Nebraska Newspapers

    TUB OMAHA DAILY HKHHMONDAY , MA11CII 27 , 1803.
DEATH ROBBED OF ITS ST1NC
Ho That Is Well Insured Mellows the Tears
of the Mourners ,
MODERN INSURANCE AND ITS POSSIBILITIES
Nnmeil ninl Hiiiilpppil Crnfl
A Hunt on IhuOtrmi of l.lfo The rroprl.
etnrynml the rratrriinU-1'nylnu nnrt
NonpiijhiR Kntcrprlnc * .
The pOsblbllltlcB of Insurance are de
termined , like thobo of any other busi
ness , 1-V ascertaining how far It can be
made to pay , writes Hlchard A. McCurdy
in the North American Review.
The particular form of Insurance to be
considered In the following remarks Is
life Insurance , with Incidental reference
to other branches.
Any form of Insurance , whether It bo
'
jmrel'y mutual , proprietary or fraternal ,
if not conducted on a paying basis , must
m'cossarily fall. The purely mutual
company will drop asunder : stockhold
ers In a proprietary company will wind up
the concern , or it will go into the hands
of a receiver by process of law : enthusi
asts who sustain clergy mutual leagues
and employes benefit associations will
grow weary in well-doing and tiy to re-
FiiMiro their risks or leave them to their
fate. Assessment societies cuino to grief
wl'cn ' the assessments are levied too
often , and the shores of the ocean of In
demnity are strewn with wrecks of craft ,
fantastically named and equipped , which
have met the common fate of all nun-
paying enterprises in a commercial age.
'i'lic-so are primary facts ; and yet they
involve an apparent paradox.
For there Is , theoretically , no money
made by insurance. Insurance is techni
cally held to bo all loss. Companies or
associations which carry on the busl-
nc-is are only distributors of loss.
A voluntary loss , submitted teat
at once by"the insured , removes
the danger ( if a fur greater loss which
may otherwise- happen at any time. But
as the prime purpose of the aggregate
premiums is to'pay losses , so the single
premium paid in each ca o by the In-
Kiired Is primarily a loss to the insured.
The ship that gees to the bott-nn , the
warehouse that is burned , or the life
that perishes , takes out of existence just
M > much actual or potential capital , and
the insurance money that replaces It in
whole or in part is only the product of
individual C'iitrlbutionsof smaller sums ,
Which have been sacrificed in advance ,
in provision of the dreaded catastrophe
or of the inevitable doom.
Where , then , Is the point of contact
between the first and second proposi
tions ?
It is here : That while pui-o insurance
Is but a distribution of loss , the ma
chincry of distribution must bo so con-
utruoted as to Impose the minimum of
fcclf-sacrilico upon the insured and to t-o-
euro for his money the maximum of pro
ductiveness. Those results must bo at
tained under conditions of the business
established by long and wide experience.
Experience is used in its technical sell-so ,
meaning applied statistics. Produc
tiveness , for present purposes , means np
plied intelligence.
How far have the possibilities of in-
{ nuance been already tested1
Francis , in his "Annalu of Lifo In
Bunince , " enumerates , In addition to the
iirilinary forms of life , marine and lire
insurance and annuities , among others ,
the follinsing schemes : to insure mar-
rlago pfn-tloiis ; for preventing1 and sup
pressing thieves and robbers ; for insur
ing seamen's wages ; for the insurance of
debts ; to insure masters and mistresses
against looses by servants , thefts , etc. ;
for insuring ami Increasing children's
fortunes ; insurance from housebreakers ;
insurance from highwaymen ; insuiauco
from lying ; rum insurance and cattle in
surance.
The marauding barons of the middle
ngos who , after lives of rapine , built
churches and loft money for masses , maybe
bo considered to have made elementary
attempts to Insure their future felicity.
"Whether the investment paid has never
been ascertained.
It is recorded , alfio , that pllgi ims to
the Holy Land established a sort of ton
tine , by depositing m'inoy before leaving ,
which was to bo returned two or three
fold to these who had the hick to
c liio back alive. The stay-at-homo
members , in accordance with the spirit
of the ago. probably lay in wait for the
returning travelers and made money.
Mrdern travelers insurance companies
do not , however , compass the death of
their policy holders. They give them
the option of "your money or your life , "
and they take Che money.
But this is a digression.
Today we have In successful operation
employers liability companies and vari
ous companies which insure against de
falcation and breach of trust , real estate
titles , plate glass and b-ulers , live stock ,
hull , investments , health and accidents.
The insurance of impaired lives has also
boon practiced to some extent , but with
limited success.
But In each and all of the above aluo-
lutelv nothing Is looked for by the in-
Btirea except reimbursement in a mone
tary way for loss. The company , as dis
tinguished from the assured , must make
money , but the money so made Is only
bO much additional tax imposed on the
assured , which ho is compelled to sub
mit to in order to obtain
the benefits of the co-operative prin
ciple. A distinction must thcio
fore bo drawn between Insuiauce
conducted simply as a loss-distributing
tigeney by and for the benefit of the con
tributors , and the business of insurance
carried on at the expense of the c mtrib-
utors by others for their own profit. In
the first case there IB theoretically no
profit ; in the other there may or may not L
bo , according to circumstances.
Wo have , therefore , to consider how
the practical conduct of the iiiburnnc"
business can bo made profitable , first , to
those who conduct It , and , becJiid. to )
their patrons. It must pay the tlrst t
rhifB , or no attempt would bo made to
ua-ry : It on. It must pay the second 1
class , or any such attempt , in the lung
run , would bo unsuccessful. Is It not
possible to carry on the business of in-
mirunco , by and for the contributors , on i
the same lines as those on which the
business is managed for a proprietary
b.'dy , so that the contributors may real
l/.o a profit instead of a loss ? Here i.-
another p"uradox apparently greater thai n
the first.
