wan ? , ?
THE OMALTA DAILY I1KF. SUNDAY , AUGUST 26. 1801 13
THE ARMIES OF CHINA
Tacts and Figures About a Crazy-Quilt
Mllitar ; Organization ,
STRENGTH Or THE ARMY AND NAVY
The Ohinoso GoTornment Honeycombed by
Corruption ,
HOW OFFICIALS CHEAT THE SOLDIERS
Ifoir tlio ClillicHo Soldier * Ar Located
VUlt to u C'lilncfla Iliirrnck * M MUIIR
Lliuiic'4 Gun nuil I'owderVorL *
Kiiil | | > i > c < l lorVnr. .
( Copyrighted , 1S04 , by I'rank a , Carpenter , )
The vur between China and Japan has
only begun , Tlio Japanese could , If neces
sary , throw something Jlko 800,000 trained
soldiers Into the Held. Tliclr army Is thor
oughly organized , and It has been drilled
after the beat method * of Europe. When I
visited Japan six years ago I found Gorman
officers In eliargo of all Its branches and my
Interview with the minister of war vrai car
ried on in tlio German language. He was
a Japanese who had been educated In Ger
many , and who could not speak English.
The Japanese are a nation of lighters. They
hava alt tlio quickness and bravery of the
French married by years of training to the
discipline of tlio Germans. I have seen
their cavalry nnd Infantry In review again
and again during tlio present summer. Their
troops arc splendidly equipped and they have
arsenals and navy yards of the most modern
methods , about which I will write In the
future.
Today I want to tell you something about
the army of China. It Is almost Impossible
for ono who has nol been on the ground
to appreciate- condition. It Is a mixture
of the old nnd new , of the weak and the
strong. I have made some study of It In
half a dozen different states and have some
Inside Information which I gathered at Peking
regarding It. It Is the most wonderful mili
tary Jumble on the face of the globe , and you
have to know something of the Chinese gov
ernment to understand It and the present
situation.
ROTTEN FROM SKIN TO CORE ,
The Chinese government la rotten from
skin to core. The people of China are one
of the strongest In the world. They can
do anything , and I believe In the future
they will revolutionize the world. They are
bound dona today with as bad a govern
ment as ever pretended to rule. The ofll-
clals of China are almost universally cor
rupt , and stealing Is considered a part of
their legitimate pay. This la true of tbo
oITlcors of the army as well as of those of
civil rank. They systematically cheat the
soldiers under them and present false ac
counts to the emperor and ministers of
war. At Shanghai I saw a barracks which
was supposed to contain 100 troops. The
officer In charge of It drew rations and pay
for this number , but there were really only
400 soldiers In the garrison and ho was
pocketing the balance. Ills salary was some
thing like$1,000 or JI.KOO a year , but he
spent $20,000 , and I was told that several ol
his understrappers and trainers sat down
every day at his table. Ho received | 6 per
mouth for the pay of each man , and
pocketed Just $600 a month for the
100 men who had no existence , but
were represented by fictitious names on hit
pay rolls. As to the 400 soldiers remaining ,
I waa told that he paid them only $5 pet
month each , and In this way lie made I IOC
per month more. In addition to this , he
squeezed on their ration : Ho bllncltd the
eyes of the government b , xrlblng the cen
sors who are sent out as Inspectors , or he
could hire an extra 100 men to nil up Me
quota at the time that the Inspectors arrive ,
This man squeezes his under officers , but they
protect him because lie allows them to take
a percentage of the pay of the moot below
thorn , and the < result IB. that the privates gel
little- more than will keep them alive. In
stead of having COO well satisfied , and , foi
China , well paid men , he has 400 who arc
discontented and halt starved. This sort o :
thing Is going on all over China , nnd one o
the greatest dangers to tlio country come !
of the discontent of the soldiers.
$300,000 FOR AN OFFICE.
The government Itself expects the officer !
to squeeze and extort. It pays low salarlei
and the officers are expected to entertain like
princes. Take the tautol of Shanghai. Ill ;
salary is not more than that of ono of oui
government clerks , but he paid $300,000 thli
summer to ono of the chief eunuchs oC thi
palace for hts influence with the eirpres :
dowager In getting him a position , with th <
understanding that he should have it foi
three years , at least. There is no doubt li
my mind but that the old dowager herself go
a slice of the money. This office Is worth abou
$250,000 a year in squeezes and stealings
and as tlio lautot will receive something llk <
$750.000 during his term lie can afford to gtvi
$300,000 for the Job. The name of thi
eunuch who got the money was PI T J
Seau LI. Ho combs the empress dowa
ger's hair and Is her confidential servan
and lulvher. At the Klagnan arsenal
learned something of how orders for gun
and ships are made and how these Chinee
officials nro making money out of the presen
war. They order the ships through forelgi
agents nt Shanghai and Insist that the ;
shall have from B to 10 per cent of th <
amount of each order. Many oC these order ;
run Into the millions and you will see tha
their profits are large. They are very partlc
ulnr as to the foreigners making any mono ;
out of the business anil insist that thel
profit shall not be more than B per cent o
the list price of the articles. On this basl
the foreigner vrould not make anything-
his work , as he has to pay at least 6 pe
cent to tlio official who gives him the order
There Is usually a collusion between the for
elgn * ' aid n manufacturer by which th
foreigner gets a big percentage and th
Chinaman pays an extra price for the article
SQUEEZING EVERYWHERE.
