12 TILE OMAHA DAILY BEE : SUNDAY , SEPTEMBER 19 , 1SSG.----TWELVE PAGES.
CAPITAL AND MONOPOLY ,
A Ducnesion of Economic Subjects la a
Capitalist a Monopolist ?
THE DEFINITION OF CAPITAL.
Tor tlio Production of AVenltli Tlirco
Tlit ii s Arc NccossnrjIintul ! ,
Imhor , Capital Whnt
llurd Times.
[ Writhn for the Omnhn Snndny lice. ]
Brown a practical volition ! economist
Smith- theoretical political econo
mist.
Urown fto Smith ) I liavo read the arti
cles on political economy that have ap
peared in tlio Omaha p.ipers , but I must
say that I liavo never matlo clear in my
mfnd tlio distinction between a capitalist
and a monopolist.
Smith I am glad you stop to think a
moment when ; ; 'r/n < Iing articles on
economic subjects. Writers on political
economy arc apt to bo dogmatic and
bin MH | , and imprcM on thereader's mind
a distorte- ! idea of tlio industrial rela
tions of men. Tuts great fault of writers
is the confusion ami misuse of the terms
capital , wealth , monopoly , labor. Eco-
iiomlcs must he discussed impartially.
You must not nrguo from thu side of
labor , or from the standpoint of capital.
The subject must bo approached gradually -
ally , and must bo analyzed step by step
as a problem in geometry.
I Jrown 1 have so often heard the asser
tion that every capitalist is a monopolist ,
and therefore an enemy of labor. Will
you explain the subject to mo as you un
derstand it ?
SmltnItoforo answering you 1 want to
define dearly what I mean when I speak
to .YOU : ib nit wealths then \vc can pass on
to the other topics without a confusion of
terms. In economic language , wealth is
any of tlio material products of nature
which has been developed by the l borof
men for tlio uses of man. In simp' ° 'an-
guagc , wealth is iron , coal , copper , sil
ver , gold , wheat , corn , wool , cotton , etc. ,
etc. , which have been got at by the labor
of men and fashioned tor the uses ot
man. _ Ton notice in this dclinition that
labor is one of the necessary components
of wealth ; that is , a raw product of na
ture undeveloped b.v tlio Inhorof man is
not wealth in an economic sense. Coal ,
iron and gold in the bowels of the earth
nro not wealth. To bo wealtii those
metals must bo brought out of the earth
by labor lor the use of man. We arc apt
to speak of air as free to everybody. Air
is as much a material product of nature
ns iron , coal or wheat. Under ordinary
conditions air is not wealth , but when ait-
is pumped into the caissons of tliu now
Union L'ucilic bridge , or when air is
pumped lo divers in the sea , under these
conditions air is wealth , because it is
ncloduponby the labor of men for tin-
use of man. Now that you understand
what is wealth , let me explain capital.
In common talk , capital is associated
with dollars and cents. Tfi'to conception
is too narrow ; money is only.n.small part
of capital. In short , capita } is saved
wealth devoted to reproduction , i. c. , to
the creation of more wealth. For a sim
ple example , Jones , a farmer , lias ton
bushels of wheat , uh'eh constitute his
wealth. Suppose ho eats nine bushels
during the winter , saving tlio remaining
bushel for sowing in the spring. This one
bushel constitutes his capital , irom which
at harvest lie will get a return in wheat
greater than his outlay. Suppose his crop
amounts to twenty bushels , that is. the
world is richer by nineteen bushels of
wheat , and Jones is a capitalist , since ho
can do what ho. wishes with his wheat ,
which now forms his wealth. So you sco
wealth is the general term and embraces
capital , capital being only a part of
wealth that part which is saved and devoted -
voted to the reproduction of more wealth.
You notice , furthermore , that forthopro-
duction of wealth three things are neces
sary , (1) ( ) land , (3) ( ) labor , ( ! J ) capital. Take
away any one of thcso components and
the production of wealth is impossible.
Land , labor and capital -absolutely
" "
dependent upon each other. "It is not
labor alone that creates wealth , as the
labor orator will tell you. For tliu laborer
must bo clothed and fed from some pre
viously existing store of wealth during
the time ho is helping to create new
wealth. It is not capital alonn that will
produce wealth , for both labor and capi
tal depend on land. It is not land alone
that constitutes wealth , as Henry George
tolls you , although iland > is the most im
portant factor in economies. Wealth fs
produced by the combination of land ,
labor and capital.
Urown 1 understand your definition
of wealth.
Smith Very well , lot us ire hack totho
example of Farmer Jones who -
, , 3-011 re
member , planted ono bushel of wheat
and at harvest got a return of twenty
bushels. Ho. you'll admit , had brought
now wealth into tlio world. Let us sup
pose that this same Jones the next year.
Instead of planting ono aero , cultivated
one thousand acres , planted hundreds of
bushels of who.it , employed an army of
laborers , The increase of Jones' re
sources allowed him to produce wealth
in the shape pf wheat to much greater
proportion than formerly. Now , yon will
admit that ho is a capitalist , controlling
millions of bushels of wheat , whereas ,
formerly you might deny that ho was a
capitalist when ho only hail twenty
bushels under his control. You see the
cases are identical , differing only in
numerical value.
Brown Then you call that man a cap-
itnlibt who controls and directs wealth.
How does the capitalist diflbr from llio
monopolist who also controls wealth ?