The manager of a proprietary companj y
engaged in any other kind of business
duos not make money by simply puttiiif.
away his talent in a napkin , or , In othei
irords , relying alone on the prccoss o
icoumulution atcompound Interest , whlul
Is the cardinal idea of improving fund :
for Insurance purposes purely , but bj
exercising the snmo bcrutiny and ga
gaelty In the profitable employment o
these funds in other tvays for the bone
tit of the proprietors , as if ho were at
individual banker or manufacturer
Apply the tame principle to the man
ugcnicnt of insurance funds for period [ :
of sufficient duration to bring the result !
under the uniform operation of the lav ,
ill average and wo have found the key ti
tl.t * combination.
Lift * Insurance is the only branch ii
which the two optk'iiUal conditions of UK
Ixrjt pa ) ing Insurance arc united , viz. , i
j-crfcct fcclentlDc baste in the laws o
mortality and length of tlmn In onntrnu j
to permit uceuimilatloiH and the full
fruit of wlso Investments.
It , lm been during tlio lust twenty
yours Unit tlio individual lias roullx.uil
the ppKilbllUy of ninkln nionoy by en
dowment policies or accumulated dlvl *
dctiils through the application of thu
principle of compound lntorc.it. This
may seem to bo in it strict sense impossi
ble , for llio Insurance company must bo
paid for the risk of death , and that must
como out of the premiums in ono way or
another. Compound Interest might not
alone produce anticipated results , llut
tlio Invostmi-iit of premiums held to
nwiilt the maturity of policies , by meth
ods not contemplated tinder the early
limitations assumed to bo fundamental ,
may and often does supplement the pro
cess of accumulation at compound In
terest , and thus results in actually-mak
ing money for the Insured.
For iiiritunco : Largo profits were made
during our elvll war by sales of gold at
high premiums. Much money has been
made by rises In real property bought
for improvement or taken In at judicial
sales. Advances in the value of many
securities hold by insurance companies
have greatly Increased either their sur
plus or dividend-paying power. It Is
plain that if the money paid for'pi'emi-
urns can bo made more productive In the
hands of the insurers than It would have
been In the hands of the Insured , the
addition will go to pay the cost of the
machinery and to reduce the cost of the
Insurance' It follows that If tlio addition
can bo made largo enough tlio whole of
the premium or Its equivalent might bo
returned to the Insured , at last , and the
protection would cost him nothing. And
this is not u hypothesis. It is u
fact. The records of the progrcs-
s-ivo companies sho\v many Instances
whore this has been the cuu. . It
will be objected that this Is not Insur
ance , but banking or simple trading.
Granted ; but the banking and the trad
ing are ancillary to insurance and they
replace the waste of the one by the
profit of the other. This is the precise
unalogv to , although undoubtedly an
expansion of , the fundamental assump
tions of the business. Insurance
premiums are cast on a f-calo which
shall leave substantial margins of sur
plus in addition to reserves required to
guarantee fiililllment of obligations.-
'Intorost above the rate assumed in their
cali-iilatlon is always reckoned as one
of the sources of surplus and as such
becomes nn Integral factor. Notably is
it the oa.io in various forms of accumu
lative policies. This is pure banking ,
and recent methods have merely brought
the banking factor to greater fruition
for the benefit of the insured. The
insured are also , through the aggrega
tion of small individual contributions ,
made partners , pro rata , of these who
often control the world of finance and
reap the proiits which attend the
sagacious employment of largo capital
at propitious junctures. The apostles
of th . ' mm possumus propaganda de
nounce this as rank heresy ; but
it is the theory of management of the
progressive American lifo insurance
olllces of today , and has given , and
pi-omi.-es to give in the future , to the
business of pure lifo insurance , itself
but a dist -ibutor of loss , the capacity of
actually making money for its patrons :
and this , too , without the sacrifice of
true conservatism. Probably no moro
careful and conservative sot of men
could bo found in any center of Ilnancial
activity than are the managers of the
invuslment function of life insurance
companies in general and of those popu
larly known as the "great" life Insur
ance companies In particular.
But the banking feature , however im
portant it may bo , is nevertheless only
ono of the many elements of successful
life underwriting. Probably In no other
business are MI many educated intelli
gences brought into the service of the
participants in its success. To the de
velopment of the American idea , from
the formulas of the early managers and
actuaries to the present combinations ,
which almost exhaust the capabilities of
the interest and mortality tables , must
bo attributed in a greater measure than
to tlio banking element tlio phenomenal
growth of lifo insurance in this country ;
but still moro is due to the uiillagging
energy and prolific ingenuity of the
men executive olllcors and matno-
miiticians of high scientific at
tainments working for a com
mon end who have infused into their
business activities the enthusiasms of a
new crusade for the elevation of an ad
ministrative experiment into a robust
school of faith and practice. The en
thusiasms of the-o have boon passed on
to and assimilated by .hosts of bright
minded and aggressive agents to whom
the blending of philanthropy with
closely calculated monetary problems
olTera'symiJiitliolic attractions possessed
by no mere pivjcet of profit without pro
tection or of protection without profit.
No other business enterprise commands
tin. "orvices of agents possessing , as a
class , higher moral and intellectual
qualities and their devotion is secured
as much by this appeal to their sympa
thies as to their p : ckets. The Ameri
can people are not slow to recognize
and to rewir/d devotion and enterprise
wherever they meet it , and especially
aim ng their own countrymen , They
reciignizo with patriotic pride the
achievements of American companies ,
which , through American agencies ,
have pushed tj primacy in every civil
ised country one of the exemplary in-jti-
tuti-'iis of their laud , and they reward
them by their generous patronage and
support.