The squeezing goes on everywhere , both 1
China and Corca. The officers of th
Chinese navy expect to matte- money ov
of their sailors. The officials in charge c
the railroads squeeze- the men under them
and every Chinese servant squeezes his mat
ter. Ono of the , greatest of the offlclt
squeezes Is In salt. This l a governmen
monopoly , and Its sale Is farmed out to th
highest bidders. The sale of the salt fa
a district Is worth hundred of thousand
of dollars , and foreigners are nc
permitted to handle It. There are sal
stations at which supplies are stored nn
the native cuitoms officers get their pei
cent ace on the salt as It passes from on
district to the other. In the collection c
taxes for the government tlio officers tak
out something from every collection to
themselves , anil If a Chinaman has a larg
amount of money , blackmail la aura to b
levied upon him in some way or other b
the o metals. Still , China , with all this , ba
about the lowest taxes In the world , an
it Is only because tha taxes are low tin
th government can retain Its hold upon th
people. It they should be greatly increase
by this war , rebellions \\l\l \ \ spring up In man
ot the states , and the Chinese emperor Is , 1
tact , in more danger from the people with !
the empire than from th Japanese outslJ
of It.
China. la a strange combination of a dc :
potto monarchy and * government of tli
people. It Is as much confederation (
BUtes ai It is a nation , and the clghteo
provinces Into which It la divided each hi
IU governor , who Is appointed by tha en
poror , but whom the people- can get rid ot
they will. U Is the same with other official
Tlis Chinese are long tolerant , but when a
official squeezes too much they wilt oust hli
( ram his office , and instances bava bee
known ot their utonrng him out of the com
* ' try. The government la very much afraid i
the people , and It will not < Uro to ovorU
them during the * present war. It Is hard to
underatand how thess different provinces
are governed.
WHAT TUB VICEROTS ARR DOING.
Kach province hai a governor , ami In
coma of the biggest provinces the governor
lalceroy as well. In other provinces the
governor Is second to tlio viceroy , ami a
viceroy m r rule two or threa provinces.
Thrie viceroys and governors have cabinets
of their own. They have the power of life
and death over their subjects. They have
in many clerks and subordinates almost ns
you will Hnd In our government , and It Is
quite ns dlfllcuU to fill ono ot these positions
na It Is to bo president of the United States.
Each of these viceroys and governors has an
army of his own. LI Hung Chang's ' forces
number about 35,000 men. These have eleven
campi within the province ot Chill. They
are armed with fortlen guns and are well
drilled , nnd will form the chief support ot
the government In the present war. Ll Hung
Chine has also eleven camps of men In the
province of Chnngtong , and he Is , as far ag
this war Is concerned , practically comtnander-
In-chlcf of the whole. At Nanking I found
a viceroy who had 23,000 men under him. He
controlled the big gun factory of Klngnan , and
I visited his naval school on the outskirts
of Ills capital and found several hundred
boys studying navigation under two English
professors. Some distance below Shanghai
there Is another great governor who has an
Immense military establishment. Tills Is
the governor of I'oochow. Hla troops , ac
cording to the Peking records , number more
than Gl.OOO men , and this number Includes
oth liU land and marine forces. Ho Is In
narge of the navy yard at Foochow and ho
laa some thousands of men there building
jotlle ships.
CHANCl CHITUNO. THE GREAT.
Another remarkable governor is life ex-
ollency , Chang Chilling , the viceroy ot Wu
Cl-ang. Wu Chang Is a city ot nearly 1.000-
0U people , and Chang Chitting governs his
, ens of millions. Ho has long been a great
man In China , and It you ask Chinamen
who the two greatest men In China are
hey will say LI Hung Chang and Chang
Jhllung. Lr Is , In fact , said ; to bo very
calous of Chang , nnd I suppose Chang feels
he same toward LI. Chang Chltung bates
'oiclgnera. Ho Is building railroads be-
: ause he wants to bs able to defend China
igalnst the foreigners , and now that this
war has broken out his work will go on
moro rapidly than ever. Ho Is importing
itecl Ingota by the hundreds and coke by
ha thousands of bushels from England and
Delglum for his steel works at Han Yang ,
" 00 miles from the ea.coast , and he has
> pcnt already In the neighborhood of $10-
)00.000 ) upon his railroad experiment. It
was his gun factory that was burned down
only a few days ago , and It may be that his
'mmenso blast furnaces will now ba turned
: o the making of weapons of war. These
'urnaces ' are 100 feet high and they are of
lie latest European make. Ho has con
nected with them shops which cover from
"orly to fifty acres , nnd there ara twenty-flvo
acres of machinery under one root. China
oday has no good means ot moving troops.
A railroad has been planned from Hankow
to Tien Tsln , and also from Hankow to Can
ton. These Immense car works could be
put to the making of materials for this
road , and as there arc coal and Iron in their
near vicinity the building of the line would be
comparatively easy. About forty Belgian
engineers are now In the employ of this
viceroy. These men understand all about
the making of railroads and the working1 of
steel , and It the government will furnish
the money this the greatPit ot all trunk
lint's of the world could bo built. It would
go for 1,500 miles through the most thickly
populated part ot tb Chinese empire and
would connect a half dozen odd cities
ranging from 500,000 to 1,000,000 people In
Elzo.
LI HUNG CHANG'S GUN WORKS.
Ll Hung Chang has gun works and an ar
senal , the shops of which are nearly a mile
square , and In which alt kinds ot modern
cuns are made. It la much similar to the
Shanghai arsenal which I described in the
letter I published some months , ago when I
told how the Chinese were preparing for war.