Smith The dillnnmcu botwcon tlio two
is so slight that we are led to confuse the
ono with the ot ior. J can best illustrate
the diirorenco between tlio capitalist and
monopolist by keeping in mind tlio ox-
aniplo of Farmer Jones. You agreed
with mo that Farmer Jones was a capi
talist when lie controlled a million bushels
of wheat. Now , lot us make him a mo
nopolist. Wo can do it in two ways.
Give 1-anner Jones the exclusive right of
raising wheat in his state ; give Farmer
Jones u market tor his wheat to the ex
clusion of all moiupotltlon , and ho is a
monopolist.
Brown You are Imagining an improb
able case. Now , Farmer Jonna may
neither have the o.Voluslvo right of rais
ing wheat nor a protected market , and
still he will be a monopolist. He will bo
a monopolist if ho can raise wheat
cheaper than his competitors , and if ho
can undersoil them In thoopon market.
Smith In this conception of a monop
olist you are very much In error. Farmer
Jones Is not a monopolist ; ho Is a benefactor -
factor , since ho is able to furnish to the
consumer of wheat food moro cheaply
than his competitors in open market. Jlu
is trtto friend to the laborer , who pays
less for the naccsaiirios ot lite and can
BiKUid more of his earnings for luxuries.
It mu t bo plain to you that to undersoil
competitors Farmer Jones must bo able
, to mine wheat moro cheaply. How does
lie .accomplish this ? Not by underpaid
labor. Ho brings this about by using
improved machinery , by employing com
petent labor , by application of business
principles , by economy ,
Brown lie is a monopolist because ho
compels his neighbor farmers tu stop
raising wheat , since they cannot com
pete with him , and ho drives them from
their farms in consequence.
Smith Again you are wrong. Farmer
Jones shows thai his improved methods
of wheat-raising are superior to lus
neighbors' * lie is an example for them
to follow. You cannot cry monopolist
where competition Is free and whore new
methods and new machinery continually
supplant the old. In all branches of in
dustry the cheapening process is going
on. While it may bo trno that during the
interval of change and adaptation from
old methods to now , hardship may exist
among the operatives , .llio world In gen
eral is a permanent gainer. When a
shoemaker Sn Lynn can , by the applica
tion of improved machinery , make three
pairs of shoes a day , which twenty years
ago took n week , fifty years ago three
weeks , and a hundred years ago three
months , the shoemaker of to-day is a
benefactor to the human race , for he Ins-
sens the price of shoes , and ho himself is
benefited , Rliieo he need work but a few
hours to accomplish that which formerly
orcMipli'd him as many days. According
to vour views this Lynn shoemaker , who
can make three pairs of shoes a day , is a
monopolist , because ho has driven out of
employment the old-fashlncd shoemaker
of a century back.
Brown Hive mo , then , your example
of n monopolist.
Smith lake the illustration of our
Omaha Street Hallway eomraiiy. As
long ns this corporation * .performs its
duties as n common caVi'Ior , tho'Cbirtpany
represents the capitalist. When it re
strains the fable Line company , which
promises to furnish superior service , on
the plea that the Street Kail way company
lias Jie exclusive right of way through
the streets , then the btreet Hallway com
pany is a monopolist. Yon know that the
Street Railway company has brought an
injunction against the Cable Line com
pany , claiming that the street-car busi
ness will bo injured. In my mind that
argument is untenable. Suppose Mar
shall Field & Co. , of Chicago , would
rent all the stores about S. I' . Morse &
O . , do you suppose that the court would
grant Mr. Moi > o an injunction restrain
ing Marshall Field from underselling
him In tlio dry goods business ? Whether
Mr. Morse's business is injured or not.
whether ho could compete with Marshall
Field or not , is his own concern , lie who
can give the public the best crvieo at the
least expense will command the market ,
In short , where free competition is possi
ble , you will find the healthy growth of
wealth. Thus you see in our midst wo
have money , largo corporations and rich
men , who give tlio best service possible
at the least cost. For other men to com
pete with thorn without giving better ser
vice at the same cost , or giving tlio same
service at a less cost , is impossible. So
in u certain sense tlicso corporations and
rich men have certain industries under
their control. Wo are apt to eall thorn
monopolists , but they do not deserve the
name. A monopolist is protected from
competition. You notice how easily we
confuse the capitalistaud the monopolist.
Brown There is another phase to the
subject which 1 would like to have ex
plained. Why would it not bo butter for
the general welfare if Mr. Kotmt/.o's
wealth , for instance , instead of being
concentrated in his control , v/as distrib
uted among a large nujubor of men ?
Wo will say Mr. ICountze has wealth to
the amount of $3,000,000 , would not the
world bo better oil' if tl is money was dis
tributed among 1,000 men ? Could not
.ho economic forces of the world be
managed to better advantage ? Would
not men bo happier , and would not an
equality in riches be established ? " Is not
Mr. Kountxc , then , a monopolist in that
lie appropriates for his own uses the
wealth which many claim belongs to thq.
people ?
Smith For the sake of falling in with
your ar 'umt'iit , suppose Mr. Koimtzc has
distributed his $ ' { ,000.000 among l.OOJ
men , promiscuously chosen ; that would
irivo eaeli man : ? ; 5.003 quite a , fortune.
