THE OMAHA DAILY BEE.
FOURTEENTH YEAR. OMAHA , NEB. , FRIDAY MORNING , JANUARY HO , 1885. NO , 192
ALLIED FARMERS.
Delallfid Proceedings of tbc Annnal
Meeting at LiccolD ,
The Attendance Small Bat Interest
I
est Intense ,
Exposition of the Tariff by Eon ,
J , Sterling Morton.
Addresses by Prof. Bussey and
President Burrow.
Oapt. Stiokol Denounces the Or
\ ganization of the
Oilier Lively EpocolicB Tlio Hcgnn
Bill nnel Senator Vnn AVyclc's
( Course Kriilorncel.
MEKTINO.
Spociil Corrrespondooco of TUB BEK.
LINCOLN , January 2'J. The Nebraska State
Farmers' alliance which concluded iti labors
last evening after a twj days'eeisinn was very
poorly attended. Only a dozen counties wu o
represented , and those cblolly located In the
immediate neighborhood. Tills lack of atten
dance was in many respects gigniflcent. It Is
by no moans'to ho taken as proof that the alli
ance has gene to pieces. The twenty-nine
thousand votes which were polled two months
ago for J. Sterling Morton , the fusion candi
date for governor , In excess of the vote polled
two years igo for Morton , shows there is con-
hiuVrablo vitality In the organization. It Is
rather a proof of hard times , anil
A LACK 01 ? CONFDENCE.
in the preicat legislature. The farmers who
constitute the alliance fool tno hard times this
winter more than any other class. They can
not alford to pay railroad fares and hotel bills
for n trip to Lincoln merely to air their
grievances when tboy know that their prayers
nnd remonstrances call upon deaf rare. And
the cauto of the marked absence of the rank
and file Is doubtless clue to the want of energy
nnd ability displayed by Mr. 1' . U. Koynnlds
who has been for two years president of the
alliance. Mr. Koynofds is an honest and
well meaning man but he baa cei qualification
forsurh a responsible position , which requires
an active , wide-awake organizer. The even
ing session of Wednesday was monopolized
by long-ninded essays which had no bearing
whatever on the issues with which the alii
auco Is trying to grapple. J. Sterling Mor
ton d livered himself of a carefully prepaiet :
address which ho read from printed slips. It
was in thu main a clear and iorciblo argument
IN I'AVOB OF FBKB TRADE
Iv devoted chiefly to a contradiction of Sam
llaudall's speech in the south. Thn following
aiu tbo principal points made by Morton :
A tariff laid upon Imports for the purpose
of railing a revenue is n tax. If such a tax ,
by a tar i If , bo juttly levied and collected , and
results only in the revenue renutrcd for an
economical administration of the government.
I can toe no objection to it , because nil taxei
must be taken tiom thu exchanges of the people
ple , or thu property of the people ; and it mat
ters not whither upon exchange ) from other
countries , commodities from other nations ,
or from internal exchansoi and he me pro
duct ! if they only bo equal and ju-t. A
tarilf for revenue ntfor 'B ' very little prcttctinrij
and u tariff for proUct'em affords very ittlu
revenue. Where the inc'dent of protection
begins the Incident of ravtnno diminishes. If
a litt'e ' protection Imperfect protoct'on ' bo a
good tlnnx for all the 51,000,030 Americans ,
then much protection perfect protection
will be a better thing for all these millions of
human beings. The tariff for raising revenue
by collecting duties on Imports ovf rybndy ad-
mils to bo n tax. Therefore n tarltf for pro
tection which kops out imports and thereby
enhances the prices of tbojo home products
which are thus given a monopoly of thoAmer-
ican markets , must ba and is , a far greater
tax , and all the more unjmt.
IT is UNJUST.
because it makes an artificial price for the
thing * we have to buy by shutting o't compe
tition from abroad , and bec.iu.ie while it thus
takes all the people it brings little , if any
revenue ( o the national treasury. It compels
us by law to contribute of our earnings not
nolely to the support of the goveinmnnt , butte
to the direct malnti nance of a favored chss
cf citizens engaged in certain manufactures
which ai tbus In ( tatuto spawned monopo
lies. The distinction between tariff for rev
enue ) and a tarilf for protection Is plain. A
tariff for revenue takes money from all of us i
uud place ! it where it belongs in the treasury
of tlio people. A tariff for protection takes
money fierni ill of 114 , and gives it to a few ol
ii > . and ic is ngaicst this miiiue of the sov
ereignty in taxing the whole for the beneUt
nnd enriclunout of thu few that wo protest.
It is
CLASS LVQISI.ATION.
It IH an avoldanco of tbo constitution ! )
imitation of the taxing power. Ic is not fo
thu payment of the public debt. It is not fo
the common defense. It I'M nut to proinot
the general welfare of thu United States. I
pra\ents revrnun with which to p y th
publio debf. It weakens the means of cum
inon defence. It is antagonistic- the genera'
welfare of the United Stiles. Anythinj
which urtificiiiliy enhances the price of th ]
necessary nit Idea in common use in thn home
of tha multitude though it may make mil |
llonairea of n few men U pgtiust the genera
welfare ) rf the United Stiles. Tha groate-s
good to the greatett number uin never bo secured
cured to a people whose government levio
the trreatrst taxes on the proa tot t number fo
tho.bcnefit cf the smallest iiumbar. The oil
maxim Is thus reversed , and the great elFor
if , by the ) protective tyitom , to give th
greatest good by un unrighteous uaa of th
povvorto tax to thu minimum monopolies
and ut the expense of the maximum public
Morton denied that
KI\EC \ TIIADK WAS Of BRITISH OUKIIN' ,
though ho contended that if that wera true I
would be no objection to It. lie enioted a
length from the report of Kob' . J. Walker
n-crotary eij U i troisury , made leo. 3 , lm >
prior to the adoption ot free tnula by Kiiq
I nd , after which were considered furthe
objections to protection ,
I , It Is not the business nf government t
attempt the redistribution of thn rewaids a
Industry. It is not the duty rf Uw-rcakeis I
congre a or in Hthtes to too that any clots c
ineu are making money. When an induitr
is depeetsed in the vicissitude * of affairs it i
not legitimate fur thotu engaged in it to at
cougreni to tax their neighbors for their n
lief , Congress cannot be nude justly to ren
force contribution , from all the people t
maintain a few of them in any branch c
lm'ina-s.