The whole difference between the time
when our ancestors were engaged in the
rudest industry , and barely obtained a
precarious existence by constant exer
tion , to the present condition of comfort
for every industrious person and of lux
ury and wealth for multitudes does not
lie in any change that has been made
in natural resources , or In the forces at
the service of man. The entire change
has been brought abjut simply by tlio
application of intelligence to these
forces and resources. The soil and tlio
forces are e.'iijitant quantities. The
prrgresslve agent in the accumulation
of wealth h. merely brains. Like every
> other human activity , if insurance can
bo made to pay it must be by the appli
cation of ingenuity , of thought , of experience -
perience , of wisdom. Can these , in
sullicient power , be brought Into its sorv-
ice with such effect as to make it so
useful that the risk may bo carried and
the hiirplus become u substantial contri
bution to the wealth of tlio insured1
Experience has answered that they can.
and the answer become i more emphatic
as the accumulation of weiUth becomes
greater.
s Hut time Is of the essence of the prob-
g lorn also. The tendency of capital , when
r it grows beyond a nu > doruto amount , is
if to htCi-ciiso with great rapidity , and
h the longer the piveess is continued
.s the greater the rapidity of the increase ,
y Stephen Glrard said that all the dllll-
iculty of accumulating an enormjus for-
if tune lay in beeuring the lirst $100,000 ;
- and there is no doubt that any man win
n miceeeds , having started with his own
. hands and brain , in collecting a nioder-
iate competence , will bo able , by cjutinu-
s ing the same kind of effort on the eami
s principles , If only his life and energies
v remain to him , to multiply indclinitolj
o what ho has obtained. The longer tlu
life and the effort the greater the nccu-
n initiation. When the life or the ellorl
o censes the accumulation ceases also. One
a or two companies , however , are basndoi
f the principle of "pay us you yo. " Thej
Imvc eliminated the accumulative factor ,
and coiiHequeiitl } receive a limited sup
port , mainly from the less Intelligent
and the Impecunious classes. Accumu
lation Is hold to bo exclusively the busi
ness of the Individual and not of the
company. Carried to Its logical conclu
sion this view of the functions of capital
would have neutralized organized ollort
from the dawn'of civilization.
Wise management freed from an
tiquated precedent and dead tradition ;
accumulation superimposed upon in
demnity : legitimate methods of Increas
ing ucctinimulatton syst matlcally em
ployed ; adoption of long deferred
periods of repayment or distribution ;
recognition of the fact that Insurance
must bo conducted on a paying basis ,
just like any other business that suc
ceeds ; in line , a continuously productive
union of the capital of the Intelligent
policy holder an'd the skilled labor of
the experienced and successful life
underwriter , supported by highly In
structed and organized agency forces
those today are demonstrating the pos
sibilities of Insurance in ways till
recently not fully understood , and It Is
to these that wo must look for even
greater developments In the future.
THE WORLD'S NEW BOOKS.
Sixty Thougiinil I'linrcul Out l/.ut Year , llrr-
niiiny l.t'aillni ; .
The average American reader has
very little knowledge how largo the
flood of now books Is yearly In the civil
ized world and how very small the share
of this country Is in adding to It. Most
Americans , if they were asked , would
feel certain that about as many new
books wore written In this country as in
any in the world. As a matter of fact
there is no civilized country In lOuropo
of any size , not oven excepting Russia ,
which does not match or overmatch the
literary product of the United States.
This country , to take statistics of the
Publishers' Weekly , in 1W2 published
1,07-1 books and 788 now editions of old
books , or 4.802 in all. This is close to
eighty new books , not volumes , a week ,
and near ninety-eight issues weekly of
both kinds. This will strike most people
ple as a very fair literary activity. In
Great Britain , however , which has only
a little over half of our population , there
wore last j-ear published 4,015 new
books and lit : ; ! ( now editions of works
previously issued , in all ( ! , i" > l , just about
120 now works or twenty every working
day , so that if a man road ten hours a
day every week day ho would have
about half an hour to give to each book ,
often consisting of several volumes.
This omnivorous reader would have to
double his industry if he lived in Franco
The now books and now editions there in
180:2 : woreKl.l.'W. . lie would have to
treble his reading powers or give each
new book six minutes apiece in Ger
many. Ten years ago , in 188. ! , German
publishers were issuing 14,801 ! works
yearly. In 1881 the issues in this coun
try were -1.8.S8. less than a third. In
181)0 ) , when the issues here were 4,5V.I ,
these in Germany were 18,875 , or moro
than four times these hero , so much
moro rapidly is the production of book. *
growing there than hero. In 1802 the
production was close to 20,000 in Got
many by a population two-thirds as largo
and with not a third of the wealth of
the United States , which broilght out
less than a quarter as many books as
Germany.
The United States not only publishes
fewer books than other countries , but
among those a larger proportion are
mere ephemeral n ivols. Last year , out
of our 4,802 books published , 1,102 , or
over a fifth , were novels. In Germany ,
out of 18,87 ! ! .books in 18)0 ! ) , only 1,7'M , or
less than a tenth , were devoted to either
poetry or fiction. Ten years ago only
1,200 such books out of 14,774 were pub
lished in Germany. Hero last year , of
novels' ' and poems together , 1'ICl works
were published , or over one-fourth of
the whole. It is only in England that
our appetite for fiction is matched.
