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; THE OMAHA DAILY BEE. ,
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T 1-IIRTELNTU - . r. ' ' UMAIIA NEI3. 11EINLSUAY MORNING AUGUST 22 , ] 883 , NO. 11G.
LABOR'S ' GRIEVANCES ,
Im ortaat Statistics Presented the Scn
at Committee Oil Labor ,
The Evils of Long Hours and the
Ohoap Labor of Penitentiaries -
tontiarios ,
The Makers , 1 sewers and Cigarnuo-
keys-Their hours at Toll and
Average ( ( 'egos ,
NFay fast , August 21.-Before tow
conuuiUuo of the United Status sunato in.
t vestigating tow labor ditliccities , Adolph
Str.tsscr , proskl nt of tow Cigarmmtkcr's
International uuinn , rend a lalc qunnti
1 ty of atntistie9 , slto vintim average rule
of wages in his trade in this country nod
the coat of living. The figures shuwed
that ivhero there was axistung am orgnni
e zatiOf , a much higher rate of wages pro
, : vailed thou where the industry was unur-
h ttaufmL Since 18G1 there lots been :3Ga :
strikes in thu cigar business 07 won ,
187 lust , 12 comp1oun3Sed ant six arc
still in pro ress. alms strike hutted ten
neudlis nod tins linnlly coutproulisrd.
These strikes actually cost : ? 813,444.
There ivns an actual gain in the wages of
thou workmen of $18,000 per numunt.
Therm was 18.1 brnncltc9 of the
international union in this cotttry
and Canada , with a nentbership
of 30,000. Strasser nuggostud for legislative -
lativo measures which would tend to
mitigate the evils which threatened labor
in general in this country , the enforcement -
ment of the national eight hour law ; to
authorize incorporation of labor orgnuira-
tions and place theul min the same basis
. as other corporations ; to establish a ua-
tionnl bureau of labor statistics and
mend the revenue law by providing that
' after May , 1884 , ho license should be
granted agar manufacturers employing
prisons or penitentiary labor.
. George J. Block , a9 representative of
the journeymen bakers of this city , testi-
fled that the condition of time bakers was
a very degraded one , on account of the
long hours they were compelled to labor.
They begin work at 2 p. n. , and continue
until 4 , 5 , 0 and 8 a , n. The greater
number were unmarrieL Thu average
wages wore $8.20 a weck. Thu bakers
struck sonic time ago for a reduction to
, 12 hours per day. The baker bosses
agreed to this , but when the men returned -
turned to work the pledges were broken.
Block stated that of the waiters cm-
ppoyed iii lager beer saloons lilnny arc
l russian arni ofticers hoblcmmt Russian
i princes who ciao this country expecting
lI ) to make their fortunes , but fou.cl this
their only Bemis to gain a livelihood.
Block said there are him this city 311 brew-
1I4 : r ors employing about 2,300 menA trades
S if union was organized in 1881. Shortly
after theca mores a strike for decrease of
working hours to 12 hours per day and
extra compensation for Sunday work
The strike was won by the men. 1Vagcs
range from $30 to $100 per month ,
The Labor Onngress.
. ( tiEiv Yoimx , August = T [ u"thir l -
nual meeting of the federation of or-
r" 'anized trades and labor unions of time
United States and Canada began at noon
\ to day'in Turner hall , S. Garpers , chair-
' inn of the execut ° ao committee , called
the mctiug to-order. The following
delegates presented crele ntials : Kirwith
MClCeiirie , Amalgamated Trades and Labor -
bor unions , New York ; 1Vni. ] McClellan ,
l Amalgamated Society of Engineers , New
York ; II. S. Tinker , I 3i ( olcbinders union ,
Washington , D C. ; P. H. McClogan ,
Chicago Trades and Labor Assembly ; E.
M. Sfock , Coluubus , Ohio ; J , P , McCormack -
Cormack , Indianapolis ; Albert H Jones ,
1Vashingtnn ; Jetll Veil , of this city ,
delegate frour the German-American
Typographical union of the United States ;
ltichard Powers , Seaueu's Bmievolent
union , Chicago ; II. Fnvzier , Cigarmnker's
union No. 1I't , New York ; Gabriel Ed-
/5 ntsistum , Carpenter's and Joinor's union
1 of the United Status ; M. D Connally ,
Trades and Labor association , Cincinnati ;
¶ W. C Polhnor. Cigamnakca's nuiou No.
17 , Cleveland , 0 , ; Frcd. Blond , Evans-
vine , mud. , Herman I'hillips , Cincinnati ,
t mend Samnuel Sanupers , of this city , from
the Cigmu'mnaker's International mmist of
y Anorica ; John O'Brien , Coltuubus'1'y'p0-
,1 , graphical union , Washington , D. C. , and
Ueovgo Black , \Vorlcmmi s association ,
New York slate.
- - - - - - - -
ll ATcmipernneo CunpMectlug.
r li 'onT Scorr , August 21-'flan tenper-
5 since people of Kansas and Missouri have
arranged to hold an inter-slate encampment -
' = ment at Merriam park , near Kansas
j " 1 City , from September all to 10th. This
being the only noting of the .rind to be
held tut either state thus year it is at-
.
e' trtcting unusual attention , and Promises
t to be largely attended. Merriam park is
r one sf time most beautiful parks mt the
west , and is so fitted up a9 to be the bust
possible place for an outdoor netting of
this kind. It is supplied with 511 immense -
monso pavilion , an umliumitcd numnber of
tents , abundant water , mud is within
within fifteen minutes ride of the uxteum
sivo hotel nccsnumodatfomt of limumsas
City. 'imo prolnbition league , of Mis
t s0uri , with Dr. Brooks as presidunt , will
run the meeting on SCptunubor 6th ; the
1V. C. T. U. , of Kansas , ou the 7th , amid
on the 8th will be held n discussion as to
time merits of high license as against pro.
] mibitiom Many pmsomis in southern
Kansas are lOkmrg with much interest to
the result of thus disrnsiunm ,
, ( olllslom of Trains.
