Page 4
'Teaching
Attracts Faculty Attention
The article discussed in the
following story was brought
to the Daily Nebraskan's at
tention by a letter from a
member of the University's
faculty.
The letter came in response
to the article on "Teaching
Machines" which previous
ly appeared in the Nebras
kan. A number of leading Amer
ican psychologists say that
"programmed education" re
duced teaching to an exact
science, thus freeing teachers
from routine to devote their
time to more exacting work.
But will the new methods pro
duce creative minds, or well
drilled robots? j
This is the provocative
question proposed by an arti
cle by George A. W. Boehm
entitled "Can People Be
Taught like Pigeons?"
Programmed teaching and
the "teaching marines" used
in this method could, if they
lived up to early expectations
held by many, completely
revolutionize education in a
decade or two.
Vital Impact
According to the article by
Boehm. Droerammed teach-
ing could also have a vital
impact on such educational
problems as the teacher
shortage and the construc
tion of schools. "Conceivably
it could upset the whole so
cial structure of American
youth."
In addition to the interest
of educators in the new the
ory, text book publishers
might conceivably find their
educational market altered.
Several leading publishers
are bringing out their first
programmed texts this fall.
The dominant figure in ad
vocating the theory of "con
ditioned" learning is B. Fred
eric Skinner, professor of
psychology at Harvard.
Skinner began studying the
learning process in 1929. He
worked with rats, then
switched to pigeons. He in
duced patterns of behavior
by rewarding a correct re
sponse by the birds with
grains of corn. He succeeded
in teaching the birds to dis
criminate among playing
cards, peck out songs on a toy
piano, and play a simple ver
sion of table tennis.
"Conditioning"
Skinner thought teaching
should be a science based on
behaviorism. His method is
based on the theory of "con
ditioning." The program
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Machines' Article
leads the student step by step
through the course.
According to Skinner, the
good program makes it near
ly impossible for a student
to make an error. Ideas are
presented simply over and
over again. Many of the
statements include blanks to
with a word or two.
According to the article the
object is to have the student
"particpate actively In t h e
program." By filling the
blanks in correctly, he "con
ditions" himself to absorbing
the information being pre
sented to him.
There is another school of
programming technique head
ed by Norman A. Crowder
The two techniques are based
on different sets of concepts
about ' learning. Crowder's
programming philosophy is
based on a rion-behaviorist
concept of learning. Rather
than conditioning students to
learn, Crowder provides them
with programs designed to
serve more as a private tu
tor. Larger Doses
According to the article,
"While Skinner atomizes in
formation into brief state
ments, Crowder dispenses
much larger doses, often sev
eral meaty paragraphs to a
frame. Skinner makes it vir
tually impossible for the stu
dent to go wrong; Crowder
permits mistakes, tries to an
ticiptae them, and utilizes
them as an integral part of
the instruction."
According to Boehm,Tt is
a basic tenet of behaviorism
that behavior patterns, such
as learning, are basically the
same for all intelligent spe
cies. This enabled Skinner to
adapt his pigeon-training
techniques to his own stu
dents. Skinner designed his ques
tions in such a manner that
it was almost impossible to
choose an incorrect answer,
and he showed the student
the correct answer immedi
ately. The response (the answer)
was instantly reinforced by
the reward (self-satisfaction
at giving the right answer)
just as with the pigeons.
Questions
Before educators will be
willing to consider a change
over to programmed ecua-
Coed Plans Austrian Tour
To Learn Alien Customs
Carol Wilcox, a senior in
journalism and a member of
Delta Delta Delta sorority,
will spend two months in Aus
tria this summer.
Miss Wilcox's trip is being
sponsored by the Experiment
in International Living, a pri
vate organization whih sends
1,200 people to 26 countries
each summer.
The first month she will live
with an Austrian family and
learn their customs and back
ground. She will be placed
with a family on the basis of
a letter in which she tells of
her background and the type
of family she would like to
meet.
The second month will be
spent touring Austria with
other Americans on the same
program.
Miss Wilcox will try to gain
a deeper understanding of
life while getting an oppor
tunity to do some sight-seeing
in such places as Vienna.
She will pay her own ex
penses for the summer which
will amount to about $900.
Nebratkan
Want Ada
wo. woMt i d. a u. u. mr.
1-1
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M-o .so i i m i l.sa a m
I .so I i.40 i i ts i 2.aa
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AM wTileh'art for eonaeeuttve
ye end trt rmd for within 10 dtye
erter- tlw d expiree or te einoalad.
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pm.
SERVICE REPAIR
Profilonl, (uarantMd mrvloa of ra
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Kor detail contact aororlty preaident
or Dmo of Women, Helen Bnldot.