No one can go through these works without
wondering at the marvelous skill of the
Chinese. In both of them they turn out big
guns , and the Klagnan arsenal Is turning out
twelve-Inch guna which weigh over 100,000
pounds and fire single shots which weigh over
TOO pounds. Three of such shot would bo a
load for a two-horse team , and one of those
guns standing upon its end would reach as
high as the roof of a three-story house , and
at Us breach It is as big'around as a Hour bar
rel. Some of the other guns that I have seen
in these arsenals will fire shot at the rate of
ten to the minute , and each shot weighs 100
pounds. I saw fitly Chinamen pouring metal
into the moulds for the making of projectiles ,
each of which weighed 1,000 pounds. They
were turning out thirty of these shots a day ,
and the ships are now being supplied with
them , I was taken Into ono of the ware
houses and was shown the- different kinds of
shot that the arsenals were making. There
were more than 200 different varieties of shot
and shrapnel , and In addition to this there
were specimens of all sorts of powder which
are being made at the powder works. Many
of the varieties I saw wo do not make in the
United States. I am not sure that wo make
the brown cocoa powder which is used for
the firing of these big guns. This comes
In the shape of nuts. Just like those by which
0 big bolt Is fastened , and It takes some
thing Ilka four bushels of these powdrir nuts
to fire oft ono of the twelve-Inch guns Still ,
the Chinese are making this powder , and they
have lately sent for a German chemist to
teach them how to make smokeless powder.
They are making pebble powder for from five
to eight-Inch guns , and they make all sorts ol
other ponders from that ot the rifle to that
of the largest guns. They have been ordering
new cruisers during the past year , and they
recently sent an order to Armstrongs , the big
ship makers of England , for two new vessels
which are each to cosj $1,250,000. They have
a number of trained men in these arsenals.
Ll Hung Chang has several thousand. The
viceroy ot Nanking has 2,000 , and there are
thousands at work at Hankow , Canton and
Foochow. The hours of work of these men
will be doubled from now on. I am told
that the Chinese learn very rapidly , and
that there .will ba little- difficulty in in
creasing the force. The making of small
arms Is to be pushed , and Qul Leo rifles will
bo turned out as fast as possible. These
are a sort ot Remington , which the Chinese
consider the best gun in existence , and the
old matchlocks and lances will be done
away with as soon as possible.
BOWS AND LANCES STILL USED.
With all this you would think that the
Chinese would have given up their bowi
and arrows and the weapons which have
come down from the middle ages. The )
have not done so by any means. Some
ot the Interior troops still carry bows and
arrows , and archery is a regular part ol
every military examination. These inllltarj
examination' } are held all over the empire
and the candidates have to shoot with bows
both on foot and In the saddle. I saw Jusi
outslilo ot Pekingan archery mate !
of this kind. There were , perhaps , 10.0QC
Chinamen looking on , and the soldier :
rode on the gallop by one target aftei
another , shooting arrows as they passed ,
The targets were about the size ot a man
and I did not note ono of the hundred whom I
saw shooting- who missed in a single Instance
They also shoot at balls lying on the ground
as they go by on ft gallop , and they practta
for years before -coming to Peking. Th <
candidates are weeded out again and agalr
before they get to the capital. There ti
first an examination held by the- prefect o :
the district in which they live. The , mer
who pass this shoot again before the llterarj
chancellor , and their next examination I :
before the governor of the province. Suol
examinations comprlsa great tournaments
and out of the thousands who are examinee
only forty or fifty may pass. Those whi
stand highest at Peking always get c facia
positions and nearly every ofllcer of thi
Chinese army could drop a. bird on the fl ]
with his arrow. The exercise of thi
soldiers consists largely ot gymnastics , one
those students are examined In the wleldln (
01 swords and In the liftingof weights
which are graduated to test their muscle.
They have to bo good lancera , and whtli
visiting one of the Interior cltlea I sav
some of these lanca exercises , I had beet
warned that I must pot go Into the barrack ;
and that I must keep away from the forts
but In passing ono I heard mualo and toll
my guide that I wanted to enter. He re
piled that it was not allowed and that 1
might be dangerous. I had caught a glimpse
howevor. of the exercise as I went by and
determined to try. I walked boldly througl
tha gate. No one attempted to stop mi
and a moment later I was In tha preaenci
of a scene which you would expect to find line
no camp outsldo ot the mlddlo ages.
At the back ot a largo inclosureaat i
band pounding op drums and. sinking cym
bals and making a most L riblo din. Near
these stood a number c.1 high Chinese of
ficials , and on the other aide ' f the yard were
aeveral companies ot soldleri. ItoUveen
these stood a man dressed in the uniform
ot a Chinese private. He had a spear
about fifteen feet long In his , hand , and ho
was danclnn about and puking this Into the
air In every direction. Now ha Mould Jab
It Into an Invisible enemy at the right ; now
he would hop up four feet from the ground
and turn clear around before he again lit
to drive it Into another Invisible enemy at
the left. He poked 11 In front of him , and
twisted himself into a. half knot in trying to
destroy his enemies in the rear. He con
torted his face in the most horrible manner
to Inspire fear In his airy combatants , and
ho yelled now and then as lie thrust. Such
an exhibition would have put him Into a
lunatic asylum In the United States I looked
tor perhaps ten minutes before anything hap
pened , and during this time a second man
came out and began to go through the same
pcrform2n"i. I then sent my boy for n
camera , but before I could use It , nn official
came -up and objected. I apologized and left.
I find this the best rule In foreign travel.
Go where you please , and do what you please ,
but always be ready to apologize. If you ask
you won't get It , nnd a civil tongue will carry
you further than a shot gun ,
THE ARMY OF CHINA.
