't'rWlU'
NEBRASKAN
UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, MARCH rt, 100.
lYoi-lV. No. 21.
PniGK, 5 Cknts
THE
CflMCRRKIMC THE X RAYS
AH INTIR1ITIXQ ACCOUNT
jfoTTtha Phenomena maybe Produced
Instruments Requlrod Remits of
Experiments by our atudonts.
Slnci Koentgon's discovery of the pon-
rthlllty of photographing through
orJue ultnnceB y mar.a of a
i crookc tube, a number of scientific
men ha" been at worK, some studying
e proi . others trying u gei tue
i seme off -eta by other means. The roi-
lAorinc are .ome of the processes ot-
! dy used nnd are tuld to Rive the de-
rired results.
10 4msh discharge whicn occurs ue-
tween the two terminals of an Induc
tion coll when they are loo fur apart
for a spark to pass between them. The
brush appears as purple streamers
shooting between the tornrlnnls.
Burned-out Inoadcscent lamps hav
ing filament stubs for the anode and n
piece of tln-foll attached to one side of
the bulb for the cathode. An Induc
tion coll is used 1o opevAte the tube so
made.
A phot-'graphic plate placed between
two insul tied metallic plates which are
conneotpU to the terminals of an in
duction '"I I" on-" instance, uiese
plate w about six inches apart.
An arc light has also given results
The? methods have been varied some
what In details, but as final results the
photographs produced glverthe shadows
.. the objects p1aed upon or before
the l ' 'te The supporters of each par
ticular method claim that the photo
graphic effects are due to the produc
tion i-f x-rays, but whether the ray
are produced remains to be seen, and
there are some scientists who already
duubt the similarity between the ac
ti..ns in the methods mentioned and
the action In a Crookes tube.
The photographs produced by the
x-rays show the shadows of obJectA.also
any variation in structure. From the
fact that the shadows of different sub
stances, the metals for Instance, have
different intensities. It Is naturally sup
jKoed that some are more easily
travTsM by the rays than others. Ex
it nm nt ihus far made seem (to indl
iu ituti ih- more dense the substance
ii Krviaii-r the resistance to the ray.
..t!- hv. been used to show this,
armg rht- density by pressure.
Thf fXiNxure of a plate to the effects
of a fnx'kes tube is a comiarativoly
iinplf j.i.K-ehs Since glass acts as an
liu- w reen. and 'because there is no
waj of tx-ndfng the Tays out of their
course i.) a lens or other tutsans, a
C4mrr is of no service. All that Is
dun in making an exiosure Is to place
the ebjtvts to be photographed between
the tut., and the plate, the latter "being
held in an ordinary plate holder.
Tht- -joe is the most lmiortant part
of the . ; lunatus and must be made with
ca.-e, w ing to the high vacuum neces
seems natural "to conclude tha't the
x-rny are not cathode rays.
A number of scientists are Inclined to
bellove that the x-wy Is some sort of
molecular action, porhnps of itho other,
and thnit the vibrations are longitudinal
as In the cathode my. The action or
the tays In opposite to that which would
be noticed In the case of electrified
particles. It Is yet to be determined
whqthor the wave length Is very short
or very long. A slmplo neat secma to
show that the nature of the x-rays Is
similar 'to that of the ultra-violet ior
tlon of the spectrum and this mny also
show that the wave length Is very short.
A property of alio x-ray Is thait of
causing clllorescence of certain sub
stances, barium plntlno-cyanlde being,
perhaps, the beat for this purpose. Hv
substituting a screen coated with 'this
compound for the photographic plato.
tho portions not protected by hidden
objects will give light and In this way
the exaot location of the objects can be
seen directly by 'the eye. It 'Is barely
possible that the action upon pho
tographic plate Is not due to ony chem
leal action which these particular rays
have upon 'the Mm. but is n secondary
one due to the efflorescence of the salts
In the film and It Is this light which
produces the chemical change. As a
support of this theory, we have the re
port of an experiment made by Edison
upon plates having different degrees
of quickness. He found that the slov
landscape plates were quickest for this
new process. Is it not probable, then,
that the salts 4n the slow plates give
a stronger efflorescence than those in
the quick or instantaneous plates and
in this way produce an effect opposite
to that which ls observed with ordinary
light?