II 1'rotectinn ia a struggle of gelhsrtnetu
"Ka h Interest"te > quota trora I'/of. 1'errj
of WllliniuH1 college ( win is acknowledged i
the vi tor an head of political economise I
Amerlci ) , i'endeavors to get itself protecto
that the teat UiaU not bo protected.
tHK UOOL NUIN
for example , are anxioui for high duties o
foreign woolens , but are much lesi anxioi
for huh duties nn foreign woolt. Tlie'ww
growen , howiver , do nut see why they are n <
to mmuch entitled to protecticn , tint la to '
lo rob tha public , ai the woolen , manufactu
era. It woull be difficult/er anybody to be
why they ate not entitled tp it. Which the
* h ll get the better cf tha waya and mean
It le a qnestion of lobbie * . or direct bribery
III. ProUc'lon U WMteful wav to real
Jhe end propped by | t. Jt iaii claimed
jJ8n iJful to encourage weak tranche *
famines * , Let uuupporB for th argumeol
* Or S
sake , what wnuld be folly In realitv to concede -
cede , that It in desirable lor the publicl * en-
c'Urage ft presently unprofitable business.
How can it most cheaply and certainly do
thi ? C.'cirly by odetlng a direct bounty on
all th.t Is pioduced , thus letting the public
know what It gets for what It gives.
Moiton was followed by Prof. Buisoy In a
long cs , y on the "grasses" of Nebraska.
WEDNESDAY'S SESSION
was dovolod to business aad the discuuion of
needed railway legislation.
The greater part nt the cession was taken
up In the discussion of methods of woik nnd
more thorough organization , after which thu
body prrcee-ded to the election of cflicer ? ,
with the following result :
OFKICKRS.
President , J. Burrow * , Melteir.
VIce-1'rofldcnts-Flrrt district , Allen Rcoi
of Don lan ceunty ; Second district , L. D.
Wlllard of Thayer county ; Third dl tiict , A.
A. Stcadwcll of Buffalo county.
Secretary , L. Darling of Junlaln.
Thi following committee was appointed to
confer on railruad anel tax legislation , and tei
appear be-lore the railroad ceimmlttotj of the
legislature : Root , Butrows , 1'oy.nter , Han-
tun and Darling.
After a debate of C parV railroad bill by
Bruit , Burrows , 1'oynter , Capt. Stickel nmt
others the nnw president , Mr. Burrows , read
a paper on the
DISCRIMINATION IN RAILROAD KRKtelHT.
The firitt division of the subject aS4tro tf el
by Mr. Burrows , was discrimination in rail-
ro d freights as related to free guvtrnraent.
Heproccedtd torhnw the power which was
placed in the bands of the rnllio d c mpanies
bv the ability to giyo onn dealer ever so
slight nn advantage over an n'her in shipping.
The gains thty make by this ho enumerated
as follows :
1. Influential friends for the roads.
2 A metns of perpetuating their political
power.
8. A method of making re-prisils.
They are enabled by these moans to hold
almost absolute control of thu business ot the
country , and thus hold a preponderating
advantage in political contnsts.
The second division of the subject was tha
difference made in the rates for long and short
hauls The speaker stated that the rates on
this side ol thu Mitsouri river were seven
times higher than on the other side.
Mr , Burrows gave
THE llKSfLT 01' TUB PRESENT SVSTSil
of high local rates and low rates for long
hauls ;
1. The building up of grea1 centers of pop
ulation at the expense of the country gen
erally.
2. The prevonslon of the divert ideation of
industries.
3. The building up of an ariVccracy of
wealth.
Manufacturing and consumption inqht to
go on side by side. Even when the raw ma
terial is produced at a distance it can be ship
ped into thu vicinity of the consumer more
cheaply than tbu manufactured products.
This can be done under a system of low local
rates. High local rate ) force business into
unnatural channels The products of the toil
go now to the retail buyer , then tu the jobber ,
then to the wholesaler , then to the tnanufac-
tmer , then back again through the hands of
wholesaler , jobber and retailer until it gets
back to the point where it started , with from
200 to 2,000 percent added to the cost. Under
this system
GREAT CITIES ARE BUILT Dl1 ,
which are a standing menace to our free in
stitutions. Operatives are crowded together
in cities wh ° ra It is impossible f-rthemto
breathe healthy air , and whqro the cost of
property is such as to make _ it impossible for
them to secure homes < f their own.
If all this wera changed If low local rites
wore lusUtnUdTand manufactured articles
could be cheaply. ' eJjstrUmted , there would be
moro manu'acturer/'moro labor , moro activi
ty , more population , more business for the
roads , more culture and bapplccss.
At thu clpse of" hla'nddreas a gentle-
rr-an in t ho ? " audience gaveTan Instance
illustrating thu short and long haul
discrimination. He has sent a car from
Hartford , Conn. , to UnadllU , Neb. From
Hartford to Lincoln , 1,001 milo' , the charge
was $200 , and from Lincoln to Unadillaabout
twenty-five miles , was § 20.
Allan Root then spoke on why
RAILItOADS SHOULD BE CONTROLLED
by law. The points ho made were as follows
_ 1. The railroads pet their charters and
right of way freim the legislatures and the
body that brought them into existence should
have the right of controlling them.
2 , Fooling should bo prohibited by law , be
- cause the railroads have been aided by binds
and otherwise with the expectation that there
woull be free competition between them ,
3. Rebates should be prohibited , bf cautc
the system is simply a process oF takinc
mineyout of the pocket of the less favored
individual to put it into that of the ono tc
, whom the rebate goes.
The speaker believed that the railroads
could cut down their rates one-batf and still
make a good profit. If they would do this
the farmers would have moro capital which
they would put into their fauns. Thej
would raise more anel there would be more
to transport. By ne > t oing this they were
standing in tbclr own light ,
, H. 11. Wood _ of Greenwood , fallowed Mr
Root in a brief ( pencil in which ho urged thi
necessity of
A rOLITIOAL AWAKKNINe !