But let mo give you some facts about the
army. This letter Is aa long that I cannot
enlarge upon them. First there Is the
Eighth Banner corps , which Includes the
Jlanchus and Mongols , and which 1s sup
posed to have something like 300.000 men.
Of this army there are in Peking a2,393 sol-
Olers , and connected with them about 11,000
supernumeraries. In Mongolia there are
0,844 Manchus r.nd 3,231 supernumeraries.
There are kept about the summer palace of
the king Just about 5,000 ot uch troops.
Just outside ot Peking Is the Imperial huntIng -
Ing park. Four thousand soldiers are kept
there. In addition to these In Peking there
are artillery and musketry to the number
of 8.000 , Infantry 2,300 and other troops to
the number ot 0,000 , making a gr/md total
of Jlanchus surrounding nnd about Peking of
100,000 troops. These troops are supported
entirely by the government. Their officers
are of high rank and about 700 of them
have high positions as guards inside the for
bidden city , where the emperor lives.
I have written already of Ll Hung Chang's
army. It Is the best drilled and tht > best
equipped ot any In the empire. In addition
to these there are three great armies known
as the army ot Manchuria , the army of the
center and the army of Turklstan. The
Mnnchurlan army contains 70,000 men , and
Us headquarters are In Manchuria , above
the Chinese wall. It has good cannon and
first class , modern , rifles. These , however ,
are confined only to a limited number of
the regiments , and there are more match
locks than Winchesters. The army of the
center Is also north of the wall. It is sup
posed to include 50,000 men. Manchurlan
and Mongolian troops could bo moved down
Into Corca if there was any good way of
carrying their provisions and supplies. The
army of Turklstan U In the western part of
the empire , and too lar off for use at the
present time.
ARMIES OF THE GOVERNORS.
In addition to this there arc the armies
of the governors , which are scattered
throughout the eighteen provinces of China ,
and which include all the large centers. In
Shantung there are 20,000 men. In Shansl ,
25,000 , and In Foochow , 30,280. Tlio gov
ernor of Honan , one of the most anti-foreign
provinces of the empire , lias 13,000 soldiers.
The governor of Nanking has 28.00C. The
governor of Foochow , 61,435. The governor
of Cheklang , 38,000 , and those of Hupe and
Hunnan , 58,000 men. In Shcnsl , Kensuh
and Hi there are 97,900 men , and In Szu-
cheun there are 33,897. Kwantung has 6S -
000 , Kwangsl has 20,000 , Anhul , 9,000 , and
Yunnan and Kwetchow , 42,000 , making a
grand total , with one or two smaller prov
inces added , of 701,517. Just how many of
these troops can bo relied upon In case of
war I don't know. The reports are those
of the Chinese government , and many of
them may bo overestimated. There Is no
doubt , however , but that there are hundreds
of thousands of soldiers in China , and that
they have many who will flght If they are
properly led. Chinese Gordon , who handled
them during the Tal Ping rebellion , said
that they made splendid soldiers , that they
wore cool and calm , and that they could do
a great deal on small rations. They are full
of superstition , and will carry priests and
soothsayers with them. They may eat black
dog's ficsh to make them brave , and their
surgeons will give them ground tiger bones
to inspire courage. In flght they will be
bloodthirsty and cruel , and If the war is
carried into the interior It will be accom
panied with horrora which will shock the
Western world.
cotra vitiA L rrrvM.
Under the laws of Russia a man Is not al
lowed to marry moro than four times.
Mrs. Wecms I do believe you were scared
half to death when you proposed to me. Mr
Weems Indeed I wasn't. I thought you
would say no.
Clara I'm afraid I should get tired of
married life. I should like to be married
ono year and single the next , year In and
year about. Jack Why don't you go on the
stage , then ?
W. A. Galloway , aged 82 , married Mrs.
Amanda Thornton , his mother-in-law , at Ot
tawa , O , , on Monday. The old veteran -was
also noted for his intrepidity during the war.
The reported engagement of Prince Andre
Poniatowskl and Miss Sperry , the California
beauty , confirmed by the relatives ot Miss
Sperry , who are on their way to Europe. The
wedding will take place in Paris.
Judge Cut tern On what grounds , madam ,
do you apply for a divorce from your hus
band ? Mrs. Laker Ob. It's a case of abso
lute necessity , Judge. Mr. Laker's hair nnd
complexion don't match the decorations in
my now house.
"Papa , " remarked tha congressman's
darghtor , looking nt the clock. "What la
ft , Lou ? " asked papa , who had lingered In
the parlor with the young people. "It is
9 o'clock ; at this time George and I usually
go into committee. " Then papa retired.
It Is announced that the marriage of Miss
Ellen Taft of Providence to James P. Scott ,
whoso engagament was made public about
two weeks ago , will bo celebrated In New
port quietly , some time In the second week
In September.
Friends of Mrs. Nellto Grant Sartorls are
taking the trouble to deny that she is to be
married to General Henry Kyd Douglass , a
pleasant , elderly bachelor , who served In the
ccnft-ilerato army. General Douglass , Who
escorted Mrs. Sartorla north last wesjt , has
his home In the mountains of Maryland ,
among which Mrs. Sartorls spent the sum
mer , and was her constant attendant.
Another good record bas been made by a
New Yorker In the matrimonial raco. Nine
months ago Washington Durton arrived In
Sioux Falls from Now York ; July 25 ho se
cured a dlvorca from hte wife , Harriett Bur
ton , f > n the ground of desertion ; last week
ho waa married at Canton , south of Sioux
Falls , to Miss Lou Gardiner ot Brooklyn
Heights , N. Y , Miss Gardiner made the
trip from her eastern homo alone to wed
Mr. Uurton.