There , last year , lf > ! J7 novels wore is
sued , or a full quarter of all the books
published , and 217 poems , in all 1,754
works. Where this country then gives
a fifth of its literary activity to novels
and England a quarter , Germany only
turns a tenth of its writing energy in
this direction.
This simply means that the serious
work of investigation in sclonco , in his
tory and in all practical fields is being
done hotter and moro completely in Ger
many than anywhere else. In nowspa-
) ors and novels we beat Germany out of
land , but in serious books wo are simply
luwhore by the side of Germany. Even
Ltussia , which in 1888 published 7,427 now
) ; > ok.s to our 0U.'H , and in 1800 issued
4,710 to 4,5.VJ , , shows a greater literary
ictivity than this country , though'
eadors are probably twontyfold more
lumorous hero.
These comparisons are not particularly
soothing to our national pride , but it is
well that our nati'inal disposition to im-
.igiuo that this cjuutry leads in all de
partments should bo sharply corrected
l > y the facts. Taking the known facts as
to Germany , Franco , England , Russia
and the United Statea and estimating
for the rest of Uuropo and the yearly
grist of now books in the civilized work
must bo put at about (10,000. ( Wo have
considerably over a fifth of the popula
lation which supplies writers and read
ers for this annual literary flood ; but wt
supply less than a twelfth of the now
books , and of our round 5,000 "now"
books from 800 to 1,001) ) are importei
from England and reissued hero. Wo
outmatch the world in railroads and
telegraphs , in cotton and corn , in news
papers and live stock , but not in new
books.
A r rtcr Taken Dmvn.
St. Louis Globe Democrat : For once
in my lifo I saw the "lord of all he sur
vey. * ; " the sleeping-car porter , non
plussed. It was on the Houston it Texas
Central railroad , a few days ago. When
at the little town of Richardson , on the
upper end of the line , two ladies boarded
the train , and by some mistake were
ushered into the Pullman car. That
they were ladle. * their neat and quiet
apparel , with their modest refined faces ,
clearly showed , though their old-fash
ioned , inexpensive , indeed cheap style
of dress , indicated that they were in In
digent circumstances. My lord in the
b'ass buttons sallied up to them , and ,
finding out the mistake that led to their
being in that car instead of the day coach ,
began to show olT his majestic powers
of insolence. Ho did not notice a gentle
man who had boarded tlio train at the
same station , and who stood quietly ol i > -
serving the scene from the door of the 1
car. This gentleman now advanced ,
saying , "Bo seated , ladles , until we reach
the next town , when you can easily enter
the other car. " Then , beck' nlng to the
conductor , ho added : "St ip the train ,
L.1' "Hero , Captain ? " asked the con
ductor. "Yes , hero. " There was a pull [
of the bull rope , tlio train stopped and
the porter was ejected from the car , the
captain baying to him : "Now walk the
fifteen miles to Dallas , and study pollto-
uess as you trudge along ; you are no
longer in our employ. " Tnoro was a
shower of oxp.wtulations , pleas for par
don and a shako or two of the list at the
fast vanishing train , bat It vanished
for all that. The gentleman who had
set him the lesson wai a high olliclal of
the road.
look out for cheap substitutes. Bowari
of now remedies. Ur. Hull's Uough Syruji
has stood the test for nearly Ufty years.
\RT \ i SCHOOL'SOF ' ; NEW YORK
? hey Are the Nucleus of the Best of Everything
inr-Anioricat
thing < -
SKETCHES OF FOUR"uiGH CLASS SCHOOLS
The Nnllniiilt Aciiilcmy of Dr lKit Din Art
Student * l.rugtin , , tto Metropolitan nnit
thu Cooper Union The
nnil Mctli'Mlv < > T Touching !
The great art collections'that were
sent from Europe to the Centennial ex
position In Philadelphia came to an
almost entirely untrained vision , writes
Margaret Field In Mun oy's Magazine.
Twenty years ago Americans went
abroad from the seaboard cities a few
of them and now and then a
rich man from the Interior took
his family to Europe , but the
constant stream of travel of
today was unknown. The art collections
In Philadelphia had a great influence
not only upon the public , but also upon
the artists. Up to that time there wore
only two or three good ifrt schools in
America. The artists clung to classic
models in style and the public had grown
to think the classic the only style. Tlio
modern schools , which were exemplified
in the European exhibit , were a revela
tion alike to painters and public.
Our best American artists were edu
cated In Franco and In the majority of
cases stayed where they found sympathy
and congenial surroundings. It was after
this now awakening that many of these
men c'mio home mid have since spent
years of their lives teaching the very
rudiments of their art , in order that
there might bo American schools.
They have succeeded in such fashj in
that all the advaulugo3 of ui-t education
in Europe , unless it bo the traditional
atmosphere , can today bo found in Now
York. There is n > t only the ability to
do good work , but there is tlio feeling
that it will bo appreciated when it is
done.
It is often said of art schools that
they are of no practical < e , that the
man or woman with the real soul of
the artist would arrive at excellence
without their help ; and continual
illustrations are being drawn from
the well kirjwn men who have fought
their own way into recognition. The
true idea of an art school is entirely lost
sight of in this argument. An art
school , like a literary school , is intend
ed , not always as a training in practical
technicalities for immediate use , but as
a liberal education. It might bo as
justly argued that * colleges and universi
ties were of no practical use , bacauso
not one graduate in a thousand becomes
a poet.
The art schools are making an audi
ence. An artist exists because ho has
uppreeiators , and the actual , practical
value of this art csljication disseminated
from the great schools Is being shown
in the now architecture of the coun
try. Architects 'liiid their best talent
called out by people1 who have been edu
cated into a sense uf true art , and are
putting up buildings all over the land
which are enduring monuments of
beauty.
