m
OMATTA TlATTV T.TCF . MONDAY. . OnTCTRTCR 24. 1887. ft
THE GREAT AMERICAN DESERT
Tbo Wonderful Transformation That
Has Taken Place in 2O-Yoars.
GENERAL MORROW'S ADDRESS.
Full Text of Ills Hpcccli nt tlio Clicy
cnno County Fair Held at
Hltlncy The Great Won
der * of Time.
At n formal opening of the Cheycnno
county fair nt Sidney , \VcdncMlnyOcto-
bor 6 , Generftl Morrow , who hnd been
invited to deliver the opening udtlrcBs ,
spoke us follows :
Ladles nnd Gentlemen : Twenty
years ago , in the just passed month , I
marched up this beautiful valley of the
Lodge Pole with ndetnchtnontof United
States troops and a company of Pawneu
Indians. The troops were on their way
to various miliUtry stations in the west ,
and the Indians , on account of their
knowledge of the country nnd their
familiarity with savage warfare , wore
employed as scouts during the march
and as outi > ostH and guards when the
command wa.s in camp. At that time
there was no town or set
tlement between .Tulesburg and Utah.
There was but a single house
where Cheyenne now stands. The
country WIIB an , unbroken wilder
ness. Indians roamed nt will "over the
land from old Fort Sedgwick to the canyons
yens of the Uintah mountains , and buf
falo , elk , antelope and deer , with the
wolf , were familiar objects in every
landhcapo.Vlmt a change twenty
years have wrought in this bconcol The
Indian has , departed , and with him have
dinapiwared the animals which wore his
co-tenants of the country. Substantial
farm houses have taken the place of the
skin dwellings of the savages , and cul
tivated fields decked in their season
with waving yellow grain and nodding
corn have supplanted the old hunting
grounds ; ami all this has been the work
of free American citi/.ens whoso self-
imposed mission it is to redeem this bec-
tion of Nebraska from the wilderness
condition , and make it the home
of an intelligent , virtuous and en
terprising community. This great
work , for it is great in every sense of
the word , it is entitled to bo called
great , has boon performed to all intents
and purposes within the last three
years. Three years ago , so far as my
knowledge extends , there was not a
farm house or any sign of any human
habitation between the Lodge Polo and
the Houtli Platto. To-day the country
is comparatively thickly settled. A
hundred dwellings can be seen in a
single glance of the eye. The land
scape is dotted all over with houses ,
looking like little silver spots on emer
alds fields. Substantial structures and
other improvements show that the bottlers
tlers have come to stay. And why not ?
In my opinion they have come to a goodly
land. If itdocs not How with milk and
honey , ns did the land of Canaan , it is
still a land where under ordinary cir
cumstances harvests will fol
low seed-time , and abundant
crops repay the husbandman
for ills toil. Our climate is not sur
passed in health-giving qualities by
any other on the continent. There are
no marshes , or pestilential feus or jun
gles to contaminate the air. The winds
blow over a region of country free from
all impurities. Extremes of heat and
cold are not as common hero as in the
belts of btatcs cast and north of us , and
experience has shown that wo are less
liable tjwn almost any other section of
the country to destructive -wind storms.
The boil of the country is surpassingly
rich in the elements which produce
magnificent crops of corn , wheat , oats
and other cereals adapted to this lati
tude. The almost single drawback to
what would otherwise bo one of the
finest regions on the face of the globe ,
is the supposed lack of moisture in the
crop-growing months of Juno , July and
August. Wo know from careful obser
vations made at government signal
stations and military posts , that the
annual or yearly rainfall in this section
would bo enoirely suftlcient for all crops
if it was properly distributed. For ex
ample , the rainfall at Sidney for the
nine months of the present yearonding
September ! ! 0 , has been fourteen inches.
At Marseilles and other points in south
ern France where crons are abundant ,
there are nineteen inches of rainfall ; at
St. Petersburg , Russia , but sixteen
inches of rain falls during the year ; in
Spain about Madrid the rainfall is only
nine inches ; on the island of Malta , in
the Meditorrunoan sea , ono of the most
productive regions in the world , the
the annual rainfall is fifteen inches , it
is worth while to dwell for a moment
on this liust example. With but liftcon
inches of rain tge island oT Malta pro
duces luxuriant crops of cotton , osangcs ,
tigs , olives and otho kinds of grain.
The soil in its elements is very much
like that of Cheyenne county , but has
not its depth , and will not bear the
same amount of tillage. I Imvo cited
these few examples , out of many that
might bo given , of regions of produc
tiveness where the rainfall is but little
greater than in the region of country
surrounding us. Fourteen inches of
rainfall on an aero of ground represents
upwards of twenty-two thousand gallons
lens of water. On a square mile , ( MC
acres , it would represent seven hundred
und two millions , seven hundred and
two thousand gallons. In weight it
would equal ono million , thirteen thou
sand , live hundred and ton tons. These
curious and instructive facts have been
worked out for mo by my ingenious
young friend Lieutenant Sparrow.