' Srmwrimun , 0. , August 21-By neg.
loot sonlo one left time switch open at time
cast end of time 1 ittshnrg and Lake Erie
yard at Ilazlutouu , two miles east of
Youngstown , 0. Passmlger train 5 , due
at Youngstown frour Pittsburg at 11:80 :
'm ' a. lie , , ran into the rear end of a freight
_ # ' train standing act the ulain track , telo-
sod1)ed time caboose mmd ploughed tin emi gh
3 a coke car , cunnpletolq do11tolishiug both
'
i' ' cars and ball wrecking the cu gins of
. time passenger train which was rennin g
t j at the rate of thirty miles per ) hour. The
engineer ; , Samuel Itoso , reversed time
lever and stood by the throttle , and emne
'g out of the wreck nmiraculousl not receiving -
coiving a scratch. The fromuil , Louis
Kertzu , jumped , and was badly bruised
and cut about the face , hands and body ,
but was not fatally hurt , William John.
son , express nessengor , of Cleveland' ,
was consiaerably bruised and his right
arm sprained , Charles A , Walslt , brakeman -
man , also scverol injnrcd. Time
train took lire , but was extinguished
1
IA'
1 ti "P ,
with buckets by the passv11gers. About
100 passengers ivero si the train , but
00110 were fmitmred.
Another 1awsas ( toad ,
OsA(1K City , Ks. , August 21.-At a
uteeting of the directors of the Ottawa ,
Osage City th Council Grove railroad in
Lyndon yesterday the contract for bufhl
fog the road was lot to ifulden , of Clri
cago. This road is designed to be nu ox-
tonstnn of the Missouri Pacific system ,
connectmmmg that road at Ottawa with the
Topeka , Salina& 1Vustern at Council
Grove , iuutsas , It will traverse 7f' ides
of time very richest portion of the state
1111(1 open up a muw ntarkot east and .vest
for time ilmuuensu coal business of thu
Osage cotultry.
THE OLD WORLD.
The Crisis iii Affairs Bctwccu France
and China Rapidly Lp'
proachtiig.
I'opulnr Ol-eontoumL Jlnnlfcsted in
Auntrum , Spnltt aul irelund-
V'ariuus lleuuti of NOw'ri.
GLNE1GIb Foitl'IIGN NIaVS ,
uUAmi11N0 si'miNCnmt IN InL.tsl : ) ,
14ONii ( August : ' . 1-A Dublin dis-
pateltsay's : Earl Sponcee , lord lieutenant ,
arrival at Cork hest evening. 11o was
escorted through the priuei ell streets of
time city by a sumall mnounted guard , lie
was respectfully received by the gtc0 ale ,
Policettumt in sght of each oher guar led
the train ( if the lord lieutenant along the
route front Dublin to Cork.
Forty-throe ( deaths frond cholera occurred -
red it Alexandria yesterday.
zltE uloTs
cussed by time oppositfou of time puoplu to
the use of the lltmgnrinu language in oft-
epnl 11otiecs occurred in other towns in
Crotia besides Agrain. Troops inter.
vetted to quull themii.
8ociAr.lN IN AUSTItIA ,
LONDON , August 21.--A number of
socialistic pamphlets which attack Emir
peror Francis Joseph in a virulent utan-
ter ] mavo been found in time vicinity of
time imperial summer palneo at Luxum
borg , a few smiles fren Vienna , where
Archduke Rudolph , prince fmpord of
Austro-Hungary , amid wife reside. Iaui-
phlcts of a similar characlor have bceh
circulated at several pleasure resorts in
lover Austria.
FItiNCtl : AFF.111tS ,
Time statue of Lafayette will be unveiled -
ed at Lopuy , capital of the departmeut ) of
Houletcise , Franco , Soptenber 5th.
1Valdeck Itossenu , minister of time into.
nor , Gmmeral'1'hibaudin , minister of ivnr ,
rand hior'tom , American minister , trill ho
presmit at time cermmny , Rear Adnmirl
Uahber , successor of Admiral Pierre in
couumand of the Frmtch feet in hinds-
gascar water's , will utcet Admiral I'ierre
at the reunion. lie will afterwards go
ti Tamattve amid open negotiatiomuu with
tutu Hovns. He will insistupen n French
protectorate ovorNorthivest Madagascar ,
abolition otho ] aw , relating , to .aoizuro of
land by Europeans , and payment to time
French of one million feiuiics indemnity.
Time latter demand may be waived , however -
ever , if time others are complied with.
Iiovas' news agcuey denies the state-
ntumnt of the Madrid correspondent of a
London local news agmicy , printed yesterday -
day , that tow Spanish cabinet has resolved -
solved to seek the support of Geruuaty ,
in virw of time attitude of Franca towards
Spain.
Time Timnes' correspondmtt at Hong
Kong reports that HoidoungfnTomupuin ,
was attacked by the Frencu an time 10th
inst. Time result is nut yet known ,
The Sluidard's Hong Koug curre-
spomidemit asserts tlmat time Chinese are
treating with Curmu mmy with a view of
purchasing 1,000 rifles.
The Paris correspondent of Time Titles
says time stateaieimt that Tricot would
shortly leave for , Japan is all admtissioil of
suspension of relations with Clmina ,
J.taHs : am'mlulorT : ,
arrested mitt Liverpool recently on arrival
from Autorica , om suspicion of c mnplicity
pit ono dymmmlte conspiracy , has beer
further reumandod. 'l'imo prosecution will
show hlcDoruott was to Cork with
Feathmerstolnt.
The fifth congress atildumlts of early
Amerpcau history was opened fn Copcn-
lmtgen by time Prumcess of 1Vales amid muam-
hers of time Danislm royal famnily. Addresses -
dresses werodolivored byDamiishSpanish ,
Belgium and Frcnclm delegates ,
One hundred and forty deaths from
cholera occurred atommg time British
troops since the outbreak of time cholera
hm Egypt.
A disastrous com0ugrmtion occurred at
Borsiziu , fn the province of Conma , Italy.
Forty-four houses wore burned.
An explosion in a colliery at Cardiff
killed thirty miners.
There was a lively discussion in time
comnnmons this afternoon fu regard 1) the
case of Slaw , liritisii missiomtry in
Madagascar , Iwld in custody by time
French.
A landlord at Brest yesterday mur-
( b red his five children by hanging then ,
smith tluet committed suicide lminisulf.
King hlihtmm of 50rvia has arrived at
Viema , nmid visited Count Kalmoky , time
immperial umiuistor of foruigmi ulfitim's.
Emperor Francis .losoph visited 1ing
Milan today , cold rdniaiucd half an hmn ,
King Milan rotumrmd time visit later in
time day. .
AIIOUT ( tiiEY.