The conductors of plnitlnum wire are
sealed into tho glass wall of the tule
at some dlwtanee aiart and usually at
right angles to each other. In order
to prevent excessive heating of these
conductors (due to the action within the
tube) and consequent danger of the
destruction of the vacuum, they are pro
vided at the Inner ends with knobs or
djscs of some metal, prefero-bly of alum
inum. These two terminals are known
as the "anode" or "flowing-ln" pole, the
"cathode" or "ilowlng-out" pole.
When the discharge from an Induc
tion coil is jwsslng through the tube,
the whole Interior is dark with the ex
ception of the region of the cathode
where the cathode rays have their ori
gin and which iass from the terminal
to the opiwslte wall of the tube in
straight lines if no external Influence
Is brought to bear uion them. Where
the cathode rays strike uion the glass
the phenomenon of efflorescence Is pro
duced and it Is from this efflorescent
spot that the x-rays are sld to have
their origin.
The possible uses have been much
discussed In the various newspaers.
so it U unnecessary to take up space
with the long list. As to the value of
the process both for scientific and for
practical uses there can be no doubt,
and not a few scientific facts are looked
THE SOMBRERO ELECTION
'98 ELECTS Tl
SIR BOARD
A Ilfirmlons Illvnlry Tor Offices There
Woro too Many Oo d Mon. Every
body is BiUisflod
The wave- of excite nent which flowe
over each smcesslv sophmoiv closj
nbout this time In tip year struck tho
clas? of 9S a little inrller thnn It hns
somo of the precefdlng classes. As
much as four weeks ago little groups
of "sophs" might Iwyo boon seen In
the halls and on theicampus (you could
tell them by that wkostmanlnthoworlil
look that they nil wjnr) nnd the theme
of every canvprsuMofuwas "The Junior
Annual."
A week ago last Friday a medbmK.
which brought out i very large repre
sentation of the clasi, was heal In room
The number of oncers to be elected
for the annual was tutermlned upon at
this meeting nnd tie date of election
,. ......(, . . --
sary f the production of the cathode jf0r a results of the exact determlna
rajB. T dt great care Is required in pro
duelni; the vacuum can be readily un
utrbtu d when we compare the column
of m-i ary which is sustained by the
TJlrjirv atmospheric pressure and tht
colunu. which is sustained by the pres
urt within a Crookes tube. With the
Jwm., the column Is about 7C0 milll-meta-j!
,n height, while the pressure of
tht a which remains In the tube
will onl sustain about 1-1.000 of a mil
liinet, i of mercury- Edison claimB to
en the best results from a vacuum
MhK-ti is wtireeented by a pressure of
abouit 1-200 of a millimeter of mercury.
Th- ,ule as originally constructed by
IVi'lum Crookes, F. It. S., and later by
ottoei irwkers, bad a rather thick glass
wii but by substituting a piece of
aluminum to serve as a window, the
eff-'-s produced by the x-rays were In
crivtccd. Tubes are now made with a
-r thin glass wall and are entirely
fcuiihfactory in operation.
'1 ut cathode rays are electrified par.-tali-s
of the air which remains within
tht exhausted tube. The direction of
woration of these rantlclea is parallel
to the direction of the rays, differing
m thiH respect tram ordinary light
Whli-h la nmAnrwxA Hv vdhraitionS oerpen-
dlTllar In tVi 1lrnM.in of the rai'S. A
pwuliarlty of the cathode raya that
hiy may be bent out of their course
by n-eans of a magnet held near the
uii on the ojilde of the glass at the
HUorescent spot there la no Sight slm
ilar to that produced by the cathode
! rays and from the fact that the x-rays
tadlote Un all directions from the spot
and are not affected by a magnet. It
itlon of the nature and the action of
the "X" or "unknown" ray.