Among the farmers. Theyemght to find on
. how many Church Howes were coming to th
senate. Church Howe controlled the senat
as easy as ony of them controlled their fain
ilies. He was the worst CUKJ in the senate.
alor Mr. Poyntcr gwo an illustaation of dli
or crimination that occurred in his county. Sev
ta eral merchant * resolved to go up on thu mar
It ket and buy grain , believing that they couli
10 do better for the farmers thnn the elevate
10n men were dtlng and at the pamo time aelvei
nil tire themselves. The elevator men tried t
run them out by putting up the price , bu
g failed , Then they"got the 'railroad "to refusi
f.s to furnlth caiti for loading except at tbaeleva
| . tor. The merchants then proposed to buili
nl an eleva'or. The compasy refused to giv
8t them track room for their elevator , refused t
. build a tide track to an elevator which the
OS proposed to build on their own ground , ani
or refused finally to let them have cars if the
would build an elevator on their own grouni
and build their own eidt-tracks They hate
to drop the ) project anil the farmers did no
get the rejult of ilia competition.
CAI'T. STICKEL.
in a very stirring speech reviewed the cours
pursued by tno dominant patty in organizln
the legislature. The election of Chu'rc
Howe as president of the senate and Alle
Field smaker of the house was In defiance c
the popular will and an unconditional surrot
der to the monoj > olist-i and jubhers.
A letter from Hon. R S. Male > Doyof Hurr
bolcltv'ivno had been invited to be present , be
could not come , was read.
° RKbOLUTIONH.
of
inof The following leso'utions , presented by Mi
of Burrows , were adopted :
Kesolved , That the pafage of the Ruga
bill through the United States house of rep
ik resentatives on the ) 8 h of January , 188T > , by
re- vote of more than two to one , was a sign :
nto triumph of the people over railroad rnonopt
to lies , that gives an earneit of better da ]
of coming.
ofH. Itoolved , Hist if mid lieigan bill shou !
H. defeated by railrotd attorneys and monie
y , inoneipoli-its nf the United 8ttte nt-nit ? , au
as thus the of inter-atal
in postpone regulation our -
eel commerce , for which th ] > eople o the Unite
States have been 10 long etui nnxioiul
waiting , an Indignant pttoplo will know whei
to place the responilbllitj.
on Resolved , That this ttata alliance heartil
and unreservedly approves the couriu of Hoi
C. II. Van Wyclc , senior senator from Ni
lot braika , anel regards him as an able and foai
lens chumpion of the rights of tha people.
rea Re olvtd , That the creation of a commi '
ea alon by law for the regulation of railraadi I
on Nebraska , if not in violation of the conatlti
. tion of our state , would not remedy thu evl
r-r complained of by our citizens.
to
of I Before buying your lumber eliewher
it'll call on Geo.A. Hoagland.
LEGISLATIVE GRIST.
An Abstract of ite CrapM Wsta ol
Nibraskas'SflloBS. '
Considerable Ohaff With but Pew
Grains of Sense ,
The First Installment of the
. Legislative Proceedings ,
_ _ _ *
Evolved at Lincoln Daring the
Present Session ,
Mora Will Follow as Soon as this
is Digested ,
So Tlmt | the Count i y May ! Know
Tliat Otir Lx'KlslntUf ) Is
Not Idle.
LEGISLATIVE GIUST.
Spacial Corrcipondence to the BEK.
LINCOLN , January 29. The delay in the
printing of bills which was the principal fur
the present adjournment of the legislature
has prevented anything like a searching
inquiry into the contents of the vast number
of bills that have been introduced and rcfetred
to committees , I have taken pains to dijest
the contents of about 150 bills that have been
,
referred to the two houses by the public
piinter and are now able to present a classified
abstract of proposed legislation.
TAXES AND REVFNOB.
There are about twenty-five bills pending in
both houses repealing or amending the present
revenue snd tax laws of these Church Howes
senate No. 1 and 21 repealing tbo present tax
laws so far as they make taxes delinquent
January 1st and Impose a penalty of C per
ceut Is duplicated by halt a dozen other bills
In both houses. Of these snate file No. 15 is
a slight variation , and 44 Miekeljohn'a bill is
identical with No. 1.
House , No. 3 Introduced by Olmstoad ,
makes tbo tax on personal property dolinquen
January 1st each year with 6 per cent pen
ally ; on real esUto , except in cities of thr
Brst class , dellneiuent May 1st with 10 pe
cent interest
House , No. 16 By Cox , Jnakes all taxe
excepting in cities of the first-class dellrquen
January 1st each year , while unpaid taxe
are to draw 10 per cent interest per annum.
House , No. 29 By Martin is
similar to No. 10. so also
the same is true of house , No. 35 by Carr.
House , No. 40 by Buffinpton makes all taxes
delinquent on the first of filav , all unpaid to
etraw 10 per cmt. interest. House No. 63 by
Aiken and No. 04 by Taagait are identical
with No. 40. , .
House , No. HO by Smith , regulates notices
of sale by lanel for delinquent taxes.
House , No. CO by Kouny , regulates the
duties of collectors taxes in countlej under
township organization.
Howe , No. 70 by Kouny , makes pnnonal
tax03 delinquent May 1stVtnd contains iro-
vltiuiis for collection of delinquent taxes.
.House , No. 71 by Newcomer , , extends the
time for payment of taxes for 1881 to May
1st , 1883 , and remits the penalty.
House , 78 , Ore ok , provides ter.nssetsment
of railroad" " and telegraph property by
counties. ,
House , No. f9 , Emerson , regulates the
assessment of taxaUo property at one-third
of its cash value.
House , 00 , by Cole , makes taxes , excepting
city taxes in cities of the first class , delin
quent January 1st , penalty D per cent. , inter-
But 7 per cent.
: House , No. 105 , King , limits taxation for
county purposes to one and one-third per
cent..unless authorized by a vote of the
people.
House , 114 , Neligh , is similar to 105.
House , 12i , prescribes the duties of asses-
so s and provides for the taking of state
census.
House , 151 , Bailer , regulating procedure of
county beards rf equaliz tion.
House , 15 Johnson , R gulates the sale of
real estate for delinquent taxe ? . House , 111
Kalley , Makes one-half of annual t xcs delin
quent Jan. 1 : remainder May 1. House , 14
Holt , Authorizes a general tax levy by towns
and cities , to provide for watsr mpply.
CODNIY GOVERNMENT.
Senate , 2-Howe , Requiring claims against
coiintus to be audited ,
Senate , 8 McAllist.T , a rimilarbill.
Senate , 10 Sewers , Provides for payment
of fee to county olficers and to tecuro pay
ment therefor.
Senate , 17 Hastings , Provides for olnstlem
of registrar of deeds in each county having
over 1C 000 inhabitants , pay of registrar to bo
the fees prescribed by ( he bl 1.