How long-do you suppose that money
would remain intact in the proportion
distributed ? Not live minutes. Ono man
would gamble his money away , another
would invest it in real estate , a third
would build a houso-a fourth go jnto
business , a lifth put it in the bank , a .sixth
would hide it. In a thousand and one
combinations that § 3,000,000 would
change hands. At the end of the year
you would find ono man who had busi
ness energy the absorber of nine-tenths
of that money distributed by Mr. Koimtze.
You told me the other day that side , by
side to you in the Union * Pacijic shops
there worked a man who by judicious in
vestment had amassed the sum of . ' ? 25I000 ; '
while opposite to you there stood a mat/u /
already gray in tlio service , who receives
a good salary , but who lives up to his \n--e \
como. Give this spendthrift ten times'
his wages , and the result would bo the
same. The individual is responsible for
his economic worth. Capital concentrates
itself ; it Hews in and out of a common
reservoir. The capitalist stands in the
same relation to the mass of men as the
general in an army stands to his soldiers.
The general of an armyplans and directs
an attack ; tlio c..pitalistfplaiisanddjrocts
the production of wealth. ' ' '
Brown Why should the mass of men
bo subordinate to ono man's power ? Are
wo not all free and equal , and is it not n
system of slavery wnero one man , the
capitalist I will no longer say monopo
list is placed with such autocratic power
over the mass of men ?
Smith In whatever system of society
you may exist , you will iind some men
leaders and other men followers. In the
ideal socialistic society , which the found
ers of socialism dreamt of establishing ,
men arc divided into companies like sol
diers , according to their capabilities.
Over such companies of workmen overseers -
seers are appointed. Thus , tha overseer is
to take the place of the capitalist simply
a change of name. There is no such
thing as a social or an intellectual equal
ity. All endeavors to put men on the
same dead level is to quarrel with na
ture. Government can only guarantee
equality before the law , civil and relig
ious freedom , There arp no two men
alike in this world. Each of us has in
ono way or another an advantage over
his neighbor. It is 'i personal care for
every man to find out In what work ho
'
excels. The world is made up'of pro
ducers and consumers , but the producer
and the consumer unite in the same per
son. If I am a shoemaker and supply
you with shoes , you are n tailor and sup
ply mo with clothes In exchange for inv
shoos. For mo .to make clothes when I
know only how to make shoes is a waste
of economic force. It Is therefore cheaper
for mo to make shoos ami exchange with
you. In this way every man is dependent
upon another. In tlio complex relation
of society we are all dovetailed in the
work of contributing to each other's sup
port. In this economic work the capital
ist has his place. Ho is the steward of
wealth. His capital , whether directly in
vested by himself or indirectly .by bor
rowers , is devoted in a thousand ways to
the reproduction of wealth , and in the
new wealth the laborer and capitalist
and middleman show in proportion to
their respective interests. The laborer
receives his wages for his manual or
mental labor. The amount governing
his wago.s depends on (1) ( ) the standard of
living of label * . (3) ( ) tlio demand and sup
ply of labor The middleman , who bor
rowed capital from the capitalist , must
receive eomponsation for ( i ) his risk , ( " }
for his buslnos sagacity. (3) ( ) for his mental
and manual labor , The capitalist re
ceives interest for the risk of lending
his wealth to the middleman , Thu
amount of Interest which the capitalist
receives is proportional to the demand
and supply of capital. These are the
laws that govern the distribution of
wealth.
Brown-Most you say may bo true
enough , but how will yoir explain the fact
that the rich are getting richer and the
poor are getting poorer. Hlch corpora
tions and capitalists seek out profitable
investments , while the poor workman
must toit and slave just the samo.
Sm'ih I refute wholly the charge that
the rich aiv pitting richer and the poor
: uv get'lng pjoror. Individual examples
where poor men , by their abilities , have
become wealthy are numberless right In
our own city. But , you will sa\ ' , these
men nro the exceptions to the mass of
tolling workmen , If you will examine
statistics you will sco that the necessary
commodities of life , food and clothing ,
become cheaper , owing to improved ma
chinery , while the rate of wages continu
ally advances. Again , the standard of
living in all grades of society lends up
ward as civilization and material wealth
go forward. The wealth of the Van-
dcrbilts. the Goulds and Asters keeps
pace with the growing wealth of a now
and rich country. To protect their inter
ests in the competition of other corpora
tions , the Goulds and Vaudcrbjlts must
keep on developing and building rail
roads , thus contributing to the growing
wealtfi of the country , as well as adding
to their own resources. Capitalists do
not hoard their wealth. The problem for
the workingman is the advancement of
his homo surroundings. The workman ,
to be healthy and contented , must under
stand hygienic laws What ho eats , what
ho drinks , what are his amusements ,
what kind of a house ho lives in , are
the questions as important to the work
man as the economic question of hours
of labor and wages. Social and economic
problems are closely related.
Browti Is it legitimate for a Vanderbilt -
bilt to control a great system of railroads
from Omaha to Now Yorfc city is that
not a monopoly ?
Smith What objection is there to a
consolidation of railroads into one sys
tem and management when bettor ser
vice is secured ? Since 1871) ) consolidation
into great railroad systems has been the
rule. The result has boon beneficial ,
since quicker and cheaper transportation
has been gained , owing to economy of
mair.igcmcnt under a single control.
Brown Hut are not capitalists respon
sible for hard times ? Do they not with
draw their capital when workinginon are
most in need of work ? Do not capitalists
cause discontent , anarchy and misery of
the laboring classes at certain periods of
business depression , for their own gain ?