A Sprengel pump has been con
structed 4n the physics department of
the university and within a short time
some experiments will be made to In
vestigate the action whioh takes place
when a Crookes tube Is In operation.
Lack of proper apparatus has prevented
anything definite being done during the
past few weeks.
Word wan received Friday by
friends In the city of the death of Will
C. Hall, a former student of the univer
sity, and in U98-Ki an assistant In the
zoological department.
lir. Hall was t- close student, on ac
curate observer and a genial, compan
ionable man. who seemed destined to
do a good work in life. He was com
pelled (to gle up his school life on ac
count of the appearance of Brlght's
disease. By living in the open air and
by careful attention to his diet his phy
sicians hoped to ward off fatal results,
but a few months ago he was ordered
to Arizona and told that he could not
endure a northern wWter. The tele
gram Indicates that Mr. Hall died on the
20th at Temole. Ariz. The case is all
the sadder from tho foot that Mr. Hall'B
father Is very ill with rheumatism at
Hot Serines. Ark., while ano'ther mem
ber of the family is recovering from a
berlous illness at the family home at
Croston, la.
The Ewing Clothing company are
showing the new shapes in spring hats
at popular prices.
sat for last Friday a 1 o'clock.
Some lively caucus An? wns done dur
ing that week, but no one seemed to
know how It would come out. Three
officers were praclfcully conceded by
the lenders as bohyg fettled. They were
MoKrv for one edltoMn-ehief and Pier-
on nnd Russell for business managers.
ThO fight was evidently to be made
on the other edlur-ln-ohlef. Vet up
to the last day evrybod seemed to
think It would be apoclety man.
In fact a ticket jo9 made out with
Boomer of the Del hats in this place and
a very fair division f the board among
the fraternities, soefctit-s and outsiders,
it seemed probabld that this ticket
would carry with tttle opposition till
Friday morning. t that time the
members of the diss outside or both
fraternities and sorietles came to an
understanding an.o&g themselves and
insisted that Barroishould take Boom
er's place upon the ticket.
With this Idea in view a new UCKei
was printed with JcKoy and Barron
as editors In chief and Plerson and
Uussell as buplnes(aauagih-s. and a
board consisting of six fraternity peo
ple, four from the societies and four
outsiders.
These two were practically the only
tickets that c ame up when the meeting
was called at 1 o'clock.
Business managers were voted on
first. J. E. Plorson and l'hil. Huiwell
getting all but a few straggling votes.
For editors In chief Will U McKay
was upivorted by both tickets and re
ceived practically the unanimous vole,
while I. J. Barron was elected over
Boomer by a two-thirds majority.
As members of the board the ten
named below were fleeted. rceivln.:
pluralities In the order named: John
Tuttle, George Burgert, T. D. Lunn,
Ellen Gere, Lisle Wilkinson, Charles
Morrison. E. A. Wlggenhorn, C H.
True, W. Axllng, L.. J. Belknap.
A staff of artists was elected con
sisting of Jessie Uuulnr Vergil Barber.
Pearl Wycoff, Miss Lytle. C. C. Culver,
May Wilson.
Thus it was started. During Ahe past
week the business managers have re
ceived several bids for printing and In
time will be able to report to the ed
itors and the class the prospects for
the annual.
Regardless of .the tussle for the offi
cers the class is a unit in Its desire for
the success of the Annual and every
member wU work bard for its good.
If '98 don't have an Annual It will not
be for want of ability and push.
bag with a hickory shirt and a hymn
book and a paper collar nnd a boot-Jack
nnd Bont him on to college.
Now. when the son had got him Into
"the olty and began to look around him
he nearly dropped dead. Ills knowledge
of the deceitful nnd designing female
sex lmd been limited to old maid school
teachers and cross-eyed farm girls nnd
ho marvelled exceeding much at the
frat girls with their Henry Tilt, plumes
nnd dotted veils nnd Trilby walks and
ho said unto himself. "Forsooth this
la tight In my line." and he telegraphed
home for Home shekels.