No marriage which has occnrred of laU In
New York has made such a sensation as
that which was celebrated last Thursday ai
Avanel Villa , Now Rochelle , the summer
home ot Mrs. Adela A. Ronalds. On that
day Mrs. Ronalds , who Is a woman of great
wealth and of unimpeachable social standing ,
albeit she Is somewhat more than 70 years oi
age , was married to Charles Francklyr
Rcglld , who Is an actor of some note , well
known along the Rial to , Mr. Rcglld , whost
real name may bo obtained by spelling his
atage name backward , Is only 30 years old ,
Several score of male and female simple-
tens are regretting the dealings they have
had with a matrimonial agency , conducted
by one- Herman Max Gumpest , alias Mai
Quble , and his young wife , at 17 Great Jones
street , New York. The couple closed theft
bureau a few days ago and left for unknown
regions. The pair were In the same busi
ness In Chicago and St. Louis before cornlnj
to New York. Advertisements like this
were put In the various newspapers
"Orphan girl , seventeen , and petite , $29.00 (
cash capital , wishes to marry refined gentle
man not over forty. Address Quble , No. r ,
Great Jones street. " The refined gentlcmar
had to pay a $ ! fee before he could see thi
orphan girl. That part wai generally playai
by Mrs. Guble , or some Ilowery nymph hlrec
for the occasion. A second Interview cos
$10 , and then the orphan girl would decidi
not to wed after all.
THE INDUSTRIE SITUATION
* - if
Reforms Suggested by .Jjfrof , Ely of the
Univcriity o& Wisconsin.
DOUBTfUL FORCE .6f'riPUBLIC , OPINION
Some VcrtliH'Mt Qm-nlldim A Ylslimiir ; Hop"
Kcoiioinlu and 1'iilltlcal llrlittloni
Mourci' of Corrui > tlim tlvll : - rv
li-o Koforin * Dctiiiirnlccl.
ii
I -i
( Copyrighted by Irving Syndicate. )
We Americans have during tha past gener
ation been confronted v > lth new and most
momentous questions of an economic nature ,
but nmong them all there have arisen no
questions mare of Importance than those
which are connected with a class ot great
Industries which are now generally called
natural monopolies. The leading Industries
of this class jarc so familiar that It can
scarcely be necessary even to mention them.
Every one knows that referetice Is made to
telegraphs , telephones , railways , municipal
lighting plants , etc. The peculiarities of
these Industries liave been forced upon our
attention much against our will. We tried
to deal with businesses ot this kind accord
ing to the general principles which obtain
with respect to agriculture , manufactures
and commerce , but failed so conspicuously
that finally every or > e must recognize the fail
ure. Those entrusted with the management of
these businesses were naturally the last to
recognize the fact that they occupy a peculiar
and exceptional position. The railway presi
dent for a long time told the dissatisfied far
mer , If he were not content with the railway
rates charged , to go elsewhere , or build him
self a railway , But now even the railway
magnates themselves acknowledge a quasi-
public character In railways and other busi
nesses ot like nature. This wo may regard
as an established fact , and It iiced not detain
us longer.
TWO PERTINENT QUESTIONS.
The question then could not fall to arise.
What shall wo do with these businesses
which are peculiar and essentially public
In character ? Tno answers were ready.
Ono was the answer which long historical
experience must euggest to the careful
economist , namely , turn over public func
tions to respnslblo public authorities. The
other was a plausible ansuer appealing alike
to prejudice and special interests , namely ,
control those who manage these essentially
public businesses , see to It that they so
discharge their functions that they will
promote the general welfare. This second
answer was the one which wo have gen
erally received , and thus was established
among us the principle of public control of
private property. Those who owned or
managed businesses public In nature but
resting on a basis of private property came
to be regarded and are still regarded as
delegated agents.
A | VISIONARY HOPE.
The hope of a beneficent control of private
property of the kindmentioned is Utopian
Every article , monograph-snd book advocat
ing such control should bo entitled "Utopia , "
because they all rest ipon 'hypotheses which
apply only to an imaginary world.
First of all , let us notlco that under the
system in vogue among ; us , the special
knowledge must of necessity bo as a rule
on one side , namelyonJ the side of those
who are to bo coi trollti ] , This special
knowledge is gained by .experience and the
experience belongs to thbsi who conduct
the business. Of course , some ono now
and then who lias had business experience
as a railway manager , nlll take public office
and assume the duty of control. So , ono
who has been engaged in the gas or street
car business may occasionally become a
member ot a commlsslonotho duty ot which
Is to control &as works tor street car lines.
Such a. person , however , has acquired the
habit of looking at these businesses from
a private standpoint , and this Is the wrong
standpoint. Many other difficulties suggest
themselves ; but as a matter of fact It oftener
happens that a man who has atijulr' l a cer
tain experience in public office and who Is
rendering himself useful to the public Is
taken from the public service into private
employment. What wo are trying to ac
complish. In our system of control Is to
bring it about that inexperience shall con
trol experience and Ignorance knowledge.
Can anything moro Utopian bo Imagined ?
ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RELATIONS
All careful social philosophers have re cog
nlzed the fact that there must bo a certain
correspondence between economic and polit
ical relations. Ownership and management
ot businesses which include in the scope ot
their operations an entire continent and
which are the largest known In the world's
history cannot fall to give the owners and
managers vast social power of every kind.