(
tinn and the "teaching ma
chines" several questions will
have to be answered to their
satisfaction, according to
Boehm:
1. How well do students
learn under programmed
teaching? Will they be able
to develop original ideas and
express themselves etiective
ly? 2. How well do students re
tain what they learn from a
program?
3. Can all kinds of students,
slow as well as bright, be
raticM wth oroerams? Ke
eardless of how satisfactorily
these questions are worked
out, the change win De graa
ual if it does come.
According to Boehm, the
programmed teaching might
convert the teacher snortage
to a teacher surplus. "In ete
mentary and high schools
across the nation the short
age at present generally runs
between 10 and 15 per cent,
Boehm said, "If a sizeable
percentage of courses were
programmed, the teaching
load could be spread out, and
some teachers would be out
of work."
Any community that con
templates a change-over the
partial or exclusive use of
programmed teaching would
have to consider a major re
construction program, ac
cording to Boehm.
The advantage to above-average
children would be a
great asset of the program.
The intelligent child might
possibly complete a year s
work in a few weeks," ac
cording to Boehm.
Biz Ad Coeds
Initiate, Pledge
Phi Chi Theta. professional
fraternity for women in Busi
ness Administration, recently
initiated five new members
and named 13 pledges.
The new members are
Marylu Alschwede, Mary Jo
Eager, Barbara Kramer, Peg
gy Merica and Connie Wors
ter. The new pledges are, Jean
Campbell, Judy Edwards, Na
dene Gaardner, Judy Graham,
Jackie Hansen, Beth Johnson,
Carol Ann Johnson, Jill Mor
tensen, Penny Purcell and
Linda Stouffer.
Before leaving, Miss Wil
cox will go to Putney. Vt.
for a four day briefing, and
then depart by plane from
Hartford, Conn. June 30.
The Experiment in Inter
national Living's main pur
pose is to promote better re
lationships between countries
t'irough a better understand
ing between the peoples of
these countries. It is en
dorsed by such men as Chris
tian Herter and former pres
ident Dwight D.Eisenhower.
Mayor's fiommitlee
Plans Discussion
An employers forum spon
sored by the mayor's com
mittee for the employment of
the physically handicapped
will be held at the University
of Nebraska today.
A series of discussions and
workshops will be held at the
Nebraska Union following a
noon luncheon in the Pan
American Room.
A University associate pro
fessor of agricultural engi
neering has been selected
vice chairman of the Mid
Central Section of the Ameri
can Society of Agricultural
Engineers.
Dr. Howard Wittmus will
work with area student sec
tions of ASAE in conducting
a student technical paper con
test and the Mid-Central Stu
dent Section's meetings.
DJUD
is 1 6 ?i;fi m
i. -Mil ;-.M. :nV Ws
I
f
The Nebraska!
LITTLE MAM
&TViW,fo, THAT!? A W-RrVEfc
M J 1 JIT
Psych Symposium Speaker
Reviews Teaching Methods
Dr. W. J. McKeachie,
speaking at the two-day Uni
versity of Nebraska Psy
chology Sy-nposium, stated
that a rer nt study supports
the theory that college teach
ing methods interact with
student motives to determine
the degree of learning.
Dr. McKeachie, of the de
partment of psychology at
University of Michigan, re
ported: male students high in
motive power receive better
grades in classes where vol
unteering is encouraged than
in classes where it is uncom
mon. "The opportunity to present
one's own point of view is ap
parently most important for
male students in the top half
'Four Bags FulV
A French film, "Four
Bags Full," will be the for
eign film presentation
Wednesday at 8 p.m. in the
Nebraska Theater.
The film starring Jean
Gabin .and Bourvil, is de
scribed as containing the
elements of mystery, t e r
ror, tragedy and comedy
designed to "leave the au
dience in a warm glow."
Applications
For Biz Ad
Due April 18
Students of the College of
Business Administration wish
ing to file as candidates for
the Biz Ad Student Advisory
Board should do so on or be
fore April 18.
Candidates for the Board
must be full time students of
the college with an accumu
lated average of five or bet
ter. Board elections will be
held in conjunction with the
all-campus elections. ,
The Biz Ad Student Ad
visory Board represents the
Biz Ad student body before
the college faculty and assists
in sponsoring the annual Biz
Ad Careers Day and Ban
quet. Members elected for one
year consist of two each from
the sophomore, junior and
senior classes. The junior and
senior pairs must each in
clude at least one woman.
Other members of the
twelve member Board con
sist of one' reprentative from
each of the three professional
commerce fraternities and
three holdover representa
tives from the previous year.
Current officers of the
Board are: Frank May, chair
man; Daryl Swanson, assist
ant chairman; Judy Hansen,
secretary; and Mike Miner,
treasurer.
Students who wish to file
for candidacy may do so in
the Biz Ad office, 210 Social
Sciences.