< Senate , 19 Day , To provide for depositing
county funds by county treasuier. This bill
rrquires a treasurer to advertise for bids from
banks , the best bidder to bo designated county
depository.
Senate , J8Dol.in , Provides for establish
, ment of public roacin ,
Senate 30-Hacbal , Repeal of townshlr.
organization.
Sern'e , 35 Howell , Similar to Senate 2-8
Howe 2 Scovill. Regulating payment ol
claims by counties and prescribing mode ol
appeal by claimant.
House , 101-Robertson , Duties o overeeen
of roads and collection of nnd tax ,
Howe , 1010-Nettleton , Similar to 104.
House , 131 Lee of Merrick , Prohibit ob
: standing of roads and highways.
House132 Osgood , Ueiiniug boundaries o
, Logan county.
House , 131 Henry , Method of voting foi
road supervisorj.
Home , 7 Rice , Fixing componsatlon o
officers of villages ns follows : clerk , treasure
and attorney $150 each annua ly ; martin
$100 ,
House , 12 Conger , Regulatingallowanceo
claims by c unities and method of appeal.
House , 15 Cox , Permitting tax payers t
appeal from allowance of claims by c , unties
House , 18 King , Regulating uxpenditun
of road tax.
House 30 Holsworth , Regulating establish
at meut and vacation of roads.
House , 120 Poyntcr , Method of dntormin
ing permanent location of county seats.
House. 143 Kmerton , Directing publica
Cr. tion serm-annually of statement of business o
county treasurers.
an House , 120 - Johnston , Method of defininj
town boundaries and dutiei of town officer * .
-
Pa House , 38 White , Providing penalty of no
lal less than $95 nor more than $100 for failure o
countv treasurers to publish report cf llnancia
condition of count v.
IIous9,39 White , Providing for lee tlon o
county seats , where location of same has nave
tld been submitted to electors.
edmi House , 45 Johnston , Fixing fees nf count'
mi
treasurers as follow * ; under $3000. ten pe
ito cent ; S3000 to 85000 , four per cent ; all obov
BU this sum , two per cent ; sale of land * for delln
ily quent tar , five per cent ; mileage ten cents peat
House , CO Cornelius. Regulating ullowanc
ily of claims against counties.
in. House , 1U2 Thomas , of Cas , Authorizin
counties to pay bounties for killing wolvei
tr- wildcat * and coyotes , and draw on nut
trcasury Ureame.
* IIAILBOADJ AND OOUI'ORATIONB.
tu Senate , No. It Spencer , Legalizing imr
lU mons upon certain ollicen and corpor tie
employes ,
benate , 12 Spencer , Requiring rtJlroftc
incorporated or chartered In other sUtei I
re. incorporate In Nebraska bofora it can acquli
real eilatu by parchaio or lease.
Senate , 14 Snell , Regulating passenger
rates and charves for baggage ,
Senate , 29-Gcohntr , Prohibiting liiglur
charge on freight between points in Nebraska
and Chicago than is charged from points east
of Missouri liver.
Hou c , 49-Bnmner , Creating Innrd of
rillroad and warehouse commissioners , con
sisting of pecroUry of itaV , auditor and
treasurer. This bill ii a copv ot Illinois'
warehouse anil railroad commissioner law.
House , 0 Henry , Fixing passenger fares
on railroads at three cent ) per mile ; $5.0 pen *
alty for violation.
House , 8 Hailoy , Fixing passenger rates on
raihoids at three cents a mile ; alto providing
that inUroidi ihall furnish accommodations
for passengers on freight trains , Penalty for
xiolation $200 , to go to school fund.
House9 Casper , Kstablithitg uiifonn
freipht and pweneer rates nn rntlrna-is ; pro
hibiting ditcrimlnatlon and fixing freight rates
at ? 3.bO per car load liret twenty-nvo inilof ,
$2 50 for each additienal twenty-fivn miles.
Rttes ou hcrses , mules or asses , $7,50. Wny
freight in less than car Kti , five cents per 10J
pounds for each twenty-live miles , Passnn-
Rer rates , thrco cents per tnlln Pepnlty fe.r
onrh violation not Ion than $200 , \wi.h lm-
ririsonment.
House , -Harian , Fixing paufnitr rites
at three cants per mile. Penalty , not loss
than $200 and imprisonment. S
House , 23 Ktnerson , pioviding-'that rail
road corporations shall make annual reports
of business to the auditor of public accounts.
Detailed schedules are included in the bill.
House , 118 Casper , concerning liability of
railroad crmpanloit for personal injtirics.
House , 116 Kehop , regulating style nnd
construction of cars tor transportation of llvo
K * > ck , providing double deck car * forhoga anel
sheep.
noine , 231 Railroad committee , fixing
pamnger fyrca at three cents per mile ; ten
cents additional when fare is paid on cars ;
hrugago 150 pounds ; penalty not less than
$23.
$23.House
House , 51 Brunner to prove nt extortion
and unjust discrimination by railroads In pas
senger and troifcht toll. Ibis is a very ex
haustive railioad regulation LIH with complete
schedule of maximum rates for freight am
passenger traffic.
FOREIGN NEWS.
BRADLAUall'S NOVEL MEASURE ,
LONDON , January 29. At tlio conference o
roorescntattvesof British Industries , upon th
subject of wages , Charles Brndlaugh pro
posed a novel measure of relief for existing
commetcial and wage depression. Ho advo
cated compnlpory cultivation under the pau-
alty of forfeiture of all tillable lands at proa
ent uncultivated ,
AFTER BLOCKADE RDNNEB8.
PARIS , January 29. The government has
ordered Admiral Courbetto vigoroutly enforce
the rieht of search against evtry Vessel flying
a neutral flig , and attempting to run the
blockade of 1 ormota , All powers are noti
fied.
' IIR JOHN HEIGHT'S REMAHKS.
BIRMINGHAM , January 29. John Bright
addressed a crowded mooting this evening ,
He said tint the question of the reestablishment -
ment of the English State church would not
be an opportune ona in the pre < ent century ,
and asserted that the next parliament would
probably grant free trade in the land.
The Goal vvnr
Special Telegram to Tun BKB.