Details received by umailof the shooting
of . ( macs Carey by O'Donnell sbuw that
O'Domuiell , whim ho discnvurud at Cao
't'own that Carey was out board time lien.
faun Castle , oxelaiued , 'Ilad I known
ho was do board , I would hasp swung for
hmni. '
, _ - -
Time TTemplar Crmtulave ,
SAN FIUNCISCO , August 21 , - Time
raid encann nnmt ) of tuumplnrs convmmod
this
mm conclave morning for transaction
of buamncsll. At 11:30 : officers furmuin g
the escort , accomnpaiicd by time royal
Hawaiian haul , conducted Grand Maer
Dean to the rand canopy of California ,
Ihoston Kai gets acting ant a special escort -
cert of honor. ' '
. 'r'ime ghts
drew up iii double line , time ofic5ra of
time grand encahl pmenl passing under
their crossed swords. Large crowds of
people assmnbhed wuru greatly interested
mum the proceedings. Thu business r ) t rho
day was purely preliminary. Time real
work begums tomorrow , St. Louis and
Boston arc making active canvas for the
next conclave , ' 1'Ito opinion is that St ,
luuis will got it , though mommy thick
iloYtolt is better elititled. .
Htorm ht Jllunrsuta.
himNNEArol.ls , August 21.A heavy
storm has been raging west and south of
lucre to dny , Time wires mire down im bout
directions. A rcpurt comas from Kasson ,
on the Vinunn & SL Peter railroad , that
It cyclone passed over that place , blowing
down mammy buildings , killing two persmms ,
and injuring several others , llnilstonus
fell nmeasuring ten inches in cirumfur-
umee. Clouds to time west mnl uorthwust
w eo very Leroy ntui fears nro expressed
that great damage lugs been dune ,
THE NATIONAL CAPITAL.
Several Appoiallllcats , Patriotic Doiia-
lioas aiid Public Laud Sa1cs ,
I'Ieuro-l'aeumoutn ' In
- Itepom'ted Cat-
tor at Snleut , Cone , '
CAL'ITmtL NOTI S.
' ' .
11'I'OiNTMmNr.
IV.tvmmsuToN , August 21.-Thu pred-
deumt has up moimted II irmn l'rimco post-
mtster ; at Aibiom , Neb ,
IUIN. 1'o1Nm.XTFnt . ltt'NN ,
of linnsas : , has been im ited by time dmnui-
cratie executive cdhuuilteu of ( lhnio to
take part iii time slate emivns'u and will
mumako mm uummbe' of speceiles dtrrilmg the
campaign.
rt'uLm ( ' L.1NO 1r .tueTIhN.
E d'l'ime commissiuuer of time getwral hand
olileu has teem informed that the register
of the land ollicoat time St. aloud ( hli11n. )
( ltstriet yesterday began the sale of a
lmilllimnn acres of public loud tut auction.
Time prices roalizud $8.35 per micro ,
r1KUtto-rN wauoNiA
has broken out annmtg cattle at Salem ,
Conn. ' 1'wo whole herds w'ero attacked
by the disease Both are in quarantine ,
by order of time state cmuutissionntr , ) vho
appreciates the importance of provmmtiug
a spread of the malady , and , lmviug full
authority , he will doubtiess prevent its
further oxtemimm. The treasury department -
ment fuels no apprelmemsisr as to time
spread of the disease beyond its presumtt
locality ,
1'ATIUOTIO DONATIONS.
.1 , B. Gardner , a wealthy citizen of
Boston , recently deceased , provided by
will that a large sump of motmey , bonds
and older securities , aggregating in value
s9lluoo : , slould be turned over to the
United States treasury , , to lie used iii
helping to pay time national debt. ' 1'llo
bequest has been received at time treasury
dcpartumont , and ivns to-day phtced to time
credit of patriotic ( lmtatious.
Si'OltTING .
)1ONaOUTIi l.Sl'ls ,
hloNalouTml PAIIK , August 21.111 time
three-quarter stile race for two-year-olds
Cyclouo colt wan , GreeudIlslm socomld ,
Thackeray third ; time , 1:17.j.
\Vest End lake stakes , three-S'uar-old
follies , mile and a half , htiss Woodford
won , OarameL.-second , Carmttion tl ra ;
tiuio , 2:42. :
Milo and a half , Drake Curter won ,
Lelia second , Pizarro third ; time , 2:881 :
Milo mid a quarter , Vulusa won , Giro-
lie second , Checkmate third ; time , 2:12A. :
Steeplechase , short course , Clmipoln
wit , Charlemagne secmtd , Abr lmmt
third ; time , :3:17. : :
U ricl mmAces ,
UTICA , August 21.-Special purse ,
$2,000 , divided : Director won instraiglmt
henta , Duquesno second. Best time ,
2:20'
- :
Class 2:30 : , purse $2,500 , Phallus won ,
George N , second , St. Cloud third , ' 1'ony
Merrill fourth ; Timr , 2:21A : , ' 1q , 2211 ; ,
" :21) : .
NAIIATOO.t nACfB : ,
S.tUATOOA , AIgmst 21-Mile , Mediator
) sou , Fawbus second , Copias third ;
time , 1:450 : ! .
llmtndicap steeple chnse , about n milo
mud a half , Disturbance won , Miss hloul-
suy second , Fury third ; thou , 2:55j : ,
' 1'hrco-gwtrters of a mile , for tire year
olds , was womi by IVolcier , Asintot see-
omd , Samdo al thud ; time , 1:18. : ( ,
Third t'ttce , Clarendon lintel stakes ,
three year old fillies , was war by All-
haudsnroumul , Blue Grass Hello second ,
Vera third ; tinru , 2:15 : ,
IIASO ImALI.
BAv CITY , August 21-Grmmd Rapids
10 , Bay City G ,
EAST SAOINAW , August 21.-Saginaw
10 , ' 1'oledos 4.
13ISTON , August 21-Boston 15 , Now
York 8.
I'ItovtusNrn , August 21.-Providence
28 , Philadelphia 0 ,
CLKVKLAND , August 21.-Cleveland 0r
Cimicago 5 ,
Bowan , ( , August 2L-llulfalu 0 , D .
troit 4 ,
QOINrY , Ill. , August 21-l'ooria D ,
Quincyl8 ,
TIiK SLADS SllreluSLL Flour.