There are in Now York , which is still
the center of the- " best of everything in
America , four higli class 'art schools
the National Academy of Dodgn , the
Art Students League , the Metropolitan
Art school , in connection with tlio gal
lery , and tlic Cooper Union Art school.
The National Academy of Design is
the oldest , and has the greatest reputa
tion outside of Now York. The N.
A. after a member's name is a title of
honor. It grow out of the old academy ,
which was founded in ISOiJ , and which
was created and managed by men of al
most any profession save that of art. It
was the aesthetic child of that early ma
terial day in Now York , and was
made much of for a time. The then
minister to Franco , Chancolor Liv
ingstone , caused Napoleon to bo made an
honorary member , and in that capacity
the first consul sent several easts and
engravings to the academy.
But the business men who had founded
the institution and fostered it had many
cares ; s-omo of the members died , and
the academy was almost forgotten. The
Napolojn casts were stored for several
years , and then in 1810 they were
brought out and exhibited , giving a now
start to the academy. There was , however -
over , an avowed disinclination to having
artists as members of the board of
directors. The business men scoll'ed at
the idea of artists being able to manage
anything. Young p linters , who had no
reputation to cmunend them to the
directors , could-not find a place in the
exhibitions. Merit without reputation
they did not understand.
There was at this time a young
artist in Now York named Morse , who
was not only dissatislled himself , but
know other'men in the same state of
mind. In Juno , ISi'i , ho sent out an in
vitation to a ntimbor of young men , ask
ing them to como to his room to eat
strawberries and cream. The little note
which ho wrote to ono of the men Is still
preserved as a document in the art his
tory of Now York. This meeting brought
out results that have been factors in New
York's civilization.
One evening the "drawing class' ' was
formed. Asher Brown Durand was made
president ami S. F. 11. Morse
was appointed secretary. „ The
rules . wore simple. The members
wore to meet three evenings out of
the week , each member to bring his own
material , and the lump was to bo extin
guished at 0 o'clock.
The academy noticed this class of
young men , and njuiost demanded that
they should matriculate as members of
Its own body. This they refused to do ,
and in dcllanco the-y selected fifteen of
their own members'as ' directors , and in
corporated themselves into the National
Academy of tliorts of Design. They
moved from ono room to another , always
gaining in strength and numbers and
'
ability. In 1841 ti'e ( old neaJomy was
Incorporated into the new , the now buy
ing its effects for & | 00.
The artists , beginning to go abroad in
ISIil ) , had sent pictures to the galleries
at homo , and 'Sinn a very res
pectable collection , was formed. Classjs
were kept up , the instruction being f. . ce ,
and good tcachorst' were usually forth
coming. . " ' ,
In 187. ) there was a period when the
classes wore closed for lack of means to
sustain them , and at thi cr , ls tlio An ,
Students lenguo. which is ino real a-t
tchoolof America , wiii bjrn. 13.iy the
closing of the classes , numbers of pupils
wore left with a half completed term , and
there was no prospect that the academy
would reopen for some numths. The
students called a meeting at Mr. Wil-
marth's studio to decide what should bo
done. The onto uno was the formation
of the Art Students league "for the
higher development of art culture. "
Mr. Wilmarthgavo bist.m-vIci.-H gratu
itously at llrstand the league took rooms
In a loft over a plan > factory. All art
students who meant to be a-tists woio
Invited to join. Candidates for urtinit- ,
slon wo ' 0 required to submit a draw.ng
from the antique and to pay In * 5 a
month. The league 11 urbhcd for two
years and then the National Acad
emy announced Us intention of
opening its claws again and Mr.
Wllnmrt returned to Ids old duties.
This was the crucial test of the real
value of the league. The academy wui
free , and had taken the league's In
structor , yet such was the spirit of the
new Institution that students found It
more to their advantage to work there
than at any other school.
Schools grow to have traditions and a
personality , and It Is this that has nuido
the league what It Is In the art education
of America. Mr. Shlrluw came In whore
Mr. Wllmarth had gone out. The fourth
year brought Mr. lleckwlth and .Yr
Chase , who returned from abroad to put
their mark on the league , which has
grown from the loft to a beautiful new
building on Fifty-Seventh street , and
from a little drawing class with one
teacher to 1,000 pupils with nine of the
best American artists as instructors.
,1. Carroll Hcckwlth , CJoorgo do F.
Brush , William M. Clmso , Ken von Cox ,
F. V. < lu Monti , II. Slddons M"owbray ,
Augustus Saint Gaudons , .1. II. Twacht-
man , .1. Alden \Volr , these are the men
under whoso eye the workers in the
league learn to paint. Kuch man Is in
dividual after his own fashion. Mr.
Clmso and Mr. Weir are as distinct as It
Is possible to bo. The students are in
no danger of imitating styles , but the
one defect of the league s-eeUH to Ho in a
clinging to classic methods of work.
In the Jullun school In 1'arls , the pupil
Is told to paint. "i'aint what you see ,
never mind what or how anybody else
sees. " The Beaux Arts Is the exponent
of the classic school , and It is thin that
the league seems to bo following. But
one look at the Paris schools will show-
that it Is .lullcn's pupils who take the
Beaux Arts prizes. They go over there
for this opportunity , but their training
they got in the untrammelcd school.
In the league , as in the other New
York schools the training in all is very
similar the standard for entering is an
understanding of the antique. The pre
paratory school takes the pupil through
the study of easts and blocks making
studies in charcoal.