Moreover , the possession ot enormous power
without its oxerclso Is something which the
world has not seen. It would be contrary
to our experience oC human nature to ex
pect that those who have the management
of tbo chief businesses of the country should
not make use of the power which they find
In their bands. They are called In popular
language "magnates" and "kings ; " and the
popular Instinct la correct. In this case at
least , In the use of language. There Is no
reason to bo surprised at the presence ot BO
many railway presidents and attorneys in
the senate of the United States. If these
men want to bo In the senate ot the United
States the only thing which would need to
cieato surprise would be their absence. Our
policy of control resembles the conduct-of a
man who should put a glnnt In charge of a
boy 10 years old , saying to the boy , "Make
this follow behave himself : If ho does net ,
give him a good thrashing. " Our policy
of control Is Utopian because it means that
weakness shall hold in check strength. Our
condition Is of necessity one of unstable
equilibrium.
A SOURCE OF CORRUPTION.
Furthermore , It Is wildly utopln tc e -
pect that those whom it Is at'cwptcd to con
trol will not seek to ese'.pe from control.
This means an Interference In politics of
the very worst kind on the part of those
who are the most powerful members cf the
community , The result Is the corruption
which is so- familiar and which takes so
many forms. The distribution ot railway
passes , telegraph franks and the like Is
familiar to all. What la less familiar , how
ever , Is the solicitude with which , there Is
every reason to believe , the appointment of
Judges Is watched by these whom it Is at
tempted to control , because under our con
stitutional system the power of the Judges
Is encrmous. The court Is the critical In
stitution with us. arjd those who hold to
rigid theories of private property are nat
urally Inclined to declare any really effec
tive control ot privafe property unconstitu
tional .in Boino essentUl feature. Should ,
however , a Judge ba appointed who can
reconcile the necessary control with the In
stitution of private property , It Is always
possible for the prlvate corporation affected
to attempt to lure him .from the bench by
a position as attorney with a large salary.
The inevitable result then of a policy of
control Is to bring 'all11 ' the businesses of
the kind named Into- politics in the worst
manner Public ownership means that the
businesses are In politics In the best man
ner possible , namely , opbnly and avowedly ,
while control means secret nnd underhanded
methods which It Is impossible to discover In
all their ramifications. , To expect a high
and noble political life free from corruption
while the policy of control Is followed is a
Utopian aspire tlon.
THE FORCE OP PUBLIC OPINION.
Much has been said about the force pf
public opinion. Public opinion can , how
ever , act only through channels and agencies.
Public opinion -which cannot strike with a
strong arm is despised. Public opinion has
for years pronounced against grade crossIngs -
Ings In Chicago and Duffalo , for example ,
but U haa been regarded with merited con
tempt because It has not clothed itself with
power , but has beeti Impotent to accomplish
anything In all these years. Those who
wish to escape from any effective- control
naturally nurse tha doctrine that public
opinion In Itself la sufficient ; and thosa who
talk almost incredible nonsense about pub
lic opinion are allowed to pose IB wise men.
Unlesi the public opinion leads to tha ea-
AT THE
FOR
You can get a nobby double breasted suit.
in * Excellent value at
FOR
We have a nice assortment of
cassimeres in all
the different mixtures. Our regular price for these suits ! .50
FOR
You have your pick of any of
our boys' suits that sold at
FOR
We give you all wool Scotch cheviots , new
IB' patterns , suits well worth
L'OR
$ ; You can't help but be pleased at the fit , style
and quality of suits worth every cent of ,
FOR
We boldly claim that we can give you suits
that can't be duplicated elsewhere for less than
tabllsliment of appropriate Institutions , re
liance upcn It Is Utopian ; It Is then but a
breath of wind.
Reliance upon the press is unreliable. .
Businesses ot the kind mentioned have given
to a favored few fortunes beyond the dreams
of avarice. It Is In their power , therefore , to
establish nevspapers or buy newspapers If
they desire to do BO. The newspaper la
private property. It is generally owned by
a Joint stock company and the control of El
per cent of the capital means the control of
the policy of the paper. When a news
paper which has been guarding the public
Interest changes at a critical juncture , It
does not necessarily mean corruption or
wrong on the part of the editors. It may
simply mean new ownership , and owner
ship by Its very nature Implies direction cf
policy. Newspapers are absolutely Indis
pensable In a free government , but reliance
upon them for adequate protection against
the encroachments of private monopoly ,
when monopoly is so vast as at the present
moment in the United States , la utcplan.
The policy which has been pursued In
America has produced a spirit which is the
precise opposite of the spirit of self-help.
Wa observe all about ua apathy amounting
to Indifference and a stibmlsslveness to
wrcngs and Injuries which startles every
foreigner. The explanation Is to be found
In the tact that a remedy against the abuses
of corporate power Is under American condi
tions eo hopeless. If we expect that this
could bo otherwise with all businesses ot a
monopolistic nature ( owned and managed
by private corporations , we are cherishing
a Utopia.
CIVIL SERVICE REFORMS.
There are , however , advocates of the pub
lic ownership ol undertakings which ara es
sentially public , who at the same time do
not see the necessity of changes In our civil
service , or of other preparation for the
change. If public duties are Increased In
the manner required by present economic
conditions , the civil service must be radically
changed In many respects. The reform in
the civil service required by existing con
ditions Is moro far-reaching than that ad
vocated by those who are popularly desig
nated as civil service reformers , although
what these vtlsh Is a step In the right direc
tion.Ve need , however , as a preparation
for coming changes far better training In
every branch of economics and politics.Ve
must have not only Instruction In these
branches In all the schools ot higher grade
in the country , but we must also develop
the departments of economics and politics
In our universities into civil academies which
will spare no expense to train men for all
branches of the.civil service. To suppose
that the economic changes which are needed
now and which will be needed In the future ,
enlarging greatly tha functions of govern
ment , can be effected without a moat careful
development of our ctvll service Is perhaps
the wildest oflld Utopias.