1ihNSAS CITY , August 21.-Gov. Grit-
tundotm to-day addressed a latter to Marshal -
shal hihrray , of Kmisas City , calling at.
tertian to time open viulatiolta of the
statutes by Sdndo and hlitclmell , whomru
hitinimg amt pruparimmg for a prdzu tight ,
they and their abutters being guilty
of felony ummder tbo haw mull liable to
punishment by eo11iuenwnt in time pmmi
toutimmry four to ten years. 1Vilcre time
agrcmneut is ) lido ill this state or train.
ing duce to fight in Smother state , time
ptulislunent ds tit'n to live years , 'l'imo
governor uuggesti to Marshal Murray
that it time abscmco of Prosueutimmg AL-
tornoy 11'ulliuco , he ( time rtutnhnl ) should
take suelu steps its he mmmly IIeoun proper
to step time oiuttur ,
I'renching mil Chautaoquu ,
ClrA(1TAugtrt , August 21.-this after.
noon ltuv. Dr , 1VImeelur , of Pittsburg ,
lectured cn time future of time Christian
church ; Prof. A. 1Vhtte , of Iioston , omm
Now Engiamul orthodoxy and the ruvlsel
version , iii time ovcunmgluseplu IL Cook ,
of Boston , lectured to dui iuhnensu audi-
mlcO min the religious signs of time times.
.
- - -
I'urohe(1 lit tbu Turk Corner
] 3osroN , August 21-The creditors of
Wright , 1Vantur A Cu , , suspundod wool
dealers , votetl' to refuse any detailed
stateniunt of affairs for pubhcatlot , 'Pie
lira ruputted direct liabilities at 8402-
000 ; contingent liabilities something over
5100,060 ; assets aggregate only 8108,000.
It is staled that time firm lust over 8200 , .
000 in speculation , pritcipully fn pork ,
DEMOC'S ' DEFENDER.
The Remains of Jlidge Jere Black Followed -
lowed to the Craic by
Thousands ,
Rominieoonoes of His Oareor on
the Bonoh and in the
Oabinet ,
'rime ltrllltaucy of iii.ldtl , Vuelouded
try a Shigle Itegrettrd Act.
Trll : 1'l'siIIAL. :
1'ulmu , l'A. , August 21.'l'imo ' fu11eral
of .ludgo ] Hack corns by far time largest
ovum' in York. All business was sttspelyd-
cd mind the streets w eme thr011gmi with
puoplu us time futolnl corlegu passed.
lbuty distinguished po0plo were uresemI.
'l'le ' pnll bc vers wure ( iron , Ilamcck ,
Judge llihsum , Jhdge 1Viekers , George
Small. Gout , S , A. Crawlond , Chief Jus-
lice hut ercur , A , Ii. Falipmhsr. George II.
S u'ilgs ( , J udgu hear and IV , 1m. Small ,
'limo religious rnrvices wee held at
Iiruekio , concocted b } ' lies , Dr , 1'op11um- ,
of 1Vnsluiumgton. The reuutius were interred -
terred in time Prospect Iliil cemetery.
al.tuus ov rmwt'crr _
iI.unHSUt'Itu , d's. , August 2l-1'Ito
ltousu ndullted n resuhdiou , diroctpog time
flag of time pnblfc building to lie plrwcd at
half mast , as n murk of respect to the into
Judge 13aek ; , amid mijourued as a further
nurrk of respect.
mtE111NL OI NCKS.
Thu L1l'1 : AND noon u ' Jt'DOIu Iit.t'K.
.1ereutiah Sullivan lfaek was burn in
Glade , Somerset eoumt,1'11 , , .lone 10 ,
1810. Isis father was of Scotch Irisb
' his mother of Scotch-Irish
n11ccstr'y ; - on
her father's side , as her mono , Sullivan ,
indicates , amid of 1'ommsylvaniu Ge nmui
descent out hum' 11totler's side. Judge
Black's father , usury Black , wets a nuum
of promninemco tut southern I'enmsylvania ;
le served ft the legislature from 1814 to
1818 , was an associate judge for n term ,
and itas a member of time nntfunol homiso
of representatives whorl he thud , Yottmg
Jere Black's eduction was derived from
that admirable academic systmn thou
prevalent in Scotch Irislm couunuuities ,
which has been unhappily supplanted by
time mtore popular mntl less tlerough nor-
mud systeum. At Brownsville and Stony
tuwm howas taught time chtssies mnl nmsthe
mnntics ; iii Ids reading tire English 1)0015
here Isis specialties , and the best muodols
( if amcimtt or nmodent literature. lie lead
his "aclwuhng" by time time lm ivaa 17 ,
but his uducatimt wits 1o ho but fairly bur
gun whmi lie ] eft the class-ruont for time
farmii. By time light of time early morning
lire he couued lea Virgil and llorace , and
daily conmrittod a nuudmum' df liuea in time
origimnl , which he carried with hiti to
his work , aid at time intervals of it ho
would hake out his pocket dictionary mod
translate time passages to his meulory. At
time writers of 'tho f mrow or fm the pauses
of time flail , Imo made truslntioims into
English prose and verse , mad before lie
centered u out his pelf + e ional atndies hue
aoll ni gli' knew b lmumart the whol6 of
llmese two nuthors n Lstinn and English.
He studied law- with Chaummcey For-
ivard , into was n ntmuber of congress , and
abrotherof Vumlter Forward , secretary of
the treasury under Tyler. lie morns mud.
mitted to the lieu' jut 1811 , and married
his preceptor's daughter , Miss May F.
Forward , whemt lme .vas 28 years of age.
Rapidly rising to eumiummce in time prue
time of time law , ho was appointed , in
1842 , by Gov. I'ortor ,
rllrsmnnNr JUnai :
of the Franldin , Bedford amid Soummerset
district ( Blair and Fuiton coumities after
their creatism being iucludod in it ) . For
nine years ire served time p00phu of that
district , his faun gradually spreading be.
youud its bordems , his opiutuns attracting
nttention for their vigor old judicial
npuucs9 and his popularity ilercnsing by
retsou of leis mimic social qualities , fur time
exercise of wlmiclm onhurged duties furor
iaimed new occasion.