The rooms are light , airy and cheer
fill , anil ono of the amazing things is the
youth of the pupils. The different re
sults achieved even by the same method
of work are curious to note. Ono voting
man , almost a boy , hud drawn a study in
charcoal of a cast of a reclining female
figure. In his drawing all thought of
the cast was eliminated. As it looked on
his paper it was a woman with Kubens-
'iko llosh. When a pupil can make
i first rate drawing from the
ast ho goes to the antique
ilass , whore ho is looked over
M' Mr. Cox , Mr. Beckwlth and Mr. du
Nlond.
Mr. Cox and Mr. Bcckwith arc well
renown , but Mr. du Monti is ono of the
cry new men. Five years ago ho was a
Indent at the league , and it was only
ast year that ho came back from his
studios in Paris with Boulangor and Le-
'ebyro. His style is new and of extreme
lelicacy , made up of curves and a trans-
iition of form that is exquisite.
From these clasj-cs in the antique the
mpil goes to the lifo class , and hero the
oiil work begins. It is a saying among
irtists that if a man can paint the undo
male figure ho can paint
iinything. When a pupil can
give the shadows on human
lesh their proper value transparent ,
showing the flesh beneath ho has
earned what painting means. But the
ivay to this is long anil arduous.
The pupils come from all over the
jountry , many of thorn with only a vague
dca of what it means to bo an artist.
It looks so easy to put paint on canvas.
But when they discover that it takes
years to learn to draw , and more years
to learn to paint , and that all this
echnique goes for little , unless nature
: ms given ideality to. blend with train
ing , then there begins to come a doubt
in many minds. Gradually in this way
the classes are wooded out year by year.
Mr. Cliaso has a still lifo class that
s very interesting. It Is hero that
the way to handle textures is taught.
Frank Diivoneck painted his cele
brated "Turkish Pago" from ono of
Mr. Chase's groupings for the still life
effect. Mr. Duvencck passed through
the room where the boy and the kettle
"iad been placed for the pupils , and
) loascd with the idea , and to occupy an
die moment , brought his easel and
jaints and worked with them. The re
sult was his best known picture.
The draped model class is ono of the
most important. It is hero that the
jHipil must begin to see under the
line into the character , and to give
what ho sees expression on his
canvas. It is here- also that the ex
treme of individuality is fostered. The
uodol , in this ease an old Frenchman
ivitb correctly buttoned coat and pointed
beard , is seated on a platform in the
center of the room. All about were the
easels of earnest students painstakingly
transferring their idea of the model to
the canvas. The task Is to make a
characteristic portrait. What nature
has put in the face must go down with
exactness , and what life has put into it
must bo moro than suggested. It is a
pir'/.lo to the person who has never
studied art , and it is a mystery to many
who have studied for years , how to paint
a face with the same features in the
tame repose , and give an en
tirely different character. Uncon
scious as wo may be of it , there
are strokes of the brush or pencil which
are harsh or are soft , rhythmic or dis
cordant. It is by using these means ,
which the genius feels and the educated
artist of talent has learned , that char
acter is expressed. Lines mean ono
thing and soft shadings another.
Mr. du Mend luis a sketch class in the
late afternoons , whore the pupils bring
in a model , or pose for ono another.
Any medium , pen and Ink , brush or pen
cil , is used bore. Mr. Saint Gaudeiis in
structs the classes In clay modeling.
Few pupils como into the tichocl de
liberately intending to bo sculptors. It
doetj not scorn to attract the student as
painting docs. But many of the pupils
find that their proper expression Is form ;
that by tangibility only can they
bring out their Ideas , and these
naturally find places in the modeling
room.
The charm of the league Is Its liberty.
A pupil works upon his own responsi
bility. Ho pays his duos and comes and
goes when ho pleases , bat is always
working seemingly toward some import
ant goal. The masters come two days
It Cum Cold , Coughi. Sere Threat , Croup , Inflo-
nta , Wbjoplo ? Cough , BrooehiUi anilAilhraa.
A certain curt for Coniumrjtlon in firtt > UEI ,
nda inrartlltfin advancedHigtt. VuttoBci.
You wilt ite tbi txeelltnt tffect tfttr tiklnt th
frit rtoio. Bold by dealiri ( Tir/wbin.
UttUi 10 iBl nl tl.iJ.
out of the week , and there must bo MHIIU
Improvement to sh'iw thc-m.
The other Now York cehools do not
differ from the league In classes or
In methods. A description of etui not
of classes Is a description of all.
Many of the same professors go to the
different nchoois , and to a casual on
looker there seems to bo little dtlToivneo
In aim or scope. It Is all In the In
dividuality , which is created by the
pupils themselves.
The National Academy of Design , In
its beautiful building , modeled on a
Venetian palace , holds classes almost
Identical In every way. They have no
preparatory school at the academy , and
a drawing must bo passed upon l y the
professors before a pupil may enter. It
is a llltlo more conservative than the
league , having traditions , and there Is
less of the Inspiration of comradeship ,
which is so valuable In the league.
The Cooper Union Art school Is a lit
tle different In being particularly for
women. From this school come many of
the women teachers and amateur artists
wo find all over the country. Thu school
was founded especially to help women
who needed help ; and there Is a sym
pathy and an Interest felt that are'iiot
known u the busy life of the other
schools. There have como Into the
Cooper Union Art school .numbers of
women from all over the country who
make little homes of their own hero
together. Many of them will bo entirely
satisfied witli positions In schools. They
are learning to make a living.
The Metropolitan Art gallery In Cen
tral park has an excellent school , where
the very best artists lecture and instruct.
The students there have the advantage of
the galleries as illustrations , and many of
them copy the great pictures. But this
privilege is also open to the pupils in
other schools.