They show not only the enormous quan
tity of water which falls upon the earth
in the form of rain , but the wonderful
wisdom and power of God in making
the clouds the reservoirs and carries
for distributing moisture over the
earth. Has the climate of Western
Nebraska changed within the last few
years and is still undergoing mod ill ca-
tionsV I think it is safe to safe to say
that the climate of all the northwestern
states has undergone and is still under
going a change in respect to the amount
of moisture annually deposited in the
form of rain and dew. From observa
tion running through ton years in citbt-
carn Nebraska it may bo considered as
an an established fact that there are
more rainy days in the year now thai
there were formerly. The nctua'
amount of rainfall , as every farmer
knows , ia of far less importance than is
its uniform distribution throughout the
year. It is within my own knowledge
that the climate of this portion of Ne
braska has undergone a great change
since I first visited it twenty years ago
When I came to this country first
nnd for many years afterwards there
was no such thing as dew. I
was a common saying among olllcors
and soldiers , and the same was said bj
fur traders and trappers , that a mat
might sleep in the open air from May to
December without having his blanlfc
dampened. You all know that this is
UQt tiie case to-day. I have scon lu the
of August of the present year
lows us lienvv as I over saw at the same
canon in Michigan or Arkaiib-.is. To
lonflrm my recollection of the former
tate of the climate in this section , I
lave consulted two well-known citizens
ji Sidney , Mr. Kubnnk , sheriff of the
: ounty , and Mr. John M. Adnms. regis-
er of the land olllcc , and Ixith of them
confirm my statement. This is a matter
if the greatest imjiortanec , because , as
t seems to me , on this question of
vhothcr or not the climate lias changed
nnd is changing must dfp < 'nd the
solution of the question , whether
the country is adapted to ag
riculture or not. I Rtato
inhesitatingly that the cllmntc of this
section , and eastern Wyoming , has un
dergone a very great change in respect
to the amount of inolbtu.ro deposited
luring the spring and summer months.
A reference to the history of the cli
mate , In respect to rainfall , of the east
ern portion of the stale , maj assist in
'orming an opinion us to chimgei to be
expected in our own climate , f believe
t is conceded that the amount of rain-
'all has increased in eastern Nebraska
within the last two deiadf ; , % . and it is
Mjyond contradiction that the number
'
> f'rainy days has greatly incrcn-cd. My
.nformation on this j > oinl 1m * been de
rived from old settlers men who came
: o eastern Nebraska tit an early day.
What is true of eastern Nebraska is
equally true of town and Illinois. That
climate of a country is modified by
iiiltlvation and settlement. 1 know
'roin ' my experience in Utah. I
wns stationed in Salt Lnlco City ( is
commanding oHlcor , from IS70 to the
fall of 1874. I refer to this for no other
purpose than to show that I was in a po
sition to know the facts of which I am
about to speak. Fort Douglas is a mili
tary post near Salt Lake City. It was
established in the summer or fall of 181. ( !
The niutcorogical records of the post
show that in the first year of its history
the amount of rainfall wnsiibout eleven
inches. I left Fort Douglas in Septem
ber , 1874 , and the amount of rainfall
had been gradually incrosising from
year to year until it reached twenty-
seven inches. Hero wohavo an iiiMtinco
where the rainfall in thirteen years hud
considerably more than doubled. I
ought to add that a largo proportion of
this rain fell during the spring and sum
mer months. I liavo been repeatedly
told by intelligent Mormons who came
to Utah in 1847 , that at that time and
for several years afterwards there was
scarcely any precipitation of
moisture during these months ,
have spoken of the change
which has taken place in the climate of
eastern Nebraska within the memory of
men who are still in the prime of life.
Uohold that section of the slate to-day !
"It was m.v happiness to ride froniOnmlin ,
to Crete in the early days of July last ,
and I declare to you , I never saw a more
beautiful or fertile country than that
through which I passed. The hind-
scape is diversified by almost every cle
ment of beauty. Hills gently melt into
valleys and valleys softly rise into hills ,
the various crops so blending their color
as to make a picture of rare beauty , and
so the traveler passes through as beauti
ful a region of country as can be found
in the world. And better than soil or
climate , though dependent on both. I
saw dwelling in peace and contentment
a population of self-governing
American farmers , proud of their
state and nation , and prepared to take
their full share of the duty of making
laws for both in time of peace and de
fending the rights of both in time of
war. I did not need to bo told that
these prosperous farmers , with others
like them throughout the state , had
made Nebraska one of the foremost
stales in the American union in all that
pertains to progress in law. morality
and education. I take it , fellow citi
zens , that enlightened law , pure moral
ity , and sound education tire the best
foundations upon which to rear a repub
lican government.
It is the history of every new country
that the rainfall increases in proportion
as the land comes under cultivation.
This is an undoubted fact , though the
reasons assigned for it tire not fully
agreed upon by scientists. I have always
thought that there was an abundance of
moisture in the clouds of this interior
section of the country , but that condi
tions favorable to its precipitation in the
form of dew and ram were wanting.
The earth nnd the sky are reciprocal in
their relations. They give to and take
from each other. A parched desert
having nothing to give in return re
ceives no moisture from the passing
clouds. For countless ages these
prairies have been scorched by fires ,
pelted by storms of rain and hail , and
trampled upon by innumerable herds
of wild animals. The effect of this has
been to pack the earth until it has become -
come as compact as a rock. The forc
ing or heating power of rain and hail
is far greater than thoordinary observer
comprehends. When the ram falls on
a primitive soil the larger part of it
runs oil in torrents and finds its way to
the sea. The baked , storm-beaten and
trampled earth , like a sick man , refuses
its nourishment. Beyond doubt this is
the reason why you have so many physi
cal proofs around you of enormous de
vastations committed by running water.
When the land is tilled this will cctusc.
Cultivated ground absorbs u largo portion
tion of the water that falls upon it , and
retains it like a sponge. It thus be
comes a reservoir of moisture for the
nourishment of crops in seasons of
drouth. The turning over of the ? soil
in lar.go tracts of country presents to the
atmosphere a vast absorbing surface.
The soil gives this absorbed moisture
slowly back to the atmosphere by
evaporation. _ Thus year by year , it's
cultivation of the soil is extended , more
of the rain Unit falls is absorbed to bo
given oil by evaporation or to remain in
store to nourish plants and grasses.