RICHARD T. ELY.
University of Wisconsin , Madison.
ItOTKX.
Germany now rivals France In glass color
ing.
ing.An
An electric rocking chair has been In
vented.
Alabama's supply of red cedar is o.x-
naua'ed.
Aluminium drums are being used by
the military bands.
Eight million people In the United States
own their own homes.
Paving blocks made of compressed hay are
being experimented ivlth.
The avenge man can do the most work at
3 p , in. , and the least at 9 a. in.
A substitute for gliss la made from cello
dion wool , and Is flexible , not brittle.
More iron sates are made in Cincinnati
than In all the other cltlea of the union com
bined.
Sapless cedar blocks from regions swept
by forest nres are used lu paving Detroit's
streets.
Aluminium la used as a substitute for
leather in building up the heels of boots
and shoes.
A firm In Augusta , Me. , sends to potteries
abroad photographs of places of note , and
these vle s are artistically reproduced on
pieces of china.
With the new and Improved methods of
mining it Is thought that It will cost lees
than 22 cents on the dollar this year to mine
gold In Colorado.
The annual reports of the railroads of Iowa
for the year 1893-94 sl'SW that more men
were employed than for several years In all
departments of the roads , and that a higher
average of wages was. paid.
An encouraging piece of news comes from
New England In the statement that the boot
and shoe trade Is showing marked Improve
ment. At Marlboro , Mass. , In one day last
week a single firm mude and shipped 20,000
pairs ot shoes.
Only two strikes were ever known to occur
in Turkey. One was of dock yard laborers In
tb government employ far arrears in pay ,
and the other was ol cigarette makers In
government factories tor the exclusion of
women. The dockmen got their money and
tha women were turned out.
A plan to build a. co-operative farming col
ony baa been started by Charles LlnneUohl
In New Jersey. Ho desires to band together
fifty persona , each with $200 cash capital. Into
a company with regularly elected officers
and a board of ar-t''rg. | This company will
buy a large tract of lana : n Sussex or Warren
county.
Of A'-dl'W/.KO.Y.
Friendship la but a name ,
There Is nothing terrible In death.
The only \lctory over love Is ( light.
Liberty and equality are magical words.
Words pass away , but actions remain.
Where flowers degenerate man cannot live.
Marriage bas always been the conclusion
ot love.
We must laugh at man to avoid crying
for htm.
I failed ; therefore , according to all Justice ,
I was wrong.
Uncertainty Is painful for all nations and
for all men.
Better never to have been born than tf
live without glory.
Judgment In .extreme cases should bo
guided by precedent.
Independence , like honor , Is a rocky
Island without a beach.
The only encouragement for literature Is
to uivo the poet a position In the state.
Indecision and anarchy In leaders lead to
weakness and anarchy In results.
When wo have drunk the cup of pleas
ure to the dregs , all we want Is rest.
Great men ara like meteors , which shlno
and consume themselves to enlighten the
earth.
Men ot Utters are useful men , who should
ever be distinguished , as they do honor to
their country.
When a man is determined to hold a
place ( under government ) bo has already
sold himself to It.
Disdain hatreds ; hear both sides and de
lay Judgments until reason lias had timeto
resume her sway.
Wo can only escape the arbitrariness of
tlis Judge by placing ourselves under the
despotism ot the law.
The sight of a battlefield after the fight
is enough to inspire princes with a love of
peace and a horror of war.
The praises of an enemy are suspicious ;
they cannot flatter a man of honor until
after a cessation of hosttlttic. .
Historians are llko the sheep of Panurgc
they copy that which their predecessors have
written so that their opinions and interests
are not opposed to it , without troubling
themselves to inqulro Into truth or proba
bilities. _
IIKI.H1JO1IS.
There are CGI churches In Philadelphia.
The twelfth Baptist congress Is to bo held
at Detroit November 13-15.
Klvo hundred million people now have op
portunities of studying the bible In regions
which knew almost nothing1 of It 100 years
ago.
ago.At
At the opening of the present century it Is
claimed that but forty-swen translations of
the bible were In existence. Today there
are ninety entire and 230 partial ones.
Rev. Allen Clark has resigned the pastor
ate of the Congregational church at
Ottumiva , In. , In order to make the canvass
ni the populist candidate for congress in
that district.
The latest statistics show that In Brooklyn
there are nlnoty-flvo Young People's societies ,
with a membership ot about 10,000 , ami
forty-two Junior societies , numbering about
1,700 members.
Rev. Mrs. Sarah M Darnes , pastor of the
UniversalUt church at Jurr.tlou City , Kanwrs
70 years old the other day , and the anni
versary ivas celebrated by her friends gath
ering nt the church in the evening , There
wore choice gifts , Rood wishes , music ,
poems and all that nukes a birthday a tlmo
ot pleasant remembrance.
Religion is a somewhat changeable habit
with South Sea Islanders , but a party of
Seventh Day Uaptlsts from this country Is
reported to have converted a large majority
of the natives of Pltcalrn Island to that
form ot belief with such zeal that it IB
likely to remain the state religion , eo to
speak , of the 1'ltcalrners.