The art student's life in New York has
none of the picturesque features of the
lifo in Paris. Many of the pupils are
young girls , who go cither to some girls
school , where they take up a language
that they may bo fitting them-olves for
: tudy abroad , or they go , two or three
together , to some boarding house. Many
of them live at their own homes.
There is in the district about Wash
ington square a colony of artists and of
young men who have como back
rom the Paris schools and who find In
the French signs and the basement cafes ,
mil the general freedom of that portion
of the city , where models may conic and
jo unnoticed , some romindoV of their
; ifo abroad.
But oven this is not so distinct as it
was. The artists and the studio build
ings are moving up town , many of them
ibout the new league building. The
student at the schools knows almost
nothing of this lifo. Ills taste has not
been formed for it , and it is seldom so
Formed In New York. The day when
the artist was traditionally a B ilieiniaii
lias passed by. lie no longer expects to
[ mint and picturesquely starve. If ho
cannot sell his painting's , he looks about
in a sensible way and tries to understand
why. lie knows it must bo becau-'c they
are not up to the standard , for the de
mand for good work distances the sup
ply. Ho goes into illustrative work ,
perhaps , and draws for sjino of the in
numerable pictorial journals.
It is seldom indeed that a student ,
unless lie is possessed of considerable-
artistic ability , Is able to go through one
of the schools. Too lifo class in any of
them is difficult to enter. A pupil is ad
vanced as rapidly as his ability will
allow , but the ordinary course Is five
years , and in live years of acute criti
cism and hard study ho is apt to discover
the value of his work.
Busy people have no tliuo , nun sensibln pee
pie have no ini'lliatlon to usu pills tint in iko
fhcm sick a day for every dose tlioy take.
Theyhavo learned that the usj of DCS Witt's
Little Karly Uiscrs doss not interfere with
thch-iioilth byc.unlm ; iuius'3.p tin or grip-
inp. Tlicao little pllis nro psrfcut in action
: inil results , regulating the stourioh ami
bowels .so that headaches , ilU/liiess anil
lassitude are prevented. Tliey clcanso the
blood , clear tlic complexion and tone up the
system. Lots of he.iltti iu thuso Httlo fel
lows.
The Salary AVun All Ho Wniitnl.
There is a long list of sable citizens
who fancy they enjoy a stout democratic
"pull , " and who aro'or will bo applicants
for positions of authority , says Kate
Field's Washington. The story of a
recent application made to Senator
Blackburn by an old negro from Ken
tucky portrays the eagerness to secure
Total lllllpi Of CITIEli
COUNTIES , 5CHOOU
1 DISTRICTS. WATER
COMPANIES , ST.R.R.COMPANIES.ela
Corr punilr'ico aollcttotl.
H.W.HflBRIS &GOHPAHYBankers ,
103-105 Dearborn Strent. CHICAGO.
15 Wall Street , HEW YORK.
7O State * > t. . BOSTON.
Koimthlng from llio government , wlml-
oM-r form the prl/c may tako. The
senator was one day Informed that "old
Mosc'1 had arrived from Wood font
county. Kentucky , and was waiting to
consult with him privately on "or 'pin-
taut mattcah. "
" \Vcll , Moso ! , " began Senator It luck *
burn , as the grinning African waJ
ushered Into his pro. cnce , "what bi-lngf
you to Washington1' ,
"Mars' Joe , " replied Mo. o lm ( ;
prosslvely , "IVo got 'portant business , <
sah. I wants or orllce.1' '
"You want anolllco ! Why , Moso , what ' '
can you do ? "
"Uo , Mars' .loo ? What docs everybody i
do dat's got or orllco ? Hloss yer heart.
Mars'.loc , yor don't un'erstand ole Moso.
I hain't lookln' fo' work , s-ah ; I only I
wants cr orflco. "
Senator Hlackburn , with as much
seriousness as ho could command , as
sured Moso that ho was powerless to 5
assist him to an "orllcc , " but that ho \
might provide employment In some ' {
private concern. Old M w's face foil , i
but soon brightened again. 1
"Well , Mars' .loo , " said lie. h M > fully , ' !
"of yo kaln't get or orllco fo' me , sab , )
Jos' hustle eroun' and git me or pension !
1 ain't at all 'tickler , sah. " 1
A I'ulilln .M
NORTH OAI.VIMTOX , Tex. , Maivh iYTho
realous c-ltl/.Piis of North Cahvstnn recently
rainc tojrotlu'r for the purp.iso of 'llscussliig
questions of municipal Interest A nooilly
amount was subscribed for school purposes.
The organization of a business men's club
will bo the object of their next meeting.
Such liberality ami enthusiasm on thop.irt
of the public Rives evidence of the Met that
this younj ; city , which has i-njii.veil moro lifo
and Ri-owth in u few months than any other
Texas city has done In as mane.irs . , pos
sesses a substantial backbone In the publlo
spirit of the people.
Wlmt III , II.-M.
Detroit 1'Yoo Press : Tlio man in the
slouch hat was doing in"tof the talking
and the drummer was doing the listen
ing.
"Kvor been in Blue CJuleh ? " he asked.
"Never. " said the drummer.
" Tain't what it used to be. fifteen
years ago there wasn't a likelier town in
the west. Now it ain't imro'ii a grave-
yard. Oamblln' and slviotin' and
whoopln' It up twenty-four hours a day ,
and worse on Sunday. I remember once
tettin' in a game there with Diek .Uni
son. Half Hrccd Joe , and a man from
Texas. The auto was $ . " > ami the limit ,
was nowhere. There was $ , " > t)0 ) on the
cloth and when woshowed down Half
Hreed , lee hold a straight , Dick Jimson
held an ace and three kings , the Texas
man held four aces and "
"Jerusalem ! " interrupted the drum
mer at his revolution , "and what did you
hold ? "
"Well , " ho said , "as 1 was tlic i-ironor
at the time , 1 hold an inqiUMt on the
Texas man. "
1 WOMAN'S IfKAD
la level uitil her jiulf
incut n < tl when blio
puts her faith in Up.