Smith Tlio periods which you call
hard times are periods for the cause of
which it Is dillieult to assign a definite
explanation. Wo feel the results and are
prone to assign a local causu as the dis
turbing element in business. To say that
a Gould or a Vanderbilt is directly re
sponsible for business depression is a
statement far from the truth. Business
depressions occur at certain intervals of
about ten or twelve yeara , and extend
over the whole commercial world. In a
period of hard times wo are apt to say
that times are hard because money is
scarce and work is scarce ; or that it is a
IH'riod of over-production , as if such a
thing were possible. Politicians clamor
for a larger issue of greenbacks , as if by
jiving the people moro counters the dilll-
eulty could bo overcome. The blame is
also laid to capitalists , who are accused
of withdrawing investments and of stop
ping the extension of railroads and other
improvements. Wo see the results of
[ jusiness depression and lay the blame on
thorn. What are tlio real facts ? Depres
sion is caused b.v a lack of conliilonce in
tlio commercial world , the in-caking
down pf credit , the rush of everybody to
save himself irom ruin as tlio result from
over-trading and speculation.'e \ \ must
cjo back to times ol prosperity lor the
rcmis of depression. For instance , what
caused the panic of 1873 , which was
world-wide in its influence ? The seeds of
that panic were planted in 1S71-1S , in time
of great commercial and industrial ac
tivity. You would hardly think that the
franco-Prussian war and the French in-
lemnity of OOO.OCO.OOO francs to Prussia
would eventually a fleet the condition of
business of the United States. But , as
events proved , the commercial world was
seriously affected , so closely arc all coun
tries bound to each other in trade. Ger
many , at the close of the war in the
winter ol 1872 , had all her expenses paid
and a large surplus of money seeking in
vestment. Germany made demands on
England for iron , for cotton and for
woolen manufactures , while her own in
dustries were put into activity ; for Ger
many , at the close of the war , repaired
lior military losses , built new lines of
fortifications , extended her railroads ,
paid her losses and war debts , and aided
private enterpriscsi with the money of
the French indemnity. The demand for
English goods improved the English
market , and England made demands on
the United States for raw cotton and
lirendstull's. The European demand re
vived the American agricultural interests
of the west and south. The railroads
became active in transporting the agri
cultural products to tlio eastern sea
board. With the activity of the railroads ,
the iron industry , which had been de
pressed since 1800 , was imbued with now
life , and other industrial interests fol
lowed in the awakening. Money was
cheap in London and was socking invest
ments. The rapid payment of thoFrencli
indemnity to Germany , and the repay
ment of war loans which Germany ne
gotiated in London , put into tlio money
market immense sums. The most attrac
tive form of securities then in the Lon
don market were American railway
bonds , which advanced very rapidly and
found a ready market. The United
States received pay for tlicso railroad
securities in railroad iron principally.
From those causes , namely , activity in
transporting agricultural products from
the west to the east a.ml the easy sale of
railroad bonds , the building of now lines
was pushed through the west. This was
the time when the Northern Pacific was
projected , Business in all branches
assumed n prosperous and buoyant feel
ing. But while there were legitimate de
mands for now railroads , it did not take
many months before railroad building
was pushed beyond the actual demands ,
and very soon not only railroad building ,
but railroad stock investments became
highly bulled and speculative. In Germany
many , in Austria and in England specu
lation turned to that industry in each
country which offered the largest returns
to capital. The crisis came lirst m
Vienna , where speculation was at its
highest ; in a few dtiys a panic occurred
in Berlin ; it spread to London , and In
Doeombpr , 1873 , the shock fell on Now
York , and in two days spread all over
the United States , with thu full of the
banking house of Jay Cooke & Co. , the
projectors of the Northern Pacific.
The panic in Mio United States was
ascribed to Various causes , such as ex
cessive railroad speculation , tlio fluctua
tion of a depreciated paper currency , the
reaction from the abnormal war period.
All of those causes acted moro or loss in
intensifying the panic.
With the fall of the banking houses in
New York , loans were withdrawn , credit
vas annihilated , confidence was shaken ,
all industries and trades wore paralyzed.
Capitalist and laborer alike Jolt the blow.
Revival of business dragged for six
years. It was not until 18711 that business
confidence was once moro restored by the
rolurn to specie payment. Wo refer
to-day to the boom of 1830-81-83 , when
blessed with bountiful harvests and with
extraordinary largo exports of breadstuffs -
stuffs abroad , our iron and other indus
tries and railroad building were onoo
moro pushed forward with vigor.
After 1883 business did not suffer the
sudden revulsion of 1873 , but a gradual
chill settled over industries , which is now
again displaced by renewed confidence
and activity. We can say to-day that wo
are on the upward move of commercial
life and prosperity. Industries all through
the United States are running with full
force. Railroad building again shows its
former rapid progress. In Omaha and
other western cities , real estate for the
past year or two has offered an attractive
form for investment. . You see how
eagerly capital rushes in to gain tlio ad
vantage of the rise in vnluo of land. But
it Is simply a matter of time when from
a healthy demand for real estate , arising
from Increased population and the estab
lishing of new industries , real estate will
Lccomo n species of speculation as dan-
porous as stocks. Then n revulsion will
probably follow , failures in commercial
enterprises , a withdrawal of capital from
investments , and it will bounccrtain , and
hard times will bo the cry. Then will
follow , most probably , a slow recovery ,
then n quickened activity as conlideneois
once more restored , then speculation ,
ami finally crash. The cycle from one
revulsion to another completes its round
in about n do/.i'n years.