Nnv Yoim , January 29. The Pennsyl
vania railroad has notified its customers to
make no contracts for coal with the coal com
bination , as the company propoto to supply
coal at a lower price than the combination
con possibly make. There is go od authority
for the statement that secret reductions in
tbo prices of broken and egg efzes.have been
nnde. They alto announced lbt % the Lohigh
Valley railroad company hai'f-jroduced'
tolls on pea and buckwheat coal twenty cents
between Mauch Chunk and Philadelphia.
The coal war has , thoieforo , acjually begun ,
although the fight is nt-t yet warm ,
I'BESinENT KLEOT CLEVELAND
will ccme to Now York next Monday and re
main until the following Saturday. After
his return to Albany he will ilmt himself up
In his Wlllet el Mot residence , and receive no
callers. Ho will devote his whola fine to pre
paring bis inaugural address and the farming
of his cabinet. It i said that tha visit of ex-
Governor Glick of Kansas , and Jas. K , Boyd
of Nebraska , to the president-elect was in
the interest of Dr. Miller of Omaha , a mem
ber of the national committee , for postmaster
general. It is also hinted that Chairman
William H. Bnrnuin would like to PCO Senator
McDonald of Indiana in the cabinet ,
London Bankers on American Secari-
tlOR.
Special telegram to the BEE ,
NEW YORK , January 29. A cablegram to
theTelFgrain to-day gives Interviews with
loading London bankers on American Invest
ments. Baring Bros , said : "Thereis no
doubt that all the restoration of confidence
must originate on tno American aide. "
J. S. Morgan & Co. agreed that a revival
in Investments in American securities must
originate in America , whtn it would be
promptly taken up here. "We see trade look
ing better and people are beginning to make
money again , who in six months will have
money tu invent. Improvements in trade
mu t forerun the samu in securities. The
first advice wo would ftivo Americans is to
arouse a stimulus and to cense coining silver. '
Alfred Do Rothschild said : "Improvement
can only come from America , oil changes in
, Kurope must originate in Now York , 1
don't suggest any remedy because the pres
ent bad market is more ) owing to bad trade
which time nlono can cure. Poor manage
ment in some cases has produced the bael
effect universally seen hero oa American in
vestments. "
Opening of Iowa's New Capitol.
DBS MOINIS , January 29. The forma
opening of the executive ) chambers of the nev
capital occurred this evening- , and was thi
occaiion of a reception by Qov. Eherman , as
! slated by ox-Governors Merrill and Stpnc
Thu wpltol was brilliantly lighted , and.fron
dome to basement it was thronged with
thousand visitors till a Jato hour. The nev
0 <
executive offices , four in number , are elegant
ly finished , and furnished in a beautiful ant
costly manner. In point of elegance , beautj
and convenlerce they are said to be unsur
passed in the United States. ,
A state convention of jobbers and maim
fecturers was held in this city to-day and i
state organization perfected for the purposei
* of mutual protection and advantage , A. B
George , of Cedar llapliti , presided over the
morning session and James Watt , of Dei
Moin , wus elected permanent president
ot RedolutloKB were adopted denouncing thi
otot present unjust discriminations
ot in freigh
otal rates , and the manifest intention of railroad
alof to build up Chicago nt the expense of thi
of commercial Interests of tbo Iowa cities.
cr Dynamiter CunnJn liam'd Antcco
ty denta.
fi ST. LODIH , January ! , The Po t-Despatcl
ve printed an article thU evening Dwed on i
3-
statement by a person whom it calls a vvel
known local dynamiter , to the effect tha
Cunningham , who woa recently arrested Ii
London , lived h rn two year * ' a/o under th
name of .Michael Borne , and was written u ]
at that time as being fu > l of a tchemo to blov
up all thu publio bulldogs in the Englisl
capital.
A Monument to Correspondents.
DUBLIN , January 29. Tha Jri h Times pr <
poses that member * of the London lueaa raise
monument In honor of John Alexandi
to Cameron and Herbert , warloorroipondent
Ire killed In the battle on ths 1'Jtb Imtrnt i
Ccoudao. . , i
WASHINGTIW NEWS ,
Amentont to llie
Bnlwer Treaty
The Eatifioation of the Nioarau-
gua Treaty a Failure !
The Attitude of the United States
in the Congo Oonforanoe (
The Steamship "Waohusott Or
dered to Ecuador for
The Froteotion of Julius B. Santos
a Naturalized .American ,
'Who Is GbnrRCilVltH Promoting
a Revolution Against tit At
Govcrnmout ,
WASHINGTON NOTES.
THK NATIONAL IOA1H > OK THADK.
WASJIINQTON , January 29. This alternoon
the membera of the national board of trade
called in a body upon the president , Fred
erick A. Conkling introduced Mr. Fraley to
the president. Mr , Fraley. addressing the
president , spoke highly of Arthur's adminis
tration nnd said that it had commended Itself
to the national board.
WASHINGTON HTAK OFFICE BCHNKD.
'WASHINGTON , January 21)The ) Evenintr
Star building was partially burned this morn
ing. The paper is , however , being published
asumal. Loss about $25,000. Fully iiv
surod.
The ecnato went into executive soseion at
12:30 : to-day and the suspended vote of last
night upon Senator Vance B motion to post
pone tnc action upon the Nicaragua treat ;
was considered , roiulting In a defeat of the
motion , 22 to 2o. Senator Sherman's amend
ment looking to the abrogation on the modlti
cation of the Olajton-Bulwer ttcaty was then
discuss d some hours , and comicg to n veto
in the committee of the whole ,
was defeated , 27 to 28. The second
Sherman amendment looking to a discrimina
tion in the tolls was defeatea without a divis
ion. The treaty was then reported to the sen
ate and the vote upon the Sherman amend
ment relating to the Clayton-Bulwer treaty
was again taken up , resulting in its adoption ,
SO to J.9. A vote wa * then taken upon the
treaty itself , and thir-two senators voted for
its ratification , while" .twenty-three voted
against It. The affiimatlvo vote being lest
than two-thirds at the whole number voting ,
the treaty was not ratified ,
Secretary Chandler to-day telegraphed In
structions for the United States steamship
Wachueett , of the Pacific squadron , to pro
ceed to Guayaquil , Ecuador , for the protec
tion of Julius K. Santos a naturalized Amer
ican citizen , Imprisoned there for alleged com
pllcity in the rebellion , and whose speedy
execution is apprehended.
