toxine to save a single life , nor s there much of it In llerlln , where the serum has thus far been produced only ex perimentally , and not for general use. Therefore , unless Immediate action is taken to obtain a supply ot Ibis life giving antl- toxine , the present winter will see Ihe same errlblo harvest of death from diphtheria that has occurred In the past. The urgent Importance of prompt measures In America to render available a supply ot the antl-toxlno of diphtheria is fully appre ciated by the officials of the New York Hoard of Health , and an earnest effort Is being made now by them to obtain an ap propriation from the city to establish In Now York an institute for Infectious diseases similar to tho.one in Berlin. The estimated cost to tlio city for the first year for such an institute would be about $30,000 , which Is not very much , when ono considers the following carefully expressed opinion of one of the New York health officers : "I believe that if we could get this ap propriation , 1,000 people will be nllve In New York a year from now who would otherwise be dead. " While New York has to learn from Berlin In the establishment of an Ins'ltutefor In fectious diseases with facilities for intro ducing the antl-toxine treatment of dlphth rla. there Is one point in which New York can claim superiority to all the cities of the ' uorld. and'that is Ihe system Introduced by Dr. lllggs into the health department In May , 1898 , which provides for making regular bacteriological examinations In all cases of suspected diphtheria. For years past diph theria has been treated in Now York aa an Infectious disease , al patients being Immediately Isolated and their apartments subsequently disinfec ted. This , of course , Involved great expense to the department , nnd Inconvenience to fami lies , which was all the moro to be regretted as nearly half the cases thus reported to the department and treated as diphtheria turned out to bo false diphtheria , a form of disease scarcely more serious than a severe sore throat , and not regarded as Infectious. Durtng the year 1S91 , for Instance , there were treated by the New York Hoard o Health -1.874 cases reported as diphtheria , o. which at least one-third and probably moro were not diphtheria , and might properly liavo bc n left to euro themselves , without the Interference of health Inspectors , The same lias been found true In all large cities the reason being that it Is exceedingly dllll- cult , almost Impossible , to make an accurate diagnosis of diphtheria In its earliest stages without a bacteriological examination. Such an examInntlon can only be made by nn expert - pert with all the facilities of a bacteriologi cal laboratory. When such an examination Is made , however , there Is no longer any pos > slblllty of error In the dlasnosls. the microscope - scope showing In cases of true diphtheria the formidable kleps-loeffer bacilli , which look like llttlo rods , while In cases of pseudo. diphtheria only the streplo-coccl are found looking very much like strings of beads. NEW YOUIC'S ADMIRABLE SYSTEM. It waa determined accordingly early In 1893 , by the Now York Hoard of Health that they would assist the physicians o ; the city In diagnosticating all cases of diph theria by making , free of charge , bacterio logical examinations in all casea reported. To make this possible about forty stations were estalilishedfjn various parts of the city , usually in drug stores , at each ono of whlcli doctors were furnished with boxca contain ing a "culture outfit , " and various blanks for filling In tha necessary Information. This system has been found to work admirably , and Is both mare scientific and economical than any previously devised. As soon as a doctor in Now York meets with a case which he- suspects to bo diphtheria , he visits onn off the stations , procures the little box containing the culture outfit , and with this visits Mu patient. In the box Is a little swab , upon which he removed from the throat a portion of the exudale , which ho then Inserts In a tube plugged witli cotton and containing a little blood serum. In which the culture Is propagated. Then ho Immcdl ntely sends the culture out lit back to the elation , and tills , with all the others In Ihe city , Is taken to the bacteriological labora tory that same day for microscopic exami nation. All the culture boxes are collected otico every twenty-four hours , and the written report of the bacteriologist Is returned within tha twelveor twenty-four hours succeeding , Thus the cases of true and false diphtheria are easily separated , and an immense ninoun of worry , trouble and expense Is saved. Another advantage of this system , and om THE CHARM OF BEAUTY U cvirywliore recoKnlz 1. llrauty and an at apiic.tranco nr * lm * rBil ) > le. f.ni1 w unun In million IK prr-lty with gray lialr. The i/tlicru muj preserve ilielr hair ami Itielr U-auty liy uilns IMPERIAL HAIR REGENERATOR It In not a dyr , l > ut a coloring , clean , h'-uli ful , elllclrnt. It not only irttornt iha Iiolr to rich , beautiful color anil tu.ittr. bill urltt an Imlr lonlo alwJ. Oven liacklr m lightest null tiloinl lo raven black. M.ido only by IMPERI ALCHEMICAL MFG. CO. 292 FIFTH AVE. , N. Y. SOI.I > 11V BIIKItMAN' & Mr CXWNELU 151 DOUGH BTHBhT , OMAHA , N13U , : onfcrrlnR * ven greater benefits upon th : ominunly. ( Is that It allows physicians too - o absolutely sure when diphtheria patients ave ceased to bo capable of Infecting others with Iho disease , llactcrlologlcal oxnmlnn- Ions of tlieexmlales from the throat .iro onlliuieJ nt Intervals , even alter apparent ccovt-rj' , until the complete disappearance f the diphtheria cerms has been cstab- Iched. It has become- known , In cimne- ucncu nf these examinations , lhat newly ccovered diphtheria patients nro frequently \ grave danger In the community from Iho 'act that they carry with Ihoni for days , lomctlmes for wcekiho deadly germs ol nfcctlon. In 405 cases cxnmined by Dr. llggs and hla assistant * at the bactcrlologl- .il laboratory , 24 ! > showed a disappearance f the Klocbs'Ijorlller bacilli tram Ihe throat within three days of recovery. In 1011 ca es he bacilli persisted after recovery for seven days , In thirty-four cases for twelve days , ti sixteen cases for fifteen days. In four cases for Ihree weeks , and In throe cases 'or ' llvo weeks. Any ono of these recovered patients might , during these periods , have nfccted others with dlphtherln , the fact being that the days and weeks succeeding an apparently- perfect cure are of most criti cal Importance from the- health ofTlcer's itandiioliit. Speaking with Or. lllggs last , summer on iff1 hose measures tnkon In New York -ig.iliut he disease. Dr. Kobert Koch expressed himself enthusiastically , saying"You put us to Miamu In this work. I do not think Iho iilnlsterlnin will give us the appropriation e < iulrtd lor similar work here , but I shall itibmlt lo them the circulars on ( his imbject ssued by the New York Health department. " CLKVKLANU MOFKETT. Cook's Impc'lnl ; World's fair "highest award , excellent champagne , good efferves cence , agreeable bouquet , delicious flavor " V HUMPHREYS' ' SPECIFIC NO. 15 CURES \ , > "I.lltfl tlio I'our , ItliruiiiilUui Is AlwuyHvltli Vnili" SPiPIFIP : XO 15 Cures HUH'MAT/ISM ! , ACl'TK or rilHONIO. I.VMI1AOO-SCIATIOA , ivltli pain , pnicnesM , imiwrul.ir Htirfnpsi nml lame ness. No. 15 never fulls lo relfevo and cure. Thomnft ArnoM , Dundarf. 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It Is vi-ry power , ful , but hnrmlenn. t4.- ! ; ! ( or Jl.OO a nackaite , ol Eli racknstrn for 15.00 ( plain lealeil twin ) . Written suamnlee given for a cure. If you buy tlx bom. and are nol entirely cured , ilx mors will l > e nrnl to you frea of all charge. Bend tot circulars and tfntlmonln ! * . Addrrnt HUDSON MEDICAL INSTITUTE Junction Stockton Market , and Ellla Streets , Sun Frunolsico.C'aL SEARLES SEARLES , SPECIALISTS. Chronio .Vcrvous Private ANIl CUSE Special Diseases Trcatmcntby Mail , Consullationlres I" L'aturrh , all diseases of the nose , Tliroat. ChestSlounich.I.ivcr.IJIooJ SUlu anil Kidney discuses , Low ! Manhood and all Private Dis eases of Men. fall on or uddrcua , DrpnrlpQ * lY'J'jrlpj llla ' ' 1ir " * L/l / , OCdllti a > J HIC3 , O.HV hu. Noli , an. McCRE-Vi ? ii the only - SPECIALIST PRIVATE D amlQEQILltjESdt ' MEN ONLY , Women Exeliidid. IB y an ejp rUuo Clroulitrkfreo. * [ ,4th and torn tin BU.