I have gone into an explanation of the
rise and decline of business interests in
order to give you n prantleal illustration ,
showing how closely all men , capitalist
and laborer , nro bound up in the creation
of wealth I have endeavored to provo
to you that no one man , or class of men ,
nro directly responsible for revulsions.
In the race for greater gain it is human
nature to strain every nerve , and a panic
conn's when the tension is cai rind too far.
The economic world is forever readjust
ing its forces ; it is never at a standstill.
The objective point aimed at by all im
proved machinery , by improved meth
ods and improved transportation , is the
cheapening of onmmodities bv lessoning
the labor necessary to bring them to the
consumer. To accomplish this , as little
friction ns possible otlghl to exist be
tween tlio capitalist and the laborer.
CHAULKS Si-ANKoui ) Ei.urrnu. :
AFRICA'S RICHEST MAN.
The Worltl'H Orcntt'Ht Slave unit Ivory
Dealer on Ills \ VnytuunJImr. .
The wealthiest man in Central Africa ,
says the New York Sun , is now on his
way to tlio Indian Ocean , in response tea
a letter from the Sultan of Zanzibar , re
questing n visit from him. His name is
Tippu Tib , and ho lives not far from
Nyangwo , tlio great trading point of
mai'V black tribes on the Upper Congo.
Headers of African books of travel have
heard a great deal of Tippu Tib , and as
recent years have greatly increased his
power and wealth we are likely to hear
much of him.
Tippu Tib is only forty-live years old ,
as black as coal , and of negroid blood ,
which means that ho comes of an admix
ture of the coast tribes of east Africa , and
has also ; > very little Arab blood in his
veins. Ho has boon in central Africa for
twenty-five years , and is to-day the great
est slave and iyorv trader In 'tho world.
Ho has outstripped all his competitors
through sheer force of intellect and
strength of character. A3 long ago as
the time when Cameron introduced him
to our notice ho visited Nyangwo and
told the bullying Arab traders there that
if they did not leave certain native allies
of his alone it would be the worse for
them. They los no _ time in pledging
eternal peace with Tippu Tib and all his
friends.
Cameron says Tippu Tib was the great
est dandy ho over saw among the traders
af Africa , and that , although of negro
blood , ho was a thorough Arab in man
ners and ideas. All his white visitors
speak of the elegance ot his Arab attire
and his courtly and alfablo bearing.
Stanley says that at his first meeting with
Tippu Tib ho regarded him as the most
remarkable man ho had mot among tlio
Arabs , Wa Swahili and half-castes of
Africa. Lieutenant Van Golo , of the
Congo state , who met Tippu Tib in Janu
ary last , says he was surprised by the ox-
Lent of his information on European
topios. Ho was familiar with events oc
curring m Europe , and was particularly
interested in the English , Germans and
Belgians. "Tho questions ho asked me , "
says Van Gclo , "showed that he is neither
an ignorant man nor ono of ordinary
inind. " Ho said lie intended some dav to
go to Europe , visit the king ol the Bel
gians , and also spend some time in Con
stantinople.
In Tippu Tib's homesouth ot Nyangwc ,
ameron says that large gangs of slaves
walking about in chains mot 'his eye at
every turn. They were leading easy lives ,
were well fed , and < ho saw no acts of
cruelty there. All had ncnu victims ,
however , of the crying wrongs that are
still decimating the simple savages of
Africa. Iliey had been snrprised in their
peaceful homes by the suddtiu onslaught
of Tippu Tib's ruthless Isoldicr slaves ,
who had burned their huts , -killed their
friends and dragged them oil' into cap
tivity. Tippu Tib is the imo.st noted
representative of those men who are to
day inflicting more suffering1 upon their
fellow creatures than any other human
boinesthe professional slave traders of
Africa. Few of Tippu Tib's slaves overreach
roach the. Indian Ocean. [ They are sold
among the humorous tribes on the way
to the sea. Long caravans , however ,
richly laden with his ivory , are , often dis
patched to the coast.
It v/as Tippu Tib who helped St-mley
start down the Congo from Nyangwo ,
the point where both Livingstone and
Cameron were defeated in tlioir efforts to
follow the river further. For some weeks
Stanlev's little party was augmented by
over 2-0) ) of Tippu Tib's men. Twenty
very dark beauties from the great trader's
harem accompanied him on this lirst trip
down the Congo , whore ho is now in ab
solute control of the river and adjoining
territories for about 300 miles below
Nyangwo. It was his slave-pen near
Stanley Falls , in which 2,500 wretched
captives were found two years ago when
the agents of the International Associa
tion reached that point.
For many miles below these falls Stan
ley was chased by largo lleets of canoes ,
and his party suncrcd severely from the
lances and arrows of the most ferocious
savages whom ho mot on the Congo ,
These natives are among the most peace
able on the Congo now , and one good
reason is that they have no weapons to
fight with. They have all been disarmed
by Tippu Tib for a distance ot about
eighty miles along the river for daring to
attack some of his men , Dr. Lon/ , the
explorer , wrote from Stanley tails in
March hint that between the falls and the
Aruwimi river the natives were incapable
of making any resistance. "Ono can
rarelv find among thorn , " ho writes , "a
limco or any other weapon except small
knives. " Dr. Lena adds that "tho in-
lluenco of the opulent Tippu 1'ib is far
greater all through this region than that
of the free Congo state , "
Tippu Tib has thus far maintained very
nmieabln relations with the whiles. Ho
has invited missionaries to settle near
bun and has promised them protection.
ftcinnrknbte Marino ArilmnlH.