It is not , 1 believe , demonstrated fact ,
but it is believed by many eminent men
that the laying of railroad tradks and
the erection of great lines of telegraph
through a country produce electrical
conditions of the atmosphere favorable
to the precipitation of moisture. If I
am correct in my conjecture that there
is not a deficiency of moisture in the
clouds of this section , and increase of
electrical agencies would almost cer
tainly have an influence on the rain
fall.
fall.Tho
The beauty and fertility of this portion
tion of Ncbrifska is attracting the at
tention of the whole country. I have
been furnished with some interesting
dates by the register of the United
States land olllce of this district , which
illustrates the extent of the immigra
tion to this country within the last few
months. In the months of July , August
and September 39,232 acres of land were
entered for homesteads , 22,660 were
taken up for pre-emptions , and 22,435
acres were located as timber lands ,
Hero wo have a grand total of 83,000
acres of ground taken up in Cheyenne
county in a period of three months.
This represents a population of probably
six hundred souls.
It is understood that the dry summers
of the last two years have been , as was
quite natural , a source of discouarage-
mont to many Bottlers and that some
few have actually loft the country. I
think this ia a mistake in view of the
facts 1 have disclosed to you concernIng -
Ing the changes that have taken place
in the climate of this section. On the
iron bound eastern coast of Scotland
there runs out from the Grampin hills a
rock headland known from remote times
Ellaobie , The turi cottages
of Clan Grant are in sight of its hoary
head , and the members of the Clan hnvo
for their war-crv the words , "Stand
fast , Craig Ellnchie ! " The wild war
riors of the hills , serving in the armies
of Great Britain , have carried that bat
tle cry round the world , nnd every time
it runs along the lines , whether in the
deadly charge where men look death in
the face over the level line of glisten
ing bayonet , or in resisting the fierce
attack of overwhelming numbers , the
brave Highlander * assume to them
selves tiio steadfastners of the rock
which looks down upon their distant
homes nnd set ill ) tfie inspiring crv ,
"Stand fust , Craig Kllaicho.1 '
Farmers of Cheyenne county , let us
take courage from the example of the
gallant Scotchmen. When your hearts
despond , when your spirits Hag , when
your minds grow wetiry , when your
souls are almost tempted to say , "I
yield , I yield , " then imitate the brave
men of Clan Grant , nnd cry , "Stand
fast , stand fast , 'till the clouds roll by. "
This is the first agricultural fair ever
held in Cheyenne county. The citizens
of this remote section of Nebraska are
to be congratulated on the intelligence
and enterprise that , have prompted this
movement. The very best results may
bo expected to follow from it. Fairs of
this kind are in fact co-operative associ
ations ns.sociatioim in which a number
of individuals unite their energies in
working for a common end. givinu mu
tual assistance to work out a definite
purpose. Thwe who take part in
these gatherings are moved by
a common object and animated with
kindred views. All who u 'o inlor-
sated. and every one must bo interested
in the pursuit of agriculture , either as
observers or participants , are brought
together , and mutual inter-change of
views and comparison of methods of
labor and planting , make known to all
the improvements that have been.made
and the condition generally of every
part of the country. Stock , seed , im
plements , till indeed , that the farmer
seeks to raise or employ , are open to
public inspection , so that each can com
pare the result of his own
labor with that of others each
profiting by the success or failure of
his neighbor. The plan of distributing
prizes lias a highly beneficial clVect in
stimulating competition , and is an ad
mirable feature on these occasions. The
custom is almost ns ancient as agri
culture itself. It is related by Xcno-
phan , the Greek historian , that Cyrus ,
king of Persia , more than COO years be
fore Christ , delivered premiums with
his own hands to diligent and success
ful farmers , and claimed for hinicsclf
the honor of being a zealous cultivator
of the soil. The Romans , in their best
days , were devoted to the tillage of the
ground and bestowed honors unon those
engaged in it. The naturalist , Pliny ,
in one of his works says : ' 'The lands
were cultivated by generals , and the
earth delighted to be plowed by a share
adorned with laurels , and by a plowman
who had been honored with a triumph. "
Food is the first want of man and the
earth is its great source of supply. In
the cultivation of the soil ono engages
in a most honorable as well as useful
occupation. But if to plow and harrow ,
to sow and reap , were , however , all the
farmer had to do , he might be left to do
that without the statoi feeling , as _ it
does now ; a very great interest in him.
His occupation would bo innocent ,
and useful , but the range of
intellect required for its performance
would be circumscribed in a binall cir
cle. But the farmer has other duties
besides these , requiring as high a range
of cultivation as most of the employ
ments which go to make up the social
system. Ho is a citizen of a great and
and free common-wealth , and as such ,
must have an intelligent understanding
of the constitution and laws of his coun
try. Ho has to perform the important
duties of an elector und juror , and to
mingle in the various questions which
from time to time arise in the local com
munity in which he resides , and in the
nation at largo , for discussion and deci
sion. He should be prepared to take
his part in the administration of public
affairs. It is to bo said to the credit of
the farming population of the United
States that among them are found many
of our most eminint statesmen and
authors.
Follow citi/ens , it has been said that
ho who makes two blades of grass to
grow , whore but ono grow before , is a
public benefactor. This is eminently
true when , as in your case , the tilling
of the soil is accomplished with great
trials and hardships. General Cass once
said in the senate of the United States ,
"I have had some experience , and I will
say that the man who goes into battle
does not display half the courage that
a settler docs , who with a family around
him , goes into the wilderness , and al
most with his.spade alone commences a
labor which scarcely ends but with his
life. No man that does not know them
can realize the privations and the ex
posures to which every settler is liable. "
It is a great honor to bo among the first
permanent settlers of a country.
First settlers are honored In
their own generation nnd revered
by posterity. To the founders
of states Lord Bacon assigned the high
est place in the roll of earthly dignities.
Material prosperity is sure to follow in
the footsteps of enterprise and industry.
In after years , when this now almost
wilderness has been made by your ex
ertions to blossom like a garden and
when like the prophet of old you are sit
ting in contentment and pence under
the shadows of your own vines and fig
trees , it will bo pleasant to look back
upon and recall the toils and trials of
the early days in Cheyenne county.