Under tom constitutional amend11mett
nmlcing judges elective he sons quoin (
with Luwis , Gibson , Lowery muid Coulter
to tltu supremmo humid h , cold , the respee.
tine length of their terns boiug decided
by lot , le drew time short term of three
years , ahiclu rondo him chief justice at
duce , and iu 185I ho was ru-elected by a
large majority , time wino 0f knownotlm
ingism thou swooping over Limo 155(1 nuvcr
romclming : time hum of his robe. 11 is mbu-
eisions are oruamatts to time reports and
are faniliar to lawyers , being distium
guished by all timer virility of his later
style. los culo g out ( lrbaom hits lou
been fninous as l no of the nest eloquent
of forensic alfrla. )
After two years of service in time term
( if fittcun years for welch lie was ru lect
mid , and whet Mr. Buchmm wits elooted
presidmrt , he called Judge Black frown
the bunch to has cubinot as legal adviser ,
and ho continued in that positiomi until
Deeenber , 1800 , wlmetr lie becuuo Sucre-
tary of state , and so rmnainud until time
end of hIr , liucb5man's torn. .
As .tTNO/INKY ( ir NKnAL Or TITS UNITED
8TATr.8
his most cOIupiuuous ) services wore ret-
duled in time prutuetion of time settlers
tinder gove nuremt patents fm California
a gmaiust frauduhnrt humid grants purport.
iu g to ho of hluxicmm on6gin , mm time
heuLy die respect to gunuimio original
1lloxicnn grrrmtn luml noun guatmurtced and
this oil'ur ed great incentive td ihu fsbri
Gdian ( if bogus gnats , against which the
go'rr nnmunt inlurposud to pruleet time
suttrors m11der its den lpntoimis. Athirno'
flmmurnl Black won mulltitesu cases for time
guveumumerut and its settler's ; lie exposed
time forgery nod perjury of limo false witnesses -
nesses , settled time primici dos by which
time courts wuru guimbu l in their 'mid gumunt
) rellured fur time ready use ) f lire
rtt a lumgo clotrt ( if time irofussismal
witnesses who were rmlied om to swear
the cases through. Thu city of S5m
Fntneisco was covered thruu mnd 1 iritlm
these Ligmts grants , amid Atturnu ( Jeumermul
Illaek saved time city from comaiscatiun ,
It wits his aseociaiomi with him in these
cases that directed Black's mttentiom t0
l' ; twin ht , Hhtulnm , timid whom lie took
time portfolio of state it was at his sug-
geahon tlntt hlr.liucluanun appmnmted
Slumton nttornuygsuoral , mainly with a
view to a successful comitinuauce of time
defonso.of the California [ mounts , which
Mr. Stanton skillfully carred on.
As secretary of atatu Judge lilaeknlade
vigorous uppositionto time sueussistmovu-
nturt , lie led the nortimert wing of the
cabinet in reinforcing Fort Sumter , lie
issued instruction to our foreign repro-
suntalivcs to rucogntzo no disimitogrntiou
of the republic , declaring that the union
of the shales was indostruetiblo amid indis
solublo.
After leis retirement from a cabinet sf-
fico his first intpuise wits to return to his
untive stale to take u t time practice of
law , lie erns n ) rotated re ertor of time
IJtlited States stmprmito court , meal issued
two volumes of rejmrts , when his practice
fmcreaimcd so rapidly amid so suddenly
crowticd iu upon hint tiust ho was couo-
pulled to resign his 1111100 , mtud since thou
probably Ito lavyur of limo land hits had
a larger practice before time highest jtnllc
atory within its.borders ,
As A I'n.ll'ruTIoNgit
before time supreme court , lodge laneh
has been eonspicuomts for his hart icipotio11
rut mtoarf y mull limo great eases involving time
constihitiuunlily' "f time reeoustruutiou
acs. In time fntuuums htillikolt cuso , im
whmicit tutu nccusod werO under soutenceIf
death fuonl ma mumiiimiry connnission , lie
spoke for thruo hours , dnsplmying iut this
probably limo 'gr'atest elhat of his life , "
nil his lcadimig ch11ntcteristics its mu hen yor
mid public speaker.
A stalwart liuutuckia11 visiting tow 1111
tiumnl capital durimmg time hi fllikuh trial ,
aeeidentl' stuamhled into the au mrouw
court room , the hail uuver heard , Inds )
Itlnek before , nod listened with Ile mutt
intense imitoresl almost to the comolutstuu ,
1Ic coOld mint wmitaiu Itiutsulf after time
eloquent cnimsul , it itim all iris Iurriblo
powur and iumoctivu , hind contrasted ntili-
tary trilnmuuls with time imtpudeut. ns
suutption of Lain Homes in importing a
Peek of i aim lisp bull titmgs into hhhmich to
hmurrans amid worry until tear uverylmody
w'h , ) displeased time royal ( mistress of n
dissohtto king's fancy. As ho told haw
the pen do iin1111v rose nod 'drove outthu
kin' , d0 s and strumlof " Kmltuck '
ruslied breathless fromt time court root
ovumto time house amid begged thu first
grout of comgressutcn wltont he etwuun-
tom'cd to ' 'hurry over to the oe ) tut rani o
amid hero oltl , Juru Black giving thunt
hell. "
Luporhmt as thnt Milliken case was in
its results to the defumdiuits , saved fr5u
the judgment of death , time service remi-
tiered in it by .Judgo Black to time whole
country ivns of n muost aibmial clmnracter ,
fn esbthlishimm g forever time regularity nd
unconstitutionulit
of utilitay -
afons in civil cases , Judge Black wits
likewise of eoumsel fn time fmuuous -
slamtht-
ter house causes , and in most of he
otimer londiilg cases
INV'oLVINO TIIK iiECONSTIt'CTION LA Vi4.