And It came to imss that the son got
the regulation four second Introduction
to one of the girls nnd he straightway
began to do the right thing. Moreover,
he wns a young and callow youth ?.!io
did not understand the noble nno1 popu
lar nrt of limb JerWng, so when the
girl began to throw around broad hints
about oysters and theatre tickets, he bit
even as the sucker blteth. and stood
oft his board bill. But It eventually came
to pass that he broke the family bank
nnd on a centaln night he spent his
Inst round samoleon for flowers for his
charmer and It chanced that about this
time the girl got onto the state of af
fairs and decided that she must look
for another fellow, so she put an extra
curl on her forelock and powdered her
nose and throat and sailed out for a
new victim and she didn't have to sail
long, either. And It came to pass that
when the farmer's son come to loo' for
her on the dancing floor that night he
found her In the corner with another
fellow. And behold, she had given the
other fellow one of his roses to wear.
And the farmer boy wist not why At was
so. And he waxed exceeding wroth and
grew warm beneath the collar and he
nranced un txi where the pair were
chinning each other and said: "O, faith
less maiden, Is this your gratitude?
Mcthinks this is a rather raw deal. You
give this duffer the roses tlm I paid
for and he gets your smiles and pleasant
looks. Now what forsooth do 1 get?"
And the fair maid looked up and said,
"You get nit!"
And It dawned upon the farmer boy
that he was getting -It in the neck and
he sneaked out, and in the morning he
had to pawn the family watch to get
him meal ticket.
THEY WILL TALK A BRACE
PERSHING RIFLES WAB.E UP
Will go Aftor Borne Good Mon end Weed
out tho i'oor Onos-Thoy Will
Qlvo a Hop Boon.
I The Pershing Rifles company thus far
this venr has hardly realised the ex
pectations of Inut spring. The election
, of Johp Dixon to the captaincy wns
surely a wise and valuable step. Pre
vious to Mr. Dixon's acceptance the
members of the company had lost nearly
all Interest; a few vMithuslasts alone at
tended the regular drills.
Dixon saw what wn needed and went
to work nt onct. The splendid drill on
charter day Is one of the results of his
wrrk. Vrom this drill Interegt has
awakened In the compnny to an intense
degree, not only In the members, but
nlso In tho friends outside.
Thursday night very important action
wns tnken toward partially reorganiz
ing the company.
It wns decided that the ofllcers and
non-commlssloned ofllcers would remain
the same, but the roll of privates would
bo materially changed. A committee,
ccrslstlnc of Parmelee, Gage, Soxton,
Reed, Sedgwick, Pulls and Schwarz was
selected to hunt out nnd bring In the
best men of the battalion, also to cull
out the poorer members of the company
In this way only the very best men
w 111 become members and such men as
can always be depended upon.
A line of 25 cents Is to be Imposed up
on nil absentees. The non-payment of
which within one month is to be con
sidered ample cause for expulsion.
Alone the social line which is the pol
icy of the company the pursue, a com
mittee was selected to look Into the mat
ter of getUng up a Rifle's hop.
Already such actions as above are
having the desired effect.
Men are trying hard for the positions,
and the Pershlngs are nearer the centre
of Interest In the university now than
any other student organization.
Xow this Is not only aitrue story, but
a common one, and If 1 should tell who
I have In mind there are half a dozen
other fellows who have been through
the same mill that would feel slighted.
H. S.
Guy Howard was visited by his father
Thursday.
Professor Swezey lectures at Exter
this, Friday, evening.
The art rooms are becoming a popular
resort for the young men.
The baseball club Is taking a lay off
until the snow leaves the ground.
FOR 10 TO 1.
About fifty free silver men met ;n
Vnloi. hall Tuesday morning at chapel
time and took steps to organize a per-
mvirwrnt fro silver club. C. M. Barr
was mode temporary chairman and J.