You are laying the foundations of a
community which I trust will be to you
a present and to those who come after
you a heritage of blessing. Lay
the foundation on a solid basis o'f
intellectual and moral truth. While
you are building houses and barns to keep
yourselves and your cattle from the
storm , build also school houses nnd
churches so that the brains and hearts
of your children may keep pace with
their bodies. The school houses need
notbo costly. Daniel Webster , Henry
Clay and Abraham Lincoln , three illus
trious names , received their education
in houses constructed of unhewn logs.
It matters little to God whether his al
ters are erected in splendid architectu
ral structures like St. Peters , in Rome ,
or St. Paul's in London , or in a lowly
c'difico under whoso humble roof but
few can gather together. The school
house and the church are the hand
maidens of modern civilization. They
denote the progress which a people have
made in cultivation and refinement.
That the people of this country may bo
prosperous in all their lawful undertak
ings , that the windows of heaven may
be opened to them , that plentiful har
vests may reward their toils , that the
shadows of sorrow may not darken their
doorways , and that they may be suc
cessful in building up in western Ne
braska a community which shall bo dis
tinguished for its love of order , for its
morality and for its fidelity to law and
truth , is the ardent wibh of him who
has addressed you and now takes his
leave.
You need not rack your throat and
lungs with that horrid cough , when a
pleasant and certain remedy may bo
found in Dr. J. H. McLean's. Tar Wine
Lung Balm. 25 cents a bottto.
SOME PERUVIAN PICTURES ,
The Splendor of tjio City of Lima
The Cathedral.
THE GORGEOUS DECORATIONS
Anuicnt C r\lns AVootl A City of
Wonders nnd Horrid
Tules-A Peculiar
Tower.
Sim Francisco Chronicle : Peru , with
ttH clingliiK wonders nnd horritl tides of
the IIHMIH , Interests ono in fi innnncrfow
rciniblit's hnvo the power to inspire.
The niches in the olil walls , the nrchcs
nnd tombs of Paehacainuc , the ruined
walls of Chiinu , nil invest the country
with a fascination nil its own. But it is
not with thcso histories of the past wo
have to deal , but to make with the
reader n inoro modern visit , nnd wo
begin with the intorebtlng eaiiitulof the
wondcrous southern land.
Authority tells us "the name Lima is
a corruption , or rather n , modification
of the Quicha word rimae. which was
formerly aimlied to the valley or plain ,
and is Mill borne by the river which
waters it. The word in the past parti
ciple of the verb rimay 'to bpeuk. '
Others sny that the nanieuamo fiom the
idol Illume mid not from the river , for
it is only in a figurative and poetical
t-eiico 11 river can be represented as
speaking. * '
The distance from Gallon to Lima is
seven miles. The railroad runs through
u tiwt of low country which is with few
exceptions at all cultivated , not being
adapted to the raising of grain. The
soil , which is adobe , is principally used
for grazing purposes , though in many
places it is overgrown with wild grasses
and weeds. There tire few objects of
interest between the two places , unless
one may count the residence of the late
Henry Meiggs , and at the time of the
writer's visit occupied by his brother ,
which was in 157 ! ) .
Near Lima one comes across buildings
of great size , made from large blocks of
adobe , from twelve feet in length to
four feet in width and three in thick-
ncbs. These , according to enrly tra
ditions , were the homes ot the first mis
sionaries , who came from Spain. They
were at this time in ruins , only the
wallsrcmaining. The buildings were
constructed by the labor of the pcones.
Scarcely a mile further on you come to
the banks of the Rinuic. which lias its
source in the summit of the Andes , nnd
is a tortuous stream winding in and out
the mountain passes. It may be traced
to the little town of Chiclia , which has
an altitude of over lo,000 feet above the
sea.
Proceeding along the banks of the
Rimae. traveling by morning train , one
witnesses the sight of the numerous
women washing in the manner of the
washwomen of Paris along the Seine.
The Uiinac is from 150 to 2-iO feet in
width , and the bed is very rocky. At a
short distance after you touch t'lic river
Riim-.cyou enter the depot of Lima , a
very picturesque building , long and
bhcdlike , buillentirelyof wood. Ascend
ing a long , broad flight of stairs , you
pass a wide corridor in which arc the
ticket offices and the offices of the com
pany.
On leaving the depot you enter under
an immense archway covered with trail
ing vines , and on cither side are bazars ,
restaurants and saloons , where all kinds
of American drinks ran be obtained. On
leaving this archway you enter the
street , which is one block from the grand
plaza. On the right of this street is the
palace of the president , and in its rear
the government prison. These build
ings cover the entire block. Midway on
the opposite side is the Hotel Iflnna. At
the end of the block you enter the grann
plaza. On the left the first building to
meet the eye is the ualaco of the arch
bishop , a largo stone structure of three
stories , alongside of which nnd in the
rear are the monastery and nunnery.
Adjoining this is the great and cele
brated Cathedral of Lima , which is second
end in wealth to any in the world , and
the equal of the famous Cathedral of
Mexico.
. To the right of the plaza , as you enter ,
is the front of the president's palace , a
low two-story building , painted blue.
The upper portion of the building is
filled with offices of the government ;
the lower part by coffee and fruit stands ,
also small bazars for cheap wares. The
other two sides of the plaza tire occupied
by shops of all kinds and descriptions.
Between these four blocks arc the plaza
grounds , beautifully laid out nnd orna
mented with statues and fountains ; in
the center of which is the Into flagstaff
brought by Mr. Meiggs from Puget sound.
The palace of the archbishop is a
largo three-story building , partly of
stone and partly of adobe. It has a long
court-yard entrance to the west of it.