Now York Sun : Somoof the most re
markable stories of marine animals that
anybody ever read are among those that
are telegraphed to the Evening Post oc
casionally from distant parts of the
world. Ono of those not long ago con
cerned a ship which struck upon n rock
off the coast of Patagonia wo think it
was Patagonia and which it must inevi
tably have sunk in half or three-quarters
of a minute had not a lish of extraordi
nary proportions been sucked into the
enormous hole which the rooks had
made , wedging it neatly , and enabling
the ship to make the port of Valparaiso
without dilllculty.
The latest of the Post's stories , printed
last evening , has it that the sea-sorpont
has been in Placentia harbor in three sec
tions just the number of sections that
there wore in the Post's ctlitorial man-
agflmont t one period and that ono of
the sections 1ms peon harpooned and shot ,
and is now dead. The tiiird of the sea-
serpent which has thus boon killed is
"twenty foot long and live feet in diam
eter , " and "in color it is nearly all black ,
with ono largo white stripe on each side.
Its body was covered with a coat of fat
resembling whale fat two and a half
inches thick. The strangest thing about
the creature Is its very largo teeth , which
fit so closely when the jaws are shut that
that scarcely any water penetrates
through them. "
The other two sections got away. Its
seems reasonable to suppose that they
will mourn their loss
The Nebraska Clothing Company finds even their large store not
roomy enough to accommodate their immense stock , and in some lines
the surplus is extraordinarily large , so the qualities mentioned loelow
must be reduced by about Oct. 1st , in order to make room for other
goods constantly arriving. The are as follows : 120 all wool mens' cas-
simere suits , at $6. 125 mens' suits , strictly all worsted , in black and
brown , at $7 ; sold by other dealers for double the money. 250 dozen
mens' all wool scarlet hose , 15c rcer pair. 150 dozen fancy dress shirts ,
including collars and cuffs , 35c each. 100 dozen mens' nice suspenders ,
15cworth double the money. "We call special attention to our all wool
Norfolk childrens' suitsfrom 5 to 12 years , at $2.95. Remembergoods
are at strictly one price , and marked in plain figures , with ,
Oor. Douglas and 14th sts. , Omaha.
OMAHA EXPOSITION ECHOES ,
A Eoview of the Art Department Evi
dences of Cultured Taste.
THE LININGER COLLECTION.
Mrs. Spurr's Pottery Kvlilhlt Sonic
Dewervlnf. ; items That \Vero
'
, Overlooked in the Va
rious KoportH.
[ Written.forthe Oinufni Sunday lice. ]
The center of interest at the exposition
building , during the late fair , was the art
department. The display of valuable
pictures , statuary and article of vertu
would have done creiiit to a much older
place than Omaha , and the management
was the subject of many congratulations
for the enterprise shown in getting to
gether such a varied and meritorious col
lection of all the many quaint and beau
tiful articles that come in the category of
art. Tlio work of the homo artists was
also the theme of much favorable com
ment , and called forth expressions of sur
prise from those who had no idea that
Oiilaha possessed so much talent.and the
fact that so many dainty and valuable
articles , such as delicate china , rare an
tiques and costly embroidery , have found
their way into the local homes , shows
that the love of the beautiful lias not
been neglected , and tlio discrimination
shown in the accumulation of these ob
jects d'art speaks conclusively of cul
tured taste.
THi : UM.VGEU COLLECTION
is ono that Omaha may feel gratified in
having. The paintings anil statuary gave
pleasure to hundreds. One of the favor
ites was the line face of the old porter of
the Pitti Polace , in Florence , painted by
Adolph Uumini. Close by was the Cupid
of Guido Reni , with a market value of
live or six times the other , but which ,
without the name of n celebrated master
and the cracks in the canvas , indicating
antiquity , would bo passed by with a
casual glance , where the face of Dnmiiii's
porter would arrest and fascinate for
hours. A wonderful ull'ect from light and
shadow was the little painting of a pair
of cnpids by Dotlmst , a Dutch artist.
The ligurcs stood out in such bold relief
as to give a perfect illusion of statuary.
Ono of tlio chief attractions v/as the
KXIII11IT OK I'OTTKUY
by Mrs. A. C. Spurr , ofVisnor , a grad
uate of the Cincinnati school ot art pot
tery. Much of hoi worlc was a faithful
representation of Hungarian , and gave
( tvideneo of great skill and patience.
The design is c-irved in the clay and then
fired , afterward trla/.ed and Hrod , then
tinted and fired , and last , gilded mid
lired. Ono beautilul jar was modeled
with a rough olleet and ornamented on
one side with acorns anil on the other
with a trumpet vino. Another rich look
ing vase was a potpourri jar with a
Mikado decoration. Mrs. Spurr also
showed some highly creditable work in
oil , ono elaborate piece being a largo
folding screen of four pieces , represent
ing christening and marriage under the
dircctoiro.
VjUUOUS I'AINTINQS.
The work of L. C. Karlo , a Chicago
artist , evinced power and n confident
swoop of his brush. His pieces were all
very rough , but bfleotivo , perhaps the
cleverest being the ono entitled , "iho
Kml of the Chapter , " representing an old
man absorbed in relleotions Inspired by
the book tlmt lies open on his knee , Mr.