I'it-rce's 1'iivorito
I'revcnpikin. Tlicro
Is no bounty without -
out ( icoil Itfiilth.
Nobody exiK-ets to
boeomo really IKXUI-
t Ifnl from thuusoof
complexion bwuitl-
, fiers. llrlght eyes ,
eletir skin anil rosy
eheclcs , follow moderato -
erato oxuicise , fresh
nlr , Rood food , and the judicious use of the
" Prescription. "
All women require a tonic niul nervine at
some period of their lives. Whether suffer
ing from nervousness , dizziness , fnintnosg ,
displacement , ratarrhal inflammation of the
limiiR membranes , tearing-down wiiMttlous.
or general debility , the " I'reseriptiou"
reaches tlio origin of tlio trouble mid corrects
it. OiHiraiitcell to benefit , or the money U
refunded.
The wny to euro Ciitnirli tliera Is but ono
way tnko Dr. Bngo's Homedy. There's $500
reward offered for nn incurable cnso.
SOUTH
Union Stock Yards Company ,
Sou tli Ornariai
Host Cnttlo Ho ntulMiHip market In t'.i3 woit.
CQMKIS3ID.S HOUSES.
Wood Brolhsrs ,
LIve Stock Oonimlstlon MorcVinli.
South Onmlm Telephone IIJ7. Clilcnga
JOHN I ) . DADI-iMAN , I . , - _ , . .
\V.\I.TKU K. WOOD. fM"lmscrr
Market Ilojiortihy mtll lll.vlrj caoirfullf
I Bbsit iipaa n
OMAHA
/.WHIHDS AND TENTS
Omaha Tent-Awning Wolf Bros. & Co. ,
COMl'ASV.
nnurn-iiiriirj or tonn.
imnln.M. on,0i mill
IIOIIHIrovnii : ) ,
. . TUaM. | iiii : strjul.
II I.I rnrmin St.
BAGS 4H3 TWIN'S- I DI3YQIES ,
Bemis Omaha Big M , 0. Daxon ,
C'OMl'ANV.
' linporlurj anil mtn.rri Mlcyclo ! eel I on monthlr
nuur nacki , burl.ipi ,
txlue. 12JN 15th.
BOOTS AIIO SMOE5.
MorsoCoe Shoe Company ,
Salesroom and Ollk-e-1107 IHU-tlll llonnrl .
Knctonr-lllll-1121-llS.I Howard St.
We ere tlic ovi.v Mnnuf.v.-tuiori of Iloota an.l
tliuc lntlio t teol Nebraska.
A Ki'iuT.0 Invlinllon l > oxtt'mliMl to iill to Innpect
our new fucuiry.
Kirkendall , Jones & Am3r. Hand-Sewel
TOMl'AXV. WlioltHAle S1IOKCO. , booti.nhoii
mill , nxonti lloc.on and rilblioriMO'li , UJi-
Kubtittr rilioj To . llJi- 13IU Mirier 31-
IIUI-IIW H-unor St.
COAL , C3KE. C'IRIIICE ,
Omaha Coal , Oka & Eagle Coralcj Works
1.1MK CO. . hard and VJK Mfr < valrnnliul Iron
con ) . S K cor. lUtii an I cornlo nl ill * oipi.
uiofililo 'ciiiihtt , oto.
H'.U-IIU oJuI. .
DRY GOODS.
M , E. Smith & Co. , Kilpitric'i-Koo'i Dry
( iOOD.S CO ,
I'ry k-ooj . notloni , fur- Nottoni. KJati1 furilih-
nulilni : nooU cjnur Jiejf. llti : anl
Mill and Hj.vard Stk SI i.
FURNITURE.
Omaha Upholstering Beebja SL Ruoyan
CO , uplioliteroJ furnl- rUHNITUHK CO. , Uraco
ture , IIJ2IIUI NlchoUj
bUVUoleiftl oul/ . and 13IU SI * .
1 \ ! 3 7 \ JE
Rector A Wilhelmy Lim ,
COMl'ANV , I
DI-AHTI lii lMn.r | irj
Corner 10th nn.IJaoiso.i I tuct.i.inluV ID > ii
Ji.ojti. . I IIJI ) ) ; . Jt.
HATS , En. i IRDI vmx ; .
W.A.L.GitaK ) . OmihaSafonllm
IVIioluiulo W01IK4
IlstrCMH. Btr.in go ) li. Siifos.r.iiiltt. j ill woric.
clovo.o. niUtoni , 2U ( run < li.itn-r < nn | Mm ui
and H\rnof : .1ls. capo i. AnlrdTii .t I ) ir-
clt lit i IKI I lucii.i.i.
tUMBE1 ? .
John A. WakeihlJ , Chirlss R. f.3) ) ,
Jmi'ortotl.Ainorloinl'ort ' lnrdffoitl ti in if. rr J > i
lumt o .mi'jnt. Mllvr tn- carpati .in I p if | ill
keucornint nnd-jJt.u/ M.I > In/ .
Vth 111,1 .l
LIQUOR3.
Frick & Hartal , I , ObirWdw S Co
I.iipirttri in I Juhbur *
ot inillliiry. notion * .
Mull o.lrj p > n i.lr
11XJI Fnrrum Jt < JKI14 ! lll.i it.