II. Lien, secretary. A committee con
sisting of R. II. Graham, O. H. Allen
and Eugene Pace was appointed to get
permission for the use of the chapel
and obtain a speaker. The use of the
chapel has been granted, and the prob
ability is that W. J. Bryan will deliver
an address soon. A committee was ap
pointed to draught a constitution and
fntff the nroner stens to affeot a
lH?rmanent organization.
A PARABLE.
Once upon a time there was an old
man and he had one son and It came
to pass that when the old man had
husked his pumpkins and harrowed his
neach orchard and threshed his goose
berries, he decided to send his promising
ann s. o-..t v. n oriiirvitinn nrwirrllntr to
the fashion of (his people. So he hied
him about and packed up the carpet'
Wednesday morning between the
hours of eight and a quarter after a
man with a cadet cap and questionable
actions, bounded with three leaps In
the Ct.-Op. Ho wot. attired in a mili
tary overcoat, buckskin legglns. car
tridge IkjU and two horse pistols. When
he arrived at the center of the room,
brandishing a pistol in one hand and the
cavalry saber, which had been strapped
across his back, in the other, and while
the members of the Co. Op. hastened
off to find McDowell, and while Uie
editor, in his ottlcial seat was reaching
calmly for his six-shooter, the gentle
men burst forth with, "We will be
free!" "On to Cuba." Don't shoot till
you see the whites of their eyes," and
if anyone attempts to pull down the
American flag spot him on the snout!!"
Conwral Hinds hearing the disturb
ance hastily called together a small
volunteer company and marched with
regular steps to the rescue. Arriving
at the Co.-Op. the little corporal com
manded by the "right flank march!"
and filed his army into the room.
Already a few snap shots had been
exchanged betweon the man of such
questionable designs and Cornell. But
boon by L e aid of the Hinds volunteers
the editor was able to overpower tne
demon and we soon discovered what
we had done. For it was no one but
fin. Bill Grant. P. B. D. C. calling
the attention to the expected and hoped
for war with Sjaln.
Professor in English (becomint an
gered at the inattention in class): "This
Is an outrage. I dislike to Insult the
iH,.rMniY. iiv reading It tD such a class!
It looks like a lot of Philistines had
strayed in." "Then (smiling) I wish the
class would elect a Sampson.
Student (in back seat): "I'll act pro
fessor If you will lend me your Jaw
bone." -
Have you seen the new model No. 2
Smith Premier typewriter? If not call
in ait 135 South Eleventh street and
examine it. C. "W. Eckerman agent.
Don Cameron's lunch
South Eleventh street
counter, 118
Chancellor McLean addressed the stu
dents of the Peru normal Friday niffht.
Dr. Wart entertained the zoological
club at his home on Wednesday een-
lns- . ...
Professor Card was unable to meet his
classes Monday on account of asprolned
ankle.
...
The Kappa Alpha Pheta's give a part
Friday evening at the home of Miss
Miller.
...
S. B. Harris notices the literary maga
zine very favorably In last week's
Courier.
...
Misses Smith and Gray entertained a
few of their friends on last Saturday
evening. . .
V v
Ernest Waggenhorn and George
Shead will spend Sunday at their homes
In Ashland. , .
Allen Sedgwick, who has been visit
ing his brother, returned to his home
in York this week.
...
The Phi Kappa Psl fraternity call
on Chancellor and Mrs. McLean in a
body Saturday night.
...
ThA Y W. C. A. Sunday afternoon
will be led by Miss Wheeler. Subject,
"The Great Invitation."
WHO?
Who is that Prof, that in the class
Makes us believe we cannot pass,
But when by chance we hap. to meet
In some swell place, or on the street.
Sticks out to us a hearty hand.
No better friend In all this land.
Who Is that Prof, that in his class
Has no regard for b-ys, ala.
But on the girls sheds beaming looks
Not of the kind you read in books,
But of that sweet, most heavenly kind
Enjoyed by few and hard to find.
?