EurJo claims that ho can paint n good
lluouoss of a person in half a day.
Ono of tholinest things in the way of
detail was a portrait by Hoyd of M 1-
wnukoo , who also exhibited a partially
finished portrait of Mr. Liningor.
F. P. Day , a local artist , exhibited some
praiseworthy specimens of llcshos and
other work.
A painting that attracted considerable
notice was the "Coming Home , " by-Mrs.
F. U. Mmnaugh. A little peasant girl is
unlatching the barn door , followed by
her Hock of sheep , which are so natural
that they might safely bo compared with
the living originals. A handsome screen
of lilacs. Hags and roses , was displayed
by Miss Nellie llosowatcr , a pupil of MM.
Mumaugh. . ,
Ono of the handsomest fruit pieces
over exhibited is the bunch of California
grapes bearing the hieroglyphics of H.
Moulton. and loaned by Mrs. 8. T.
Smith. The fruit shows vividly against a
vandyke background , anil scorn almost
to gleam with the rays of the sun where
the light strikes thorn.
Miss Brodt showed a handsome sconce
in repousse , and clover specimens of her
work in water color and oil.
AMONG MANY DKSKKVINC ITEMS
that escaped previous mention was a silk
quilt made by Mrs.- Reese , aged eighty-
eight years , the mother of Mrs. A. L ) .
Jones.
Miss Kugonia KxcoiHcr , of Chicago ,
gave the linest display of hand-mado
laces and embroidery , and an interesting
sight was the cocoons and law silk from
Princeton , III. , b.v Miss K. E. Fay.
' Mi.-s Carrie O'Hricn showed an elab
orate banner of double roses painted on
moleskin , which excited niucli admira
tion.
tion.Mrs.
Mrs. II. A. Cremer had a web-liko
handkerchief of point lace among the
line nei'ille worlc , and another marvel of
paflonco was the piece of embroidery re
sembling etching , marked 80 , the work
of Miss Antoinette Lilllcoryn , a Russian
lady.Mrs.
Mrs. M. M. Wells displayed a beautiful
cra/.y quilt , handsome in its combination
of colors and finish.
Miss E. E. Pouplcton had on exhibition
a richly decorated silk quilt , in the inter
est of the Child's hospital.
Mrs. II. A. Smith did all that can bo
accomplished with lustre in the peacock
screen exhibited.
Tlio china belonging to Miss Mcllona
Rutterlield , of Hastings , was tlio subject
of universal praise. A 5 o'clock tea set
looked as if a shower of t'orget-me-iiots
had dropped down on it.
Among the noteworthy placques was
ono of china jd no by a London artist and
loaned by Mrs. .Bishop Clarkson.
Mrs. General Crook contributed many
valuable articles , two bluo-scave vases
from the Paris exposition of 1808. and a
porcelain placquo by Gaupro Gayoati , the
only ono celebrated in America.
Mrs. Dr. Dcniso exhibited a vase oj
Guadaylahara ware , which arrested the
attention of every ono for its beauty and
rarity. It was of glass , decorate J with
begonia leaves and blossqins , with a
raised beady ell'ect , 'which" had boon
blown in by some curious and unknown
process.
Among many luxurious articles was no
ticed an eider-down laprobe from Russia ,
tlio property of Mrs. F. A. Ilaller , who
also contributed , among other things , a
Turkish Zouavo jacket and slippers of
black satin , embroidered with gold.
Mrs. Colpctzor showed some HnoJnp-
anoso work and embroidery.
The antiques exhibited were numerous
and interesting. Mrs. General Hawkins
loaned some spodo cliiua 1J50 years old ;
Mrs.Lyman Richardsonan Indian hatchet
found on Farnam street in 1874 , and a
banjo of rattlesnake skin and mahogany.
Mrs. Masters owns a largo and valua
ble collection of antique's. A camel's-
hair shawl , once the property of the last
king of Delhi , is valued at ifl.OOO ; a
Trinchinopolo locket is $100 ; sandal-wood
objects and a Moradabol workbox Jitty-
six years old were quaint , also a Delhi
nnclxlaeo and a portrait of an ancient
kin" of Syracuse. A black Maltose Lyons
lace shawl was an object of interest to
the ladies.
Several of the younger generation deserve -
servo mention for their courage in com
peting among so many grown people.
Mws Nannie JJriggs , a girl under tan
year ? , has taken all the lirst pri/cs for the
largest and best display of sowing for
her ago. Last year she was equally KUC-
cossful , carrying oil'iho honors at Lin
coln as well.
Edith Grenoll , daughter of thn lion. 1 ; .
N. Grenoll , took the lir t pri/.o for a
handsome skirt , and Miss May llur con-
tributeil a handsome tea doyloy.
I Vic Rosowalor got a premium of ? 0 on
'
'i'ho 'largest exhibitors of line china
were Mrs. P. E , Her , Mrs. U. Gallagher ,
Mrs. Colpot/or. Mrs. Fred Davis , Mrs.
W. II. Alexander. Mrs. General urook
and Miss IJuttorliold.