The main entrance is approached by
twelve stone steps , so numbered in
honor of the twelve apostles. The door
way is massively built of wood brought
from Brocelona or Valsamtidia. The in
terior is furnished richly but in quiet
taste , though not kept in the most or
derly manner , the servants of his grace ,
sad to relate , in keeping with the gen
eral appearance of the household. The
monabtery , through which I had the
privelego of going , was , however , most
scrupulously clean and neat. The pal
ace of the archbishop , in elegance of
interior , certainly contrasted with the
houses of the prelates of the United
States. There is a green-colored alley
way which leads to the cathedral from
these cloistered buildings surrounding ,
and is sacred to the use of the priests
and nuns.
The cathedral is a massive building ,
373 feet from portal to portal , and 175
feet in breadth. The dorio columns
which support the roof of the galleries
are eighty-four feet in height , and at
the base nine feet in diameter , tapering
to an apex of six feet. The cathedral is
divided into three separate parts. There
are three entrances , the middle ono
never being opened unless in case of
earthquake or fire.
The size of this central door mav be
imagined when ono is told it is ninety
feet in height and thirty-two feet in
breadth , and is said to b'o the largest
door in the world. The lock is of the
most stupendous proportions , and the
key , which is two.feet in length , is kept
hanging on the walls of the monastery.
On entering the cathedral attention is
first drawn to what one would call a
scries or number of private or small
chapels , on either side , gorgeously
adorned. On entering from the loft
you will find on the right , which sup
ports the arcade , largo pictures , show
ing forth in all their line coloring nnd
cruel realism the sufferings nnd passion
of Christ. Proceeding along the nislo
you come to the middle transept , which
is reserved for the exclusive occupation
of the priests and monks.
The grand altar ia one of the most ex
quisite pieces of carved architecture in
tlio world. On either side are eighteen
seats , forming a double row ; in the rear
twelve in double row , making in all
ninetysix'seats. . The arms and backs
of these chairs are all of hard carved
wood , by the best masters. Above the
upper row of. these seats stand carved
figures , forty-eight in number all the
work of artists of the sixteenth nnd
seventeenth centuries.
Another prominent feature is the lec
tern on which the holy bible rests. The
lectern itself is also of the same intri
cately carved Spanish wood , nnd tlio
book has scarcely itsequal in the world.
Written on sheets of vellum three feet
long nnd two in breadth , all the letter
ing done by hand in letters nn inch in
length , each portion being bound in
black oak. One either side of the ele
vation upon which are the two organs ,
and to the rear facing the grand altar
is the organ which is counted the third
largest in the world. Thcso three or
gans are only used at the afternoon service -
vice nnd at the celebration of mass on
Sundays.
The altar itself is of exquisite work
manship. On it stand twelve candle
sticks of polid silver six feet in height
with cnndlolabra holding five candles
each. The altar rail , which is of con
siderable diameter , is of pure gold , and
on either side of the altar , within the
sanctuary , are eighteen columns of fine
silver fourteen feet in height. There
wore formerly twenty-eight , but Presi
dent Battn being at the time financially
embarrassed , confiscated ton of them ,
which ho converted into coin of the
realm. It Hccincd to the pious Peruvi
ans a retribution for the sacreligious
use of things consecrated to God when
Batta mot with a horrible fatoho being
hanged from the cupola of this same
cathedral. His brother , the senator ,
was blabbed to death on entering the
senatorial chamberand another brother
was shot in hrs cell in the government
building in the rear of tlio presidontal
palaee.
The ordinary vestments used by the
priests during the week are compari-
tively plain , but at grand high mass on
Sunday they appear in canonicals of the
most gorgeous description. They tire lit
erally weighed down with ornaments of
gold and silver. The archbishop on the
occasion of papal high mass , or on es
pecial feast days , is arrayed in a gor-
gcousncss beyond description , the robes
being of purple velvet , embroidered
lavishly with precious jewels. Ho is on
such occasions followed by a numerous
retinue composed of priests , deacons ,
sub-deacons and acolytes. The adorn
ment of the grand altar is in keeping
with all this magnificence ,
There are no pews in tjie cathedral ,
but a limited number of chairs , which
may bo hired from anc one of the six
sextons , who also act as guides and who
expect compensation from the strangers
who employ them to point out and explain -
plain the many objects of historical in
terest. A person on entering the ca
thedral is met by ono of these persons ,
who for a pcsa willconducthiinthrough
out the edifice. The first place generally -
ally visited is the tower in which hangs
the chime of bollf , the largest of which
weighs four tons. The other six tire in
graduated sizes , the smallest weighing
4K ( ) pounds. Tlio great bell has great
historical interest attached to it , be
ing cast in Madrid in l/i38 / for the cathe
dral of that city. Around the outer
edge of this bell are closely wrought
inscriptions in latin. The clapper alone
weighs 300 pounds. Four of the other
bells were also cast in Madrid , while
two of the smaller ones were cast at
Troy , N. Y. , thus completing the chime
of bells , which are rung regularly at (5 (
o'clock in the morning and at 2 o'clock
in the afternoon.
The tower itself is of singular and pe
culiar buildbeing of solid tidobc braced
by interlacing timbers , which hold it
strong and intact. There is a narrow
staircase which winds irregularly to the
top. Ono gazes at this structure with
almost the same wonder as at the pyra-
tunids of Egypt.
*
The Beau Iilenl of a Fninlly Medicine.
A remedy which promptly and com
pletely relieves ailments of such com
mon occurrence as indigestion , consti
pation , billiousness , and disorders of the
malarial typo , is assuredly the beau
ideal of a family medicine. Such is Hos-
tctters Stomach Bitters , which is not
only capable of eradicating these com
plaints , but also counteracting a ten
dency to kidney troubles , rheumatism ,
and premature decadence of stamina.
