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monday, february 12, 1979
page 10
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Clark reviews U.S. policy in Africa
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MIL
A qreo way of We
By Karen Wittwer
After holding an attitude of neglect for many years,
United States policy toward Southern Africa is much
more promising today, a former U.S. senator from Iowa
said Saturday.
Dick Clark, who served as senator from 1973 to 1979
and was chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Sub
committee on African Affairs, spoke at the Nebraskans
for Peace annual meeting at the First United Methodist
Church in Lincoln. President Carter recently appointed
Clark to the post of ambassador at large for the U.S.
refugee policy.
Clark said the U.S.'s attitude of neglect was not surpris
ing because the United States never had colonies in Africa
like some European countries did.
The United States showed very little interest in Africa
until the last 20 years when the European colonies be
gan to gain their independence, he said.
Differing treatment
Since 1957, U.S. policy can be examined according to
how different administrations treated relations with
Africa, Clark said.
The Kennedy administration showed more interest in
African affairs than did any previous administration, but
contact was still minimal, he said.
However, JFK talked with leaders of the liberation
movements within emerging African nations and managed
to establish at least some communication between the
U.S. and these countries.
But as the Vietnam War intensified and Lyndon John
son became president, foreign policy concerns, including
Africa, gave way to the problems in Vietnam, Clark said.
After Richard Nixon was elected, the National Secur
ity Council conducted a study to determine what the U.S.
policy toward Africa should be, he said. The study
concluded that the white minority regimes were in solid
condition and black uprisings were not anticipated.
On this basis the United States decided to favor the
minority regimes, he said.
Suspicious of U.S.
But, subsequent black uprisings proved the study
wrong and created a "great and well-founded suspicion"
toward the United States, Clark said.
By 1976 it was clear that the Nixon policy
was a failure and the United States would have to deal
with the black majorities, Clark said. But the change in
policy failed because it was a cold war attempt to keep
the Soviets out of Africa and not a human rights issue.
Clark said that when Jimmy Carter became president
there were significant changes in attitudes as the United
States began to look at Africa as important in and of it
self and not as another theatre of the cold war.
He said Rhodesia, Southwest Africa or Namibia and
the Republic of South Africa are the most critical areas in
Southern Africa today.
U.S. policy in Rhodesia was moving in the right direc
tion although a settlement appears increasingly dim, he
said. The plan for Rhodesia calls for getting all parties in
volved and holding a brief transition period with United
Nations supervised elections.
Settlement promising
The policy for Southwest Africa is much the same as
the Rhodesian policy including United Nations super
vised elections, Clark said. Southwest Africa is the most
promising for a settlement soon.
He said the problem in South Africa is much more dif
ficult as it is the most racist country in the world. Eighty
three percent of the population including Blacks, Indians
and those of mixed heritage cannot vote, hold office or
own property. Racism in South Africa is institutionalized
and written into law.
U.S. policy in South Africa is headed toward more
economic, political and diplomatic isolation from South
Africa if that country refuses to change its power struc
ture, Clark said.
Although he approved of this policy, he said he would
like to see the United States take stronger action. A large
range of policy options exists, from breaking off rela
tions entirely to more actively discouraging U.S.
investment there.
Our business
However, Clark said "it's not for the United States
to determine the internal policy of South Africa, the
policy ultimately has to be that of South Africa, but as
the United States has an impact on South Africa is our
business."
African nations are politically important to U.S. policy
as they symbolize the developing third world countries,
Clark said .
One-third of the world's countries are in Africa, he
said. Economically, Africa is important because of the
rich mineral resources it holds, and Africa is important
culturally because of the many Americans whose heri
tage comes from the continent.
Africa is important to the United States in terms of
human rights because racism is more apparent in South
Africa than anywhere else in the world, Clark said.
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