The civil service commission are , in consid
eration of tbo proposition in the classification
of employes , coming within the provisions of
the civil sorvica act , all government employed
enumerated in the laws relating to the civil
service , except the officers nominated by tha
ptoeident and confirmed by j ; the fenatc , and
employes below 900 grade. Stwh okwlfication
would include.-chiefs" of divisions , asa'stant
chiefs and a number of special'department ofs
fleers who ore not subject to confirmation by
the senate.
QTho committee for selecting n prand mar-
snal for the inauguration ceremonies will
probably select General Don Cirlos Buell , in
the event that General McClellan declined
General Buoll llvad in this city for many
years prior to 1801 , and is well known to all
old citizens.
TIJE CONGO OONFEHENCE. 5JSSSI'
WASHINGTON , January 29. In response to
the house resolution calling for the inforiua-
respecting the participation of the United
States in the Congo conference , the president
to-day sent the house the preliminary report
submitted by the state secretary , leaving the
transmission of papers to follow. Fiellnghuy-
8en intimates that no special credentials were
given Kaenon to attend the conference as a
delegate of the government and that none
were needed. Keseon being already accred
ited minister to Germany. The instructions
Bent to Wasson were , "Brief but nretise as to
exclusion on questions ot territorial jurisdic
tion. " Sanford , associate delegate , accred
ited by a letter from Frellrghuyien , to the
minister of foreign affairs in Germany.
Stanley was not accredited o herwise than by
Kasion'i ) personal Introduction , neither Sanford -
ford or Stanley have had a vote in proceed
ings. The report say : ' 'Tho d epal tmont of _ Btoto
has no reason to f eal otherwise than satisfied
with the discretion , prudence and ability with
which KBBHOU has carried out the Inxtructionb
given him betides limiting the position of the
United States to one of commercial interest
disassociated from the questions of territorial
control. He has been attentive that no act on
our pact shall deviate from thn consistent na
tional policy. It has been eald that the prin-
clplo on which the conference is discussing
with respect to Africa are at variance with
' which the United States have over maintained
in respect to American continental- cases
and diametrically converse to the venerated
doctrine put forth by. Monroe was simply thai
the time had pasted for obtalt > ing fresh foot
, holds on the American continent , since thi
whole of It was subject to tbo recognized
sovereignty whose right of postcssion must be
maintained and respected. In 182 ! ) not t
foot of land remained subject to alienation al
will by the aboriginal tribes in America. Ii
188-1 the whole heart of Africa should b
opened up to the occupation _ and control o
civilization. Extracts are given from a dis
patch dated January 7 , in which Kasson cayi
that not one of the declarations agreed upoi
by the conference is binding on the Unltei
Slates until the governmtnt at Washlngtoi
shall formally accept it. It was upon my In
vlUtion that every phrase in any propoaitior
which implied a joint guarantee , or a join
undertaking , was stricken out. So uniforn
in these icspocts was my action that I fount
occasion to meet inquiries for a reason by ex
plicit statement that the pcllcy i f my pov-
ernment did not admit of any joint liabilitla
or engagement , nor the United States ndml
that any power could _ by their action bine
others not agreeing to it. In every ciao thi
confereaca yielded to this view ,
WASHINGTON , January 29. Kelly fron
the committee of ways and meant * re
ported the joint resolution , providing fo
the odmtisiou free of duty , of articles fron
foreign countries to be placed on exhibition a
the world'i expedition of arts for the colorei
race , to bo held at Chicago. The house thei
went into committee of thewholo.
Wills mo\ed that tha house go Into com
mlttee of the whole for the purpoto of con
siderirg the rlter and harbor approprlatloi
bill. Agreed to , yeas l&O , nays 102 ,
Various proviiions of the bill were die
cussed , pending a further debate , the con
mlttee ro.o and the hnuie adjourned.
Tbo Illinois Ijeylsluturo Comfortnbl' '
Special telegram to the BKI.
SrniNOFKLi ) , January 29-ThIs alternoo
the second ballot was taken , resulting In th
election of Haines. Xiamen again voted fc
Cronkrlte , Fuller , Linegar , O'Donnell an
Bittig , did not vote until the atuento *
ro- were called , when Fuller voted for Bittig , an
O'Donnell broke and voted for lloines ami
lerte democratic } applause. Llnegar then are
te , and after an elaborate explanation , reipondi
at to the party lash and voted for Hainw. I
WM cheered by the deinscrats. This ga
Ilalnes only 7 < > . lie Deeded one more which
ho got from Fuller , who s id it was apparent
that the majority on tbo other Mde was at
last united and ! as ho wa
unwilling that the man ( referring
to Sitlitf , who was recreant to his party ,
tliouKt Imvo the casting vote , ho won't ! change
bis vote and cast it in for his distinguished
colleague from I.ako county. Fullers vote
was loudly cheered on both Bides. Thn wind
was taken out of Sittlg's fails , At f"1 h t
moment Slttig rote and cast his vn'o for
llalnen , but did it too ! nt > to aavo hia i i.om ,
Ha'nes ' Rot 78 votes , Fuller 74. Cronkiito 1.
Koines wta declared elected and
arm esccr cd to the chair by n com
mittee , \\hilo the dcinacrnts sang
"Tho St r Spmigled JUnner" on
taking the cha'r ' llaines was cheered ly ) the
democrats. Hu biiellv thanked the houto for
again electing him and the democrats offered
a caucus resolution , electing clerk , etc. Tbo
republicans called for n division < > n the ques
tion , and Halting began to revel innrllament )
ary wisdom. The democrats movrd to table
the motion for a division. Thu motion was
lust , O'Donnell , of Kane , voting with the re
publicans. The mo tion to dividawnsndoptodby
O'Donnell's voto. O'DonnMl Is for Dougherty
of tbo Elgin Courier , republican unmicco for
clerk of the house , and will vote acrnio't uiv
justly unseating the republican ? , If the republicans
publicans ihall elect Dotightory. The demo-
crata have been trvirg to got Rittlg , who is
smarting under Fuller's excoriation , but he
will hard'y vote against O'DonneH's
man , being afraid that O'Donnoll might
vote to unsrat him. The democrats inoveil to
adjourn till 10 o'clock to-morrow and carried
it by aid of McMillan , who \otod with them ,
and resisted thu appeals of republicans to
change his voto. An effort will be made to
canvass the vote for state officers to-morrov
forenoon , and Install the new olHciils in thi
afternoon. The democrats have called i
house caucus for to-night.
AND
THEY ARE INVI1EI ) TO MEET I'nvStllKNT-XLKCT
CLEVELAND IN NEW YOItK.