Ile humus been attorney imi time Vandorhilt
will case , the hlciarahiut clammy time
Now Idria ( iumickaliver amine grant , the
J3ulknap iugronclunenl , time electoral comr
test , aumd um mmy other causes culubrus ,
lit no case fm which time publiu fntumosts
were imvolvcd , wlmetller directly , or
whoa ropresmtel iii s0uno out pumsou ,
as fn time hlillikut case , hits ho over
taken a fee. Isis nppeaututee before time
supIumuu cutirt arias always a subject of
intm'est amid nttentiou by time judges ; and
.Imisticu hlfllcrl n politioiul oppouuut hits
said that it a always mu relief
whoa Judge Blnclc rises to spclc. Isis
argumcuts mire as delightful as a intee
front Macanlny , " This suuno mombur of
the court loss relished nit incident that is
worth telling. ' Upmt one occasion , since
thm ( civhlrrii hts laws. were passod1rlybite3
nmu was indicted for killing n negro in
Kentucky , amid time motion ens mudu to
transfer ilia case to the federal courts for
trial before a mixud jury , Judg'm Ifnck
isas earnestly pressing time case upon the
court for a decision of snmu mooted
point , when , to avoid judgment ti not it ,
time court held that it hnd no ( ,
Lima lnly imi (1 not built g uu 1ldicahle
to n case iii wluiclt time victim it'ua n mugro
amid time defmmd mt mm white npam. Sauu-
turing up time street a few days afterward
with a Pomutsylvatia tricml , Judge Black
mot Justices Miller and Strong. Step-
) ing themm mural addressing his fmtund ( hunt
they nmight hear , him said : 'I want to
ittmodueu you to tlmese two gentlemen
'Timmy mmru tire judges of time supremu
court , wlo , fm order to Hedge a couslitu-
tiers tl paint , decided timid klling mu mugger
did net uull'cet Iiimum. ' 'J'Imore is
A TOUCH OF' AUIIAUirY
about tlufs wlmich oumly le dnrcl ( , wind in
his address before the electoral commission -
sion , could hurl ut that court , committed
im ndvmumcu , time line scorn of ii disnppdiut-
ed people. 'lime 'tlnmmiderotis voracity"
of his apeoclm fu hehulf of liuikuup 111y in
his scathing dmmmlcfutpun of time ureva-
Imlcu of olliciutl bribe-trlkimig , which mmde
his client's ollonse no excuptiomal criuuu ,
Judge Iusch sous fn 1878 elected a
mmenrbur of the Peumisylvnuia wnstitu-
tionnl wnvmttiom out the dunoenttiu
ticket of dulegmtes nt darge , amid hue tow-
crud shift it that distimguishud risen-
hinge of Pmuisylvaniu'n rupresoutative
mama. Jut cmuu limy with 1Voodwmrd ummud
Bucknluw , mid nmmm of Hutt start i hit
vigorousl lroased the legislative refurnms
sadly nuedndiiithu'counuonwenillm , Ilium
rmnrka on lebialativu bribery , time mug. n
gm-elusive power of corporations iu collusion -
sion with political ringsamid kindrudnumb-
jects were lit his clmamacturiatie vein , and
contributed much to time gunural tome of
the colmt'iemltioru's collelusiolma.
'I'm ) time country at large Jum'lge Black
was known not only mum ami advocate ,
but as
AN ESSAYIST (1F w ONIISLFIl , 1'SVIOI. )
lG ) uuver hold mummy ollice , amt curbminiy
never sought ally , SILVO in time strict line
of Ills llrlmfesaillm Bnt lie always suuumd
to be reedy for every guest occasion , and
no cufsis item challef ) ed a eha11gnion of
deluoocm'acy to dufuud mts faith limit. le wits
ready to muter time lists , nod many a rash
nnbtgoniat has bunt muhorsud in time tromi-
Umro of breaking a lmueu with hint , His
mmuoiuble letters to I Ieumy IVilsuum about
Stiuiton ; to Cham'lcs FrnuGS Adnulsabout
Seward ; his uceout of time 19rfu lawsuits ;
his umlmlillullmtion of Stnuglmtoli out time ul
ectoral fraud ; lmfs oiun ) letter to ( lmrliuld ;
lmis latest commtribuhminto political liters-
tore in his lust mud sec011(1 articles of
time third term , were mull nmmmumueutal ,
not only for their irrosisluhlo logic , their
masterly style of coumpositiou mumd time
utter demolltiut of time wrson mud ( ii ) .
'act at wlmiclm the wuru ainmed' but euclu
seeumed t(1 serve mu special cur lose in re-
g5 ex 1 gt amid avoi'timib somu ntis
rupreseutatiun of lmis Party , some attack
em its public lama , or some crisis threat-
uning time coulttly. It hiss buun strmmgly
iutitmiated tlmut summit of time bunt of Am-
drew , foflmsmt's vote mmiossagos were his
handiwork. It is proposed at an early
date to Dtublislm a vulunm of timuso writ-
imu gs , to be uditud by time IIomu. Charles
It. liuckaluw ,
I'e. lilack fauriliar
morally , Judge was u
figure in time loading courts of time eoun
try , amid moon known to visitors at the
national capital , lie was about five feet
oltt eu hehcs iii htiglrt , with snaggy gray
eyebrows , th4t in repose gave his features
n storminess' of oxpressinn , which was
quickly mtollc(1 array in
rmtm.11UoltluUs : TWINKLa
of lifa eyes ; or as time animated expe n n
stole over his face , which Imad never wort
a heard. lie w as of ruddy , healtl ( ' ccnn-
plnxion , strong 1x1(111' frahmo aunt erect
carriage. In 1858 , whilu gnitu to Gab.
vosriui , 'T'exas , fu comigsay with snow
utler lswyern amid Justice Swayne , to nr-
guo a ra'ltoal ' case , n wad ( car tint imad
slipped flout its place min time siding of a
Koutuck ' railroad butitped ngaimist time
side of line ) assiui g car , iii whichi his right
l lit uti bit
bail was iim O run w'iudnw ,
iu'urti nd after careful
ful tsvillo d
vhitftlme
was time object of lunch solfculudo mttl
attention front time citizens , Limo arnt was
saved frour amputatiuu at tint uxpensu of
its fm'uro ' usefubmesa. 1Vhup lie was told
that hit would uuver use that arnr his
ehiuttitcte'iatie ruply nas'Tu't : I'il
hover enter time [ n'izo rug , " For n tine ,
awing to this disnbilmty , ho traveled ivitl (
a colurod body scrS'aut , limit ho groiv im-
pntieut at sueh dopemidencu ; lnt 'wouldn't
be dopomidomit 011 muty fellov to sltan mind
write , " so in n fair tveuks , by penislelik
elfotls muul trill power , hit lt'nrned to
shave himself wroth his left hmtd amid to
write n clear , benutilml lunch hand , his
nutograplis nos boiug nut fm two miliroly
distinct chirogrnpluius ,
.lmuntg the puhliu mint of time country
Uwro was probably 111)le ivlmI wits negmemtt
it social five ( ite as Jlldgo llnck , amid , iu
time face of his
1tAUll'.tl , I'OLmmu'Al ( , l'IiuN'Ir'A1.9 ,
soma ) of his witrntest pmsuual friunds were
his partismt utntipodes.