Taking it "all around , " ns the phrase
is , there is probably not in existence so
useful , effective nnd agreeable a house
hold panacea as the Bitters. Nor is it
less highly esteemed by the medical
profession than by the families of Amer
ica. Numberless testimonials from pro
fessional sources of irrefragable authen
ticity evince its merit. The demand
for it abroad , no less than in the land
of its discovery , is certainly increasing ,
time and experience of its beneficent
effects confirming tlio high opinion or
iginally formed of it.
WITH TUB oinanirir er tni
COUHTUT W1LI , III V BXUUNUiO Till ! UAT THAT TB
CHIGA60ROCKISLAND&PACIFICRAILWAY
By reaion ot lie central potltlot do * * rtUtlon to line
rait of Chicago , and contlnujui lia t at terminal
point * Wtit , HorthwMt and Southweit , ! the true
middle link In that transcontinental pyttem whlth
InrlUi aud facllltatee trarel and traflto b tw n the
AUanllo and racine.
The Itock Iiland main line and branchei Include Chicago
cage , Jollct , Ottawa , LaSalle , P orla , dentito , Hollae
and Rock Iiland , In Illlnoli ) Dannport , Muicatlne ,
Waihlngton , Falrfleld. Ottumwa , Oikaloeia , W t Lib.
rty , Iowa City , Del Kolnei , IndUnola.WUttriet , Atlan
tic , KnoxYllle , Audubon , Harlan , fluthrla Centre and
Council llluffi , In Iowa i Oallatln , Trtnton , St. rpt > ,
Caioiron and Kaniai City , In Wluourii Loat.Xiworlh
and Atchlion. In Kaniai ; Albert Lea , Ulnneapalli and
lt.l'anllntllnn iota | WaUrtown and lloux Falli.t *
Dakota , and hundredi of Intermediate cltlei and towni.
' . 'The Great Rock Island Route"
Guarantee ! tpeed , comfort , certainty and eafety. Iti
permanent way UdlitlngulihedforlUexcellence. It *
Bridget are of Hone and Iron. Ite track U of lolld
itf el.Iti rollingitock p rf ct. Iti paiienger equipment
has all the latety appliances that experience has prore\t
UBtful , and for luxurious accommodations Is unur-
fatsed. Its Expreis Trains conslit ef superior Uay
caches , fitful I'ullman Palire Parlor and Sleeping
Cars , superb Dining Cars , prorldlng delicious meals ,
and ( between Chicago and St. Joseph , Atchlson and
Kaniai City ) reitful Reclining Chair Cars. It * man
agement U conierratlTe , It * discipline exacting
"The Famous Albert Lea Rome"
Between Chicago and Klnneapoll * and Bt. I'a. ' Is the
I aforlte. Orer this line Kolld Fait Express Trains run
dally to attractlTe reiorts for tourlits In Iowa and
Mlaneiota , and , Tla Watertown and Sioux Falls , to the
rich wheat aid graxlng landi of Interior Dakota. Via
feneca and KanVaLee , tUe Keck Iiland often superior
Inducements to trarelera between Cincinnati , Indian ,
apolli. Lafayette and Council Uluffs , St. Jvieph.Atchl-
on , Learenworth , Kaaiae City , St. 1'aul , and Interme
diate points. All patrons ( eipeclally ladlts and chil
dren ) recelie protection , courteiy anil kindly atteatloa.
For tickets , maps , folders , copies of Weitern Trail , or
any denlred Information , apply to principal offices la
the United States and Canada , or addreis , at Chicago ,
1.1. CAIll , E. ST. JOHI , I. A. Hllllllt ,
SteckPiano
RemarknWe for powerful synipa-
Tlietlc tone , pliable action and ab-
Milute durability. 'M yearn record.
Ilin > Kst guarantee ot the excel-
lencoot these Instruments.
WOODBRIDGEBROS ,
, Impr
_ . caus
b errors and bad practice * CURE
Agricultural Implements.
CHURCHILL PARKER ,
Dealer in Agricultural Implements , Waps ,
Carriage ! and Bugle < . Jnnrt street. Hetwien Vth and
IWh Omeha , Nebraska.
" "LIN7NOER&
Buggiei , Ktc. ' jvhole al * . Omaha , Nebraska.
PAR LIN , OR EN DOR F & M AR T IN ?
holeaal IValrri In
. . oluc
' st yt ; * > m ha.
. . . 'rMA ' ST A cioi "
Mannfactnrers of Buckeye Drills , Seeders ,
OllUvaton , llay Rakei , Cider Minn and I.uban I'ul-
Terliers. Cor. Htb and Nicholas Street ! .
Wholesale
Agricnltnral Implements , Wagons &Bo gics
Corner Ulh and Nicholas street ! .
Artists' Materials.
A. HOSPE , Jr. ,
Artists' ' Materials , Pianos and Organs ,
1M3 Oouclae Street. Omaha , Nebraika.
Boots and Shoes.
W. V. MORSE & CO. ,
Jobbers of Boots and Shoes.
1111 rarnam St. , Omaha , Nrh. Manufactory , Summer
Street , llo < um.
KIRKENDALL , JONES & CO. ,
( Surcesaore to Iloed , Jonei & Co. )
fliolesale Hannfactnrers of Boots and Shoes
Agenti for llotton Itnbber Shew Co. 1102,1104 A1106
Homer St , Omaha , Nebra kR.
Coffees , Splcos , Eto.
CLARKE COFFEE CO. ,
Omaha Colfoe anil Spice MIIIi.
Teas , Coffees Spices , Baking Powder ,
Flavoring Kitrnct * , I.numtrr Illue. Inks , Ktc. 1414 Ul
llnrnvy Street , Omaha , Nebraika.
Crookory and Glassware.
W. L. WRIGHT ,
AROnt for the Manufacturer * Hml Importers of
Crockery , Glassware , Lamps , Chimneys.
Btc. Omcc,317B. 13th frt. , Omaha , Nebraska. '
Commission and Storage.