Special telegram to THE BEK.
WASHINGTON , January 29 , Messrs. Car
lisle and Randall have , it is slated herd to
day , received letters from President-olec
Cleveland asking them to meet him In No\
York next week , and talk over matters per
taming to the incoming administration. 0
course they'll go , though it is not probable tha
the interview will bo hold jointly.
Urging n llanlcrupt Ijaw.
WASHINGTON , January 29. At tha secon
day's session of the National Board of Trade
the commit to to which wm referred the vari
ous propositions touching upon the national
bankrupt legislations presented a report in
favor of enactment of the bankrupt bill
already passed by the senate. The report
was adopted , ]
It was agreed to submit to congress the
drtft of the bill , defining the liability of com
mon carriers on bill ] of lacing , prepared by
the executive council , instead of the bill fa
voredby the New York board of trade. The
regulation of the intor-stnto commerce was
referred to a special committee and authorized
to report at this sefsion of the board if posii-
ble , a bill embodying the netessaty legislation.
The question of promoting an increase of
American ( hipping was then taken up. and
after a discussion lastlrg several hours the
board adopted as a substitute for the resolu
tion of the New York board the following :
Resolved , that the national _ board of trade
recognizes the necessity of quick and frequent
communication with the foreign markets , and
that the board earnestly commends the resolu
tion adopted , earnestly commending to con-
gres the enactment of the house bill , 4987 ,
whloh authorize * tbo pnitmaster general to
contract with the American steamship com-
panic * fox the conveyance of < the mails , at the
rato.of-not to'exceed ono dollar. . per jnile , tha
amount toJte.paid in this mtmner cot to. ex
ceed the turn received from the ocean postage
by the ) United States. The American "ship--
ping woo referred to the executive council with
a'renuest'to examinn tin method adopted by
thoFrenchcoveinmontforthejencourngementof
itsmercantilomarino. TboresolutlonoftheNow
Vork board recommending the abolishment
of the certification of invoices by the United
States consuls at the port of shipment was de
feated , 9 to 18. Adjourned untiltomcrrow. .
Cleveland's Conferences-with Randall ,
ALBANY , January 29. What appears to be
a sensational paragraph was printed in the
Journal this evening. It was to the effect
that President-elect Cleveland was visited late
last n'ght ' by ex-Speaker Randall in response
to a letter cf invitation sent him at Washing
ton. Immediately after hie arrival here Ran
dall was driven to Cleveland's temporary
abode , where the two held n conference hut-
ing several hams. This morning it was re
sumed , and at its close Randall re
turned to New York. Speaker Carlisle
also it is Intimated , has been invited by the
president , and is expected to arrive on Satur
day morning. Col. Lament , secretary of the
president-elect , corroborates the t-tatoment
that Randall was here , and that Carlisle is
expected , but beyond that is extremely re
ticent. Rumor has it that the president-elect
Is not satisfied with the way thintrs art going
on in congress , and wonts Randall and
Carlisle to adopt some fresh aid vigorous
policy. Ne > body hai the smallest paiticle of
Infoimatlon as to what occurred between the
president and Randall , but it Is the general
belief that tiotllcg in tlio line of the cabinet
was mentioned.
- llio Illinois tiejiiafoblo
SPRINGFIELD , Januaiy 29. Tlio house mot
at 10 o'clock this morning and after a delay ol
one hour , Representative Choicer arrived
which mndo the full quorum. A motion tc
proceed to permanent organization was car
ried. The result cf the first vote wai Fullei
( rep. ) , 74 ; Ilalnen ( ind , dein. ) , 74 ; Cnnkiite
( dein. ) , 3 ; Fettitr ( rep. ) , 1. Hainrw , O'Demell
and Llnegar voted for Conkrltu , Fuller voteel
for .Slttig. No clot tion.
Haines was elected em the second ballot , all
the democrats voticg f ) i him and Represent
utivo Fuller also voting fur him , stating thai
as the democrats were in the majority , thej
deserved thu spoakerehlp.
Pitched on the Banks of tlio MIo.
LONDON , January 28. Gen. Wolseley telo
prapbed from Korti this morning that he received
ceived reports from NUrgecns at Kubbat stat
in ? that Htewnrt was doing well , No attemp
was mndo to extract the bullet which entem
his thlgu and is now in the region nf the g roln
The hospital for the wounded and disable ed o
Stewart' * command was pitched on the bank
of the Nile.
It
The Weather.
le WASHINGTON , January EO. Indication II
Upper Mississippi , fair , warmer wtntlivi
southerly winds , southern portion wester ]
winds , northern winds.
Missouri : Fair , warmer weather , variabl
winds generally southerly , followed in north
ern portion by local snows ,
The Hocking Valley ,
COLUUHUB , Ohio , January 29. The join
legislative commttteo to investigate the cauio
of thoetrlke in tha Hocking Volley left for
trip to the mines thii moining. It is though
.hat firing the ml no latt night will have a UT
dency to prejudice the cue of the miners ,
Disappearance of B. B , Connnt.
lo NEW YORK , Janeary 29. The oitistant ed
tor of Harper's Weekly said to-day that n
light has been thrown on thu mysterious dli
appearance of S. S. Cocmnt , managing editc
he of that periodical. Detective ! believe tie ho
tor jone south ,
ndC8 Firing a Mine.
nd BHIAJGHTSVILLK , Ohio , January 29. Tl
ild mlnu at Plummvr Hill woa fired thU mornin
ese There Is no hope of eitlngulihlng it. Tl
led mine wa valued at $200,000. Addition
He guards were brought here yesterday , It
ve tuppoied to Late betn cauivd by IOCC'D
THE MARKETS.
Gallic REceip's ' Only Moderate ami ihc
Demand Fair ,
In a General Way There Was no
Ohanso in Prices ,
Hog Market Slow and Priooa 5
Cents Lower ,
There Was nn Entire Dearth of
Features in Wheat ,
Oorn Easier and Developed No
. Now Features , i
Outs Continue Qnlct ami Flnt-Kyo
Hold Up Fntr Provisions
Finn nna Steady.
CHICAGO MAHK12T8. v
CATTLK.
Special Telegram to the BHK.