At the close of the war , less than thirty
years ago , the Methodist Episcopal church
numbered 1,000,000 members , owned 10,000
churches and 3,300 paisonages. worth In tlio
aggregate 434,000,000 , It has now , at the
end ot 11 period usually assigned to ono
gci.eratlan ( In round numbers ) , 2,500,000
members , and owns over 21,000 churches
and nearly 10,000 parsonages , worth In the
aggregate about $12&000.000 | ,
According to an article In the August
Forum , the Methodists ot this country col
lect for current expenses , principally the
salaries ot their ministers , aUut jl 1.000,000
yearly ; the episcopalians snout J13,000,000 ;
the Presbyterians $12,000,000 ; the Daptlsls
$8.004.000 , and the Congrcgatlonallsts J7.000-
000. The overage salary of the Methodist
minister Is estimated at $350. exclusive of
fees and donations ; of the Congregatlonallsl
minister $1,050 ; of the Presbyterian some
thing more ; of the Episcopalian still more.
Rev. John S , Eberlle , a Baptist minister
of dlendale , Pa. , cats only ono meal n day.
For about thirty years he has eiten a hearty
meal at noon , but faita during the other
hours ot the day. In the morning , In
stead of a nutritious breakfast on eggs ,
chopa and hot cakes , IHJ goes to the well ,
draws a pltchor ot cold water and drlnka
copiously. In the evening no salads ur
luscious fruits grace bis table. Instead , ho
again fares sumptuously upon odd water.
When Phllidelphla fell Inti tlie hands ot
tha DrltUh , In .1777 , the timid rector of the
old Christ church. Rev. Jacob Duche , won
an unenvlabls Immortality ( or himself by
writing a letUr to General Washington urg-
ATTENTION , PHYSIOIANNS and
CHEMISTS.
Ladles nnd Gentlemen : Mine. M. Yale , that
most nonderful woman chemist , has discovered
a medicine that will remove Freckles from
any face In three days. Hark ye. doubting
Thomases , every twtlle Is Guaranteed nnJ nioncf
will promptly refunded In case of ( allure. It re.
moves Tan nnd fiunljurn In ons application. II
matters not II the Freckles have been from
childhood to old nse La Kreckla wllj clear them
In every ease. Trice $1.00. Sent to any part ol
the world.
Manufactured by MME. M. I'ALE , Ileauty and
Complexion Specialist. US Stale St , Chlcaso.
FOR SALE 1)Y ALL FIRST CLASS
DRUGGISTS.
Ing him to lay down his arms and with
draw from the Held. Mr. Ducho had been
chaplain of the continental congress and had
made the opening prayer , but the sight ot
the red coats alarmed him into a sudden
lory conversion. The identical letter to
Washington has never been found , but ( ho
autograph draft of that celebrated epistle haa
been discovered among the valuable collec
tion of the late Colonel Charles Colcock Jones.
Georgia's hUtorlan. "If this letter should
find you In council or in ileld , " It starts off ,
"before you read another sentence , I bes
you to take the first opportunity of retiring. "
The following figures represent the capacity
of the various European churches for the
standing multitude , as only In a few cases
are ther seats provided : St. Peter's church ,
Rome , 54,900 ; Milan cathedral , 37,000 ; St ,
Paul's , Rome , 32,000 ; St. Paul's , 1/mdon , 35-
COO ; St. Petronlo , IJologna , 24,400 ; Florence
cathedral , 24,300 ; Antwerp cathedral , 24,000 ;
St. Sophia's , Constantinople , 23,000 ; St.
John's , Laternn , 22,900 ; Notre Dame , Paris ,
21.000 ; PIza cathedral , 13,000 ; St. Stephen's ,
Vienna , 12,400 ; St. Dominic's Ilologna. 12,000 ;
St. Peter's , IJologna. 11,400 ; Cathedral of
Vienna , li.OOO ; St. Mark's. Venice , 7,000 ;
Spurgeon'a tabernacle , London , 7,000. The
figures opposite Spurgeon's tabernacle mean
the seating capacity.
The total missionary gifts of Christendom
for 18S3 nro estimated at $11,718,6 7.
The official report shows that there la an
enrollment of CI'J,718 pupils in the Sunday
schools of Missouri.
I had the good fortune to receive a small
bottle of Chamberlain's Colic , Cholera and
Diarrhoea Remedy when three members ot
my family were sick with dysentery. This
one small bottle cured them all and I had
some left which I gave to George W. Daker ,
a prominent merchant ol the place , Lewiston - ,
ton , N. C , , and it cured him of the uama
complaint. K , Dazemore. When troubled
with dysentery , diarrhoea , colic or cholera
morbus , give thla remedy a trial and you
will bo more than pleased with the result.
The praise that naturally follows Us Intro
duction and use has made it very popular.
25 and 60 cant bottlea for sale by druggists.
Tlio Sun CompariMl wltli Other I'limi'tn.
Prof. Young gives an Interesting lablo In
which the sun's mass Is compared with that
of all the planets of the solar system. In
the table theearth's mass is represented aa
1.000 :
Smaller Planets I larger I'lancts .
Mercury GSIJuplter JOO.SCO
V nu > fSliHaiuni . . , t'i.VJi
Knrtli , , . , . 1,000 Uramm ] 2 , > 0
Unr 118 Neptune Hi
Aitrrolds (111 to-
tetliei ) 100 Total
Total , ? ,1CS
I Grand total. . . , , . 4 JW
Sun's masa on the tame scale , 315,000,0001
Oregon Kidney Tea cures backache. Trial
alzo , 25 cents. All druggists.
"Do you think , dear , that absence rnakts
the hsart grow fonder ? " "Perhaps It does ,
love , " replied the maiden. "You might re
in a In away on * whole evening and let u
test It. "