Omie day Itlnek suits surr0ulided by n
buvv of pe'sounl friunds on iho four of
time house , utumnig time real JudgeAturcur ,
thou tim Bradford congrossumau , vine
tmr11ed to limn amid said : 'Judo lilutck ,
you lun'o lucre friunds out this nude of time
arouse tluhm ou your Darn. 1'ou ought to
be a ru ) ublic n. if you would 1oim us
ivu wuu d nppreeimdo you , situ give you
due promulnemueo , "
'I' ( Whichr Judge Black replied flint le
kmiov it all to be true ; the ru mbliciuts
swore all good fellows ; hit would like to
belomig to them , numb there wait only one
timing in tie way , "If , " said le , 'thiev'e
was mm hereafter , I woulti join the republican -
lican party at once. Nolhilig deters mime
limit time fear of hell ,
If any one
1'IntONAL ( : mmAKAtTEIumsTme
of Judge Black tuns morn striking than
mutothur it was his onulivorons reading
amid his rocolleetiun of uvurytlriug that le
rend. Early iuibibing mu taste for time
Goglislm classics , time liibbe , Shakspere
multi hlilhtu wore at his lingers' end , lie
knew thunt nearly nil by memory , and
corm l at trill quote amiypassago fromrmtlmemm
which nay to fmtihdrly recalled. Ilia
knowledge of time English poets ivns tin
vorsal ; lint , while hit road time 11utsturs ,
uotling ) that full imi hums wuty ivns ignorcl.
.tt time railway bunk-stalls amid flout time
train Imewnboy he puechutsud lumytlmimig
that wits ( nit at luium , nntl suits as likely as
not to bring haute a''yellow cover' or
time lightest fiction of time day.
Orthodox , pure , simple Clmristinnity , in
all its holiness , , had no moro tlbvout wor-
phiporimnspirit1.tnd ; trutit than he , and
Uiolliest uftfclbuibnf4JilHpentvnsaprfitad' ; ; ;
when lie publiahod' a roply' Lb IuuI11ttonoll ,
freun mu lawyer's utumd ia.YIllmul'mm staidIpoint.
THE COLOltilUO 1'00h ,
Time lleolslonr ( of the Arbitrator on
l'urccntages ,
--4--
BosToN , Atlgumst21.-A meeting of rep-
resmaatives of raflronds intureatud it time
Colorado 1)001 w 1ln held to-day. Little
business was dole because nil interested
persoums steno not ) result. Amiothur
meetiE will he huh to-ntoerow. Do-
eisiona on several points in refurcmeu to
the pool trill ho given to time mauls in-
tureuted by time nrbitm atot , Jonuph
'I'uclccr. 'l'ime first decides Hunt cunt
cnrriml by time Clmicagu , ' lllmrlington
( D Qmimey railway true Dmlvur to eastern -
ern points shomld be pooled ; necomd ( ,
switching charges for switching cars from
1 acetic .1umctiomu to Council 1II ulfs on
freight transformed trout time Chicago ,
Burliugtou tl Quincy railway to time
Umiun I'neilie railway mum must be paid for
by the Ulliom Pacific ; third , percumtagca
ill the Colol11du lcol betwost
A ) ril lust and July 1 should
mint be reran ed , 1'le Atclmis5t
' 1'o meka uml Snuda e ( mud Dcnvoa amid
111(1 ( Grnndu roads nakedfor increased er-
colltui gen nit necoulit ( , f time older
of ti United Status court c mnpmel-
lium g teem l0 pro rate business with time
Duuvcr amid NawOrleans railroad ; ( uncut
earnings ohm imigit explosives ivhmieh are
carried buy Limo Chicago , Ihurlingtan rand
Quincy amid time Atchison , Topeka and
Summits Fe , but not by time Unioum Pacific ,
should not bo Ipooled.
-
Lost YuuhUs.
Ik HTON , August 21-'pint yacht Mystery -
tory , ( rums Now Iluvun to Nnntuckut , is
muasimig. She sailed time 10th inst. Slam
lusd on board l.oicester Sargent , of Now
Ilaveut ; Mr , Rupert Sargent , of Now
York ; her , Hawkins , of htuw Ilavoh , amid
Mr. Bartlett , of New York ,
EAsTrour,1fu , , August 2L-Theatc5a
yacht ( dual , with 1me ow11or , T , .J.19wuy
ueyor , nn board taut aslmore mesr Lubro ,
Sutdmmy afternoon , in mu thick fog. All
hands saved. Thu ynclmt lies it a dunger-
( ius position.
Engllsh tilil'hOlcu.
Anu'rltscN , lies , , Auguat 21-Sir Stu-
urt Nogg , of London , ptcsidumit of time
liritish Lauul amid Mortgage 0f Aurm'icn
curportiom , l'eOriaemitillg Itliotit $5,000-
000 , Lan been fu this city suvunl weeks ,
lie humus just meturnud to Eumglumd. ; Ile
humus n itoumtud Ilomi , J'1. 13 , ] 'urcull of
1llmnthnttluu , liar.1 an ab rout nuul b gmiur l
nuumager for the eomupamy ; hleusrn. Ever.
tint and Wngouur , of this city , ( us general
nolicitoru , iutd time Exchange Natiomal
baulk of Atcfiinou its buckes fur time emir
pamly ,
- - ' - ' - - -
' 1'ivo lhdys 1)ruwumed.
Spectal Ilispatch to Tiii umrs.
CstNuNu , Iii , August 2L-Willie MU-
our mumd Archie 1'otwin , boys aged about
18 amid 14 , wuru druwnud luure today
wlmilu it swimnnring ,
Hteamlcr Ashore.
NKwYomimt , August 21-'l'ime steam.
slmip ) Now Orloucros , arrived to day , vu -
ports that twenty miles south of Lon
Iirnncii a brig-rigged British steamer wa e
scull animurc ith mtug alo6 aide ,
DELIAE' S BRETHREPI.
All Embczzlcr of $80,000 , Eases Dis :
Conscjcncc by Snrrcadoringt
1
A Noted Oountorfoitor Unshaokles
Himself and Leaps From ,
a Train.
)
The Cowboys llumunlug at 1Glriutwelt
-I''rank Janes' Trial-A HL
fouls Mystery.
( lit1l11NAia ItECOIti ) ,
AN 1auezztumu : sUltitmcsunts.