D. A. HURLEY.
Commission and Jobbing ,
Batter , KKK and Produce. ConilKnratmti lollrlted.
Ueailquartcr < for Stoneware. Harry ll xt > s and
Grape llAiketi. 1414 Dodfa 8t. , Omaha.
RIDDELL tt RIDDELL.
Storage and Commission Merchants ,
WIEDEMAN Si CO. ,
Proflnce Commission Merchants ,
Poultry , Butter , aame.Krult * . Ktc. HO youth 14th M. ,
Ouiaha , Nebraika.
CEO. SCHROEDER Si CO. ,
( Buecoasora tn McShane & Scbroeder. )
Produce Commission and Cold Storage ,
Omaha , Nebraika. '
Coal , Coke and Lime.
OMAHA COAL , COKE St , LIME CO.
Jobbers of Hard and Soft Coal ,
500 South 13th Street , Omaha , Nebraska.
J. J. JOHNSON St CO. ,
Manufacturers of Illinois White Lime ,
and fhlppcri of Coal , Coke , Cement , Planter. I.lrac ,
Drain Tile and Sewer Pipe. Ofttre. Paxton Hotel ,
Karnaiu St. , Omaha , Neb. Telephone 811.
NEBRASKA FUEL CO. ,
Shippers of Coal'and Coke ,
214 South 13th St. , Omaha , Neb.
M. E. SMITH St CO. ,
Dry Goods , Furnishing Goods and Notions
lin and UMDouglai , Cor. Htb. St. , Omaba , Neb.
KILPATRICK-KOCH DRY GOODS Co
Importers and Jobbers in Dry GoodsNotions ,
Oeotl' FurnliUlng Ooods.Corner llth and llarney Eta *
Omaba , Nebraika.
Furniture.
DEWEY St STONE ,
r Wholesale Dealers in Furniture ,
Farnam Street , Omaha , Nebrmka.
CHARLES SHIVERICK ,
Furniture , Bedding , Upholstery , Mirrors ,
Etc. 1M6,1J08 and 1210 Farnam Street , Omaha.
Groceries.
PAXTON. GALLAGHER & CO. .
Wholesale Groceries and Provisions ,
70S , TOT , 709 and 711 8.10th St. , Omaha , Neb.
McCORD , BRADY & CO. ,
Wholesale Grocers ,
llth and Lvarenwortb Btreeu , Omaha , Nebraika.
D. M. 8TEELE & CO. ,
'
Wholesale Grocers ,
111 ? , mi and 13B Harney Btreet , Omaha , Neb.
ALLEN BROS. ,
Wholesale Grocers ,
1114 and 1U llarner Street , Omaba , Neb.
Hardware.
LEE , FRIED * CO. ,
Jobbers of Hardware and Nails ,
TlBware.Sbeet IronEtc. Agent * for Uowe Scalei.and
Miami Powder Co. , Omaba , Neb.
HIMEBAUGH V TAYLOR ,
Builders' ' Hardware & Scale Repair Shop
Mechanic * ' Tooli and Buffalo Scalei. 1106 Dotif lai-it.
Omaha , Nebraika.
RECTOR at WILHELMY CO. ,
Wholesale Hardware ,
10th and llarner Bti , Omaha , Web. Western Age nt *
for Austin Powder Co. , Jefferson Steel Nulls , t air-
kunki Standard Bcalei.
Heavy Hardware.
W. J. BROATCH.
Heayy Hardware , Iron and Steel ,
'ctc-ls08
EDNEY * GIBBON ,
Wholesale Iron and Steel ,
riata , Caps. Eto
W. L. PARROTTE * CO. ,
Wholesale Hats , Caps and Straw Goods ,
1107 larn y Street , Omaha , Neb.
Liquors.
WILLOW SPRINGS DISTILLERY CO
and ILER & CO. ,
Importers& Jobbers of FineWines&Liprs
Bait India lllttert and Domettlo Liquors. 1112 llarner
Lumber.
OMAHA LUMBER CO. ,
All kinds of Building Material at Wholesale
Utb btreet and Union I'aclBo Track , Omaba.
LOUIS BRADFORD ,
Dealer in Lumber , Lath , Lime , Sash ,
DOOM , etc. Yajdi-Corner 7th end Ittuglai ; Corner Sib.
and IJouglai.
' C. N. DEITZ ,
Dealer in all Kinds of Lumber ,
Utb ard California 8t . , Omaba , Net ) .
/ " FRED W. GRAY ,
Lumber Lime Cement Etc Etc
, , , , , ,
Corner Cth and Dcugln Bti. , Omaba.
* *
' Xi W > HARVEY LUMBER CO. ,
Dealers Only ,
f MeHMrtntmlitrttt.Oail.i , .
* . LEE ,
Dealer in Hardwood Lumber ,
Wooa Carpeti ana larou , t flooring , Mh and Doogla *
Htreete , Omaha.
JOHN A. WAKEFIELD , '
, Wholesale Lumber , Etc , '
Imported and American Portland Cement. Plat * agtni
for Milwaukee Hrdraulto Cemeat tad Qulncj
Whit * Lime.
I. OBERFELDER & CO. ,
Imnorters & Jobbers of Millinery & Notions
B , no and 211 South llth Street.
Notions.
J. T. ROBINSON NOTION CO. .
Wholesale Notions and Furnishing Gooil
403 and 406 South loth Btreet , Omaha.
VINYARD tt SCHNEIDER.
Notions and Gent's ' Furnishing Goods ,
1106 llarner Htreet , Omaha.
Oils.
CONSOLIDATED TANK LINE CO. .
Wholesale Refined and Lubricating Oils ,
Aile Oreate , etc. , Omaha. A , II. Blihop , Manager *
Paper.
CARPENTER PAPER CO. ,
Wholesale Paper Dealers ,
Carry a nice stock of printing , wrapping and writing
paper. W pedal attention glfen to car load orders.