Mrs. J. S. Uriggs and hnr assistant ,
Miss Grace M. Pratt , were most valuable
aids to the success of tha fair , and con
tributed much to the general satisfaction
by their ollbrts to maku things go oil
. Tlio fact that Omaha contains so much
that is artistic , curious , antique and val
tmblo. would never Jiavo boon demon
strated and scarcely credited had it not I
I boon that the occasion stimulated people
to bring out tlioir treasures collected in
foreign travel or acquired by lineal de
scent ! to contribute toward a display that
speaks moro for the city than oven its
rapid growth or boom In real estate , and
attest * that in the scramble to amass
' monov and the rongh-and-tumblp race for
precedence the liner instincts have not
been smothered , and that art has as cer
tain and sturdy growth on the Nebraska
prairie lands as in the cultivated gardens
! of the cast. The name of iho local artists
I is legion , and their work Is beyond am-
I atcurlshness. It is to bo hoped that
1 modesty will not dotcr many who failed
to contribute this year from adding to
the exhibit of next your , and thus obtain
fresh laurels for Omaha as an art centre.
J M > VNIK HATH.
MUSICAL EVENTS IN ENGLAND
Promenade Concerts at Convent Garden A
Surfeit of Light Opera.
PATTI IDOLIZED IN WALES.
Jlcr Grand Charity Concert She in
Presented with a magnificent
Portrait of-IIc'rseH1.
LONDON , September 0. [ Correspond
ence of the HKK ] Witli the return of , . "
autumn comes a treat for lovers of music
at popular prices in the revival of the "X * '
promenade concerts at Covcnt Garden ,
under the management of Freeman
Thomas , and with Gwyllyam Crowe as
director. An audience of 5,000 , enthusi
astic music maniacs made a constantly . ( " " w
moving mass in the arena , and the ever * \
circulating drinks from the liberally
patronized bars added to the general ' *
good humor and nxhilaration. , - , ,
The concert opened with tho'"Nationa ' ?
Anthem , " given with grand effect. The a
orchestra of 150 pieces , under Carrodus * $ }
included several eminent soloists , and the j |
band of the Coldstrcam Guards , in gor 38
geous uniforms , rendered yeoman scr- $
vice. / ,
The hit of the evening ( "was Gwyllyam . $
Crowe's now vocal waltz , r
"LITTLE SAILOKS , " * * .
sung by Stcadman's choir of boys and K
girls in sailor costume. The music is 4
much in the strain of the same com- , " .
poser's popular "See-Saw. " It met with ,
arousing reception , the cntird'aiu'lionce ' J' '
joining in the chorus. The Indies' In the
boxes and stalls were presented with a 4
copy of "Little Sailors. " Ella Ilussoll , . *
the American prima donna , is engaged , ]
for live of the series , and won't she "pull > " ?
'cm in ? " k
The indications point to a surfeit of
LIGHT Ol'KltA
this season , and many now productions
will bo heard. The Comiquo will open
with "Josephine. " A newly christened ; <
comic opera infant. "Tho I1 airy Ring" .
is under way at the Grand , with Susotlo
J'cnn as the leading soprano. Sinclair
Dunn , the "Scottish Sims Reeves , " is tlio
principal tenor , Mr. Snazolli ) , C'arj Rosa a
pugilistic baritone , is engaged for "La
licrnaisc , " the now opera at the Prince's.
I'ATTI 13 IJKINO ll > OU/.ii : >
in Wales , not only for her matchless
voice , but her persona ! fascinations and
kindly heart. She has won the hearts of
the Welsh people by appearing in iiherios
of morning concerts for thoboiiolitof the
Swansea hospital , which she aided ma
terially , the usual crowded houses buing
the rule , although the admission ranged
from ( is to 1. Patti was mot at hnr hiilon
carnage bv the mayor and other loading
citizens , Who ollleially welcomed her to
Swansea and paid tribute to her philan
thropy , After being almost Inundated
with llownrs , the diva was escorted
through the streets under a canopy of
Hugs , amid tlio ringing of church bells
and the cheers of the I'litiro populace ,
who turned out on mass lo greet her , for ,
I\H \ the \Volsh \ people said , "Sho sings for
nothing , look you , " and "Sho was ,
neighbor , now , look you. "
TUB CO.VCKIIT
commenced about half-past two. The
prima donna was lovelier than ever In a
gown of Iho peculiar green shade known
as onu ile nil. draped with gli tiiin ) | not
of the same lino. Diamonds blazed Irani
bosom , arms and ears , around hnr neuk
gleamed a pearl necklace , and on her
corsage was the Russian order of mow ,
which Patti , among all women in tlio
world , is the only emi privileged to wear ,
and u decoration of King Kaluknu.
Moing recalled after Hokviru echo SOUK ,
. , ho sang "Coinin1 Thro' iho Ryo" with
Biiuh distracting coquetry Unit ono of the
dignitaries of the Welsh Calvinlbtio Meth
odists was surprised out of his iiminl
decorum and sateonvulscd with laughter ,
which ho vainly tried to concoiu by keepIng -
Ing his hand over ono wyo , while with the
other he watched the diva singing , "H a
body kiss a body , need a body ory , "
Patti and IJurns overcame austere Puri
tanism , and the son of Shon Gorph
molted into geniality. PaUl sang seven
songs , ending with "Homo , Sweet Homo. "
She was assisteil gratuitously byamim- >
bor of artists who were her guests at
at Craijr-v-Xos , including Uonetti , Tito
Mattlo , U'ilholin ' ( Janz. iho great harpist ,
John Thomas and Nicolinl. After the
concert the hospital committee iirericiited
I'atli with a ? ) ,5)0 , ( ) portrait ol herself ,
painted bv Sant , and exhibited at the ' (
Royal Acsulemy.