CHIOAOO , January 29.- Receipts wore only
moderate and the demand fair. Tnero wes n ,
small export oreler on the market that was filled -
ed at 55 00@5 10. Fairly well finished stocru
of 1,400 pounds and thereabouts may bo quoted -
ted at 85 S)0@5 ) 95 , but few steers sold aa high
as SO 00 this week. Inn general way there
was little or no change , there '
was a g'ight advance -
vance to yesterday on best steer * , but the market -
ket gonomlly ha > bcarcely regained thu loss of
Monday. Butchers stock continues to sell
fairly well. There is a sharp and steady de
mand for fat cows and heifers at S3 f > 0@4 CO ,
while common sell around about $3 003 ( 25
and canners $2 tW2 75 ; stockcrs and ftodere
continue scarce , though the supply to-dny wan
Broate tlmn for some days past. Go'd to
0 Ibs. , Sfl 20@5 CO ; 1200 te >
- - - - , , , . , -s o 40 ; common to fair , 84 20
© 400 ; co s 250@ 140 , mainly S3 w'3 GO ;
stackers S3 D0@4 10 ; feeders § 1 20@4 10 ;
Texas cattle ? lUOo5CO. ( '
liocg.
J,0 ? larkot as "thof elowond prices wflro
*
E@10o lower all around , closing weak. The
receipts wore not heavy , but several packing
firms have dropped out , to that thu number
on sale , although moderate , moro than equalw
the demand. .The provision trade is rather
slow and > 'prices lower , hence packers were
buying only from "hand to mouth. " Common
and rough packing sold around about 54 40 ©
450 and fair to good. $4 ( J0@4 05. Choice
aoV ? ldr0tTS-4,7t'(2i176 ' ( nnd ' n ° y heavy ,
S4 85@4 05. Light , 7 0 and 220 Ibs , SI SO ®
4 (0 ; packing and shipping , 2oO and 400 Ibs ,
$1 75@4 95. The leading markets on 'Charijo
to-day were again easier and weak.t Eovlym
the session large eiuaiititios of lemir
f WIIKAT
being hmpght out by the decline , but before
* E"ck _ lvi * _ 1xno'Li" ( ? , session n sputt of
"r TJ"V * jjy2JntWDlCIlitflD6Utm > VflltlCt !
and rnado th&dfeket quotobly strong. There
WM again.4 decided dearth of fiaturef. which
Mt fluctuations duV entirely t lco lFcauseB.
ino clote at-iOo'clock > i-war-generally stsody , - , . „ . - * } & * I
and firn .AJh rajiweak.ru/ nte T * *
anywhere frdflJTOTSBjJS * m different parta'ol
the pit , the wpakness being conttmitxl from
- yesttrday. 1-or a n hour values were heavy , * *
but later firmed up moro on short covering
than from any other cam o , arid by 10 o'clock
bad touched tha highest points of tbo s'Fslou ,
onel felt firmer than at any praviouH time )
during the day. Values wera influenced
wholly by the local feeling and through a
strong stock 1'st ' , cables being depressed and
heavy , thuuh not quotably lower. ' r > o. 2
spring sold from 774o down to 77gc , while No.
2 rod winter was called nominally at 79c.
CORN
developed Bno particular features , opening
easier tor nil now elolivetios , and later ir ovinir
about the Hume as wheat. Only n fair day's '
trade was done. Nn. 2 ca h ( winter ) , icociptv
.wore 37 with only ono car eold , At tire close
of the morning-session it was firm and * eady
at a slight falling off from the highest points.
OATS
continue quiet and flat , with little or no elo-
mand for cash , which nro not quotable , anel
best seller for May , which only moved Jo on
the morning session.
Praclicully there wuro
no traders in attendance duiing the bulk of
the session ,
BIB
holdup fairly under light offerings , which
mndo quotations biddiog prices. Fresh re
ceipts ot No. 2 cash were in good call nt ( Jlc ,
with Cljo bid for regular ; March was called
at 62Jc , April C3o and Muy ( i7Jc. Track stull
ranged from GOc to Cjc.
1'ROVIHIONH
All opened easier , through sympathetic weak-
noes with the other markets and a general
desire to sell , much of the offerings being long
stuff. There was a fractional recovery , Tiut It
was followed late rand up to thu clonu cf the
morning session by a pretty steady dcclino
while the general tone of the market was but
little bettor than easy. Cish quotations were
substantially the name as February quotation * )
, with but little doing. Scalpers were the
principal traders. Tha close of the morning
session was ( inn and Bteady.
Bt. LioulH jjlBuovors a Mnro's Nest.
Special telegram to THK BEK.
WASHINGTON , January 20.-St. Louis peo.
pie are good deal stlrrod up over a bridge
bill that passed the Btnattf a few days ago ,
authorizing the construction of a bridge at
Chain of Rocks , just above St , LOUIH. They
bavu discovered what they think is evidence
that it i a big job by which Jay Gould Is to
control the bridge business at tit. Louis , the
directors being it Is alloxed , bogus and the *
whole matter a job. Senator Vest , who intro
duced tbo bill , acnies that It is in any way a
job , anel that it is BO carefully drawn , that it
cannot be for thu excluilvo use of anybody.
Tlio Fenian Itrotlicrliond.
CHICAGO , Jon , 29. A prominent member
of the Fenian brotherhood is authority for
the statement that at the meeting of Irish-
! Americans hero this
afternoon , that tiio reso
r lution introduced in the United States senate
, by Senator Bayard was denounced , and that
the Irish supporters of Cougremtnan Gobb , of
Indiana , were requested to show their appre
ciation of his conduct upon bis return homo.
It was declared that at the meeting $7,000
was HubKcnbeel , to be employed as a SKlnnlsh-
nt ing fund againit Knglaud.
01a AVrcokccl Off Newfoundland.
a BOHION , January 2 ! ) . A dispatch from fit.
bt n- Johns , N , B. , eaya : An American three-
masted Bchooner went ashore on Queen's reef
at 2 p. jn. to-day , and became a total wreck ,
lour of the crow reachexl land , three died
. soon after from cold and exposure , The
11.no survivor la In a bad condition and it Is feared
noU that he cannot live. Yeaterday was a terri.
to the Front ,
CHICAGO , January 29. Tlio Journal'a
Springfield correspondent telegraplia that Car.
ter Harrison arrived there this morning anel
hag again entered the senatorial fight. Ho
stated to the correspondent tliat ho KM noft
going Into a scramble for a caucua nomlnatiou
nal bnt would allow his name to be presented eo
that no member could iav be stayed out ol
. v
iei , the caucus ,