Printers' Materials.
WESTERN NEWSPAPER UNION. I
Auxiliary Publishers ,
Dealer ! In type , pressen and prlnteri' lupplle * . W
South rnb Street , Omaha.
Rubber Goods.
OMAHA RUBBER CO. ,
Manufacturers and Dealers in Rubber Goods
Oil Clothing anil Leather Ileltlng. 1008 Furnmn Struct.
Stoom Fittings , Pumps , Eto.
A. L. STRANC CO. ,
Pumps , Pipes and Engines ,
Steam , water , railway nnd mlnlnx uppllcfl. etc.
Vtl and 924 Karnain Street , Omiihn.
CHURCHILL PUMP CO. ,
fnolesale Piunns , Pine , Fittings ,
Steam and Witter f unplle , Iteadqnnrter * for Mnst ,
Koost & Co'i goods. 1111 r amain St. , Omaha.
U.S. WIND ENGINE & PUMP CO. ,
Steam and Water Supplies , !
Halllilajr Wind Mills , 918 and K Kara am St. , Omaha.
U. K. Koss , Acting Manager.
BROWNELL & CO. .
Engines , Boilers and General Machinery ,
Sheet Iron Work , Steam Pumps , Saw MIIIi. 1213-1215
Lvaveiiworth Street , Omaha.
Soods.
PHIL. STIMMEL& CO. ,
Wholesale Farm , Field and Garden Seeds
Oil and 813 Jonei St. , Oma'ia I
- -
ARMSTRONG. PETT1S St. CO. ,
Storage , Forwarding and Commission , -
Branch hnute of the Iltnncr Ilugzr Co. Iluzgle * ak
wholeiulu nnd retntl. 1 K .I.IIO Hnill 112 Intrd Street ,
Omaha. Telephone No. 'Ml. \
Importers and Jobbers of Teas & Cigars ,
Splcei and Dalir Unking Powder. 1410 and 1418 liar *
ner btreet , Omaha. t
Cornice.
EAGLE CORNICE WORKS. f ,
Manufacture Galvanized Iron and Cornice ,
John Epeueter , Iroprletor. 920 Dodge and 103 and 105
North 10th Street , Omaha. ;
Smoke Stacks , BollerB.Eto. l
H. K. SAWYER , *
Manufacturing Dealer in Smoke Stacks ,
Brltchlngi , Tanks and Ueueral Boiler Kepalrlag. 131 *
Hedge Btreet. Omaha. Neb.
Wronght and Cast Iron Building fort ,
Knglnes , Ilritss work , general fotindrj , machine and )
blacksmith work. Office and works , U. 1 * . IIJ. ana \
lith Street , Omaha. 3
*
OMAHA WIRE & IRON WORKS.
Manufacturers of Wire and Iron Railings
Desk rails , window guards , flower stands , wire ilgnal
etc. , la North l&h St. , Omaha. 1
OMAHA SAFE AND IRON lirrtn t a . '
Man'frs ' of Pire& Burglar Proof Safes ]
Vaults , Jail work. Iron mnd wire fenclnc , slum. etc. U.
Andreen , 1'rop'r. Cor. Utb itnd Jncknon bti.
MEAOHER ft SPROAT. ,
General Agents for Dlebold Safe & Lock Co.'i
Fire and Burglar Proof Safes.Tiine Locks.
Vault * and Jail Work , Hli Karntiu street , Omaba ,
Overall
CANFIELD MANUFACTURING CO *
Manufacturers of 0eralls , i
Jeani Panti. Sblrti , Ktr. 110 ! and 1104 Uouglai Street ,
Omaba , Nel .
JBash , Doors , Eto.
TA. DISBROW c7
IVboUtale Manufacturer ! ol
Sash , Doors , Blinds and Mouldings , ,
Branch Office , 12lh aud Iiard StreeU , Omaha , Neb.
BOHN MANUFACTURING CO. , ,
Manufacturers of Sash , Doors , Blinds ,
Moulding * , FUlr Work and Interior Hard Wood Kla
lib. . ! . . Corner 8th and l ienwortb Btre U , ,
Omaha , Nub. , '
OMAHA PLANING MILL CO. ,
Manufacturers of Mouldings , Sash , Doors.
And Bllndi. Turning , Stair-work , nank and Offici
Killings. 9Utli and 1'opplecon Areuuo.
Brewers.
STORZ Si ILER ,
Lager Beer Brewers ,
1631 North Klghteentb Htreet. Omaha. Neb.
C.H. IMLMIIl. N , r , ItlCUMAN. J. II. III.ANCIUHI ) .
PALMER , RICHMAN & CO. ,
Lire Stock Commission Merchants '
MoCOY BROS. .
Lie Stock Commission Merchants , i (
Market furnlibed free on application , Rtooker * anil
fMderl furnlibed oo food Unpi , Reference ! : Ouia-
ha National Bank and Sooth Omaha Matloual , Union
Block Yardi , Bomb. Omaha.
LORIMER. WESTERFIELD St MALEY
Lire Stock Commission , i
Boom 16. Eichanm Building. Union Stock YaruX
South Omaha. Neb.
*
HORN ft SHARPE ,
Commission Dealers in Lire Stock , i
noom 23 , Eiehantte UulMloi , Union Ptock Ydi. &
Omaha , lluierencvtt union Nal'l llank , Omaha.
Union Stock Tanli Hank , b. Omaha , K. a. Uowlep
I'm. Am. Uaak A Truit Co. , Omaha.
ALEXANDER & FITCH ,
Commission Dealers in Lire Stock , '
Uoom n , oppoilte Exchange Building , Union Bto < *
Yardi , South Omaha. Neb.
UNION STOCK YARDS CO. .
Of Omaha , Limited ,
John T , Bojd , Baperlotendeat