1105TON , August 21.-Kirkland Mi'
Fiteh , defaulting cushier of time Second
Nat'omal ' hank of Ohio , arrived lwreenrly
Sunday morning. Iurnig time day ho ap-
h Bated to sull'or severe niettal trouble.
Arising yesterday , after a sleoplnssmight ,
hit decided to surrunder , mutd walked into
time held ( arten of tom district police.
illms
Ilo said nano wits liirklamdhf Fitch.
tumid he was wanted in Warren , Ohio , for
umnbuzzling $80,000 frour time Secotud Nn-
ttonnl bank of that place , lie said hm
could not account for Isla cotmimg to Bon-
tot unless it was to gut away as far as.
Possible front the scene of lima crtmite. Ho
also said he had euuhuzzled time money aai
clmarged , numb lost it mull iii stock npucula-
tioms fm rieu' York , Ito was desirous of
snyimig but liltlo about his evil doinbre.
lie expressed a desire to return to Ohio
Its s0ou as possible nail would go without :
a requisition ,
a li'STKitiiliY DI8tm'1'I:11uANcN.
Sr , Locus , August 21.-Anntlterone of
lhosu mysterious dissappearamices for
which St. Louis buns bocouw suuowlunt
fmuuous occurred hero Sunday evmmimig ,
and has caused great grief mum several
ivoll known families , On Sunday evening
Colonel Janes 0 , Church , vice president
amid utamager of time 1Vcstent Anthracite
Cool cotupamy , with his wife , went out
for n short drive , leaving at porno their
( laughter Mary about 10 years old. On
their return , aiout8 o'clock , the dough
tur could not be found ; amid no
clue to her wlmereabuuts has as.
yet bowl discovered. She was last seen
standing atoms about 7 o'clock at the
front gate of the family rentdmieo , lit
2,127 hlor'glui street , mud pruseutim no
unusual a i manrauee. Detectives have
buun working tie case sillcohlst mi gilt mid
ever' etliirt tuts howl made b timemmi smut
Im toe further , but uothimi g hiss et been
I yard from tier , Site woe ( tmite grave
studious , bgiven to music aunt cared totim- -
immg for gentlontun's ' society. 'limo only
theirY ti'tus tar advanced is abduction.
Thu young Lady is described as follows :
Ahout live feet three iuehes high , straight
amid troll developed , light brown Intir and
grmuyislt blue eyes , oval face , regular
features mud sonic tnmies uveaa her hair
balmgetl.smut
smut : TRIAL OF FitANK JAIEs.
( iALiAT1N , Mo. , August 21. Tltu
sheriff in busy euipannuling 100 jurora
for the Frank , Tames trial. It is believed -
lieved it will take thrco drays to secure
the twylvo good ion. Time town is
crotded. Charley Ford fslwro and will
' , ) , } Fbnan eon ,
'ia tiibtm iit'Iiohnefled. Tnfna'friends
are nitniumhst but tmmako no domonstra-
Bond ,
A COUNT1 m1FEITFa ESCAPES.
Sioux CITY , August 21-J , M , Biggs ,
arrested at Engle Grove with a large
anuauit of cuumtorfuit money hl his pws-
sossiou , escaped from Deputy Marshal
Burch , of Dodge , at Marcus station , on
time Illinois Ceuitral railroad last night.
13igga was boiug brought to Sioux City
for cunfineuuut fn the jail , lie having
been lucid by Comnumissloner Johnaoml , efFort
Fort Dodge. Biggs was shackled to ml
comrfedorato named Jolumson , anti escaped -
caped by slipping the baud cull's amid
jamling from time car through the
window. IIu wan without lint or cont.
'l'imo train hind just pulled out of Marcus.
Time prisoner hid hinlsulf in time high
woods , amid iii time darinless made good
his escape. Diggs in described as a
strmi6hta meY follow , live feel ten imichcs
higlm , dark hair , eamdy moustnclmu ; was '
nu inordinate chewer of tobacco. Ho
has lived fn Dakota connry , Neb , , and
is svu11 known fn those parts an a crank.
Tlln COivlmow'S ' 1'um immsim.
IIUNNIwBLL , Kau , , August 21. = This
plow has been fn a ferment for sumo
days out account of time attemmipt of time
cowboys to nut time town. Five city
arshals have beemm successive ) mu t
and rosib good in ten days. pLast
Thursday Deputy Marshals Forsythe amid
Ibt our rrivd fronm Fort Worth and
wore sworn in ms nnarshal std deputy.
'I'wo hours after their arrival they vut
out time street and wore mot by a n g of
cowboys ; a f gilt ensued , anone of the
latter as fatally wwounded , and two
hones wore killd. On Saida ni lot
Slmerilr Pratt of Wellington carne over
with u posse and arrested ton of the riot.
urn. 'Ie town is now tmkty the authorities -
itios buimu in the su troanne . Time cowboys -
boys , however , are still , amid thrcat-
cii tmake furtlmer trouble. This is nn
important cattle statism amid is situated
near time line of time Indian territory.
- _ .
Suspeuled.
BOSTON , August 21.-F. Paul t , Co. ,
Oxtolmsivo lumbers dealers , susponded.
'l'ime unrb trassutmmt is tenportry. Paul ,
is largely intoested in a lhostumt suwiug
nlnehme eomipany , rucomttly established.
1t is tlmuught this counpa11y is doing a
aced htms'ulosn. ' ' ! 'hero lots bunt scarcely
line do realize front invcstnmeut , A largo
nntu duo to-day caused time susponsist.
1''rchrt'On btallfonN.
Now YomuL , August 21.-'l'imo steanor
Rolland front Ifavro brought 180
Perelerst stallions. Thmum is the largest
shiptumlt of grown stallions of time year
( vomit Europe , Not a single animal was
lost out time voyage. All were shipped to
time fern of tlmutr owner , 'mV. Dunltmn , at
Wumyno , 111 ,
'limo Mauch Junketers ,
NFw Yomtmt , August 21.-TIme follew-
imig is a copy of m tulograut received by
time Northern Pacific railroad officers lieu- (
from Rufus Hatch :
FAuao , Dak. , August 20-Everything
extremely ) leasat ties far , Foreign
representatives from London Telegraph ,
time Post amid Pintos amid Paris Figaro arts
expressing theluselvos as being high (
leased , and time crops good all tiuroug
this
section. Cities nd towns are muak-
inb great ProParatdons for. opoatnb o F
your road ,
r
f
"
y4