II ' IWWIWMI.I '
ON CAMPUS
AClP lM THAT CO& fOm$.
of the group in intelligence."
The opposite is true, he said,
for students low in power mo
tivation or intelligence.
Other speakers at the con
ference which ended Friday
were psychologists Dr. Sey
mour Sarason of Yale Uni
versity and Dr. David Birch
of the University of Michi
gan. The Symposium is spon
spored annually by the Uni
versity's department of psy
chology through a grant from
the U.S. Public Health Serv-
ice.
Grants For
Grad Study
To Fifteen
According to Dr. Harold E.
Wise, associate dean ' of the
Graduate College, 15 students
who plan to begin graduate
work at the University have
been offered National Defense
Graduate Fellowships.
The 39 NDEA fellowships
at the University represent
aid in the amount of more
than $260,000 to worthy and
qualified graduate students in
eight areas of study. There
are 24 students now en
rolled for graduate study un
der the NDEA fellowships.
The new recipients have un
til April 15 to either accept
or decline the fellowships,
which are distributed among
the following departments:
history, four; English, five;
mathematics, five; entomolo
gy, three; and political , sci
ence, two.
Each three-year fellowship
will provide a grant of $2,000
for the first year, $2,200 for
the second and $2,400 for the
third year, plus $400 for each
dependent. An accompanying
grant to the University of up
to $2,500 is provided to pay
for the cost of educating each
candidate.
The recipients and their
fields of study are:
HISTORY: James L. De
Marce of Spring Valley, Wis.;
Milton 0. Gustafson of Min
neapolis, Minn.; William D.
Rowley of Tacoma, Wash.;
and James F. Vivian of Ce
dar Rapids, la.
ENGLISH: Raymond A. An
selmcnt of Duluth, Minn.;
Clair B. Brohaugh of River
Falls, Wis.; Richard H. Henze
of Evansville, Ind.; George
B. Sullivan of Newport, R.I.;
and WalterV. Weber of Bloom
ington, 111.
MATHEMATICS: Oskar
Feiehtinger of Superior, Wis.;
Gary G. Gilbert of Tekamah;
and William T. White of Rear
ney. POLITICAL SCIENCE:
John F. Ladenburger of
Prague.
ENTOMOLOGY: Glenn M.
Stokes of Alexandria, La.; and
Dennis M. Daniclson of Du
luth, Minn.
This is the first time that
the University has received
NDEA fellowships In the
fields of history, English, and
mathematics.
Beloved by Brides!
See the many very modern
tylei In our larre selection
of Artcarved ring-.
GOLD'S Diamond Center '
. . . Street Floor
-GOLD'S
-
New Legacy Weekend
Satisfies Panhsllemc
This year's Legacj j Week- e
end boasted an attendance o 8easingly are and unman.
better than 175 high school ageable size por this reason
senior legacies from ail 'over oniy high school seniors par-
the U.S.
The Panhellenic-sponsored
event was termed "very suc
cessful" by Miss Madeline
Girard, Panhellenic advisor.
"We were very satisfied with
the attendance," she said.
In past years legacies of
any age attending high school
were invited to Leagcy Week-
Weaver
To Head
Grad Club
Dr. John C. Weaver, dean
of the University Graduate
College, was named president-elect
of the newly organ
ized National Council for
Graduate Education recently.
The Council Was formed in
Chicago last week by repre
sentatives of 100 leading
graduate schools in the United
States.
President for the coming
year is Dean Henry Brent of
the University of Missouri.
Until assuming the presiden
cy, Dr. Weaver will serve as
vice president of the Council.
The Council was formed by
six graduate school -ganiza-tions:
Association of Graduate
Schools, Graduate Division of
Association of Land - Grant
Universities and Colleges, and
the Midwest, West, New Eng
land and Southern Regional
Conferences on Graduate
Studies.
The new group represents
the first attempt to create a
national organization that can
speak as a united voice for
graduate education in the
country.
Dean Weaver is the only
educator in the country who
will serve during the coming
year as a member of the ex
ecutive committees of all
three of the major graduate
organizations, the National
Council, Association of Grad
uate Schools, and the Land
Grant Association's graduate
division.
Dr. Weaver also was chair
man of the policy committee
of the Association of Gradu
ate Schools which formulated
the initial plans for the or
ganization of the N a t i o n a 1
Council.
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ifer i
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genuine Artcarved
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It is protected by a U. S. design patent! This
exclusive Artcarved "Evening Star" design drama
tires the diamond as other rings can't do. Even a
modest diamond appears impressively radiant and
rich. Isn't this what you want for your love? Then
accept no less, look for the name Artcarved
stamped in each ring. It is your only assurance of
the genuine "Evening Star" engagement ring. And
only with Arfcorved do you receive a writton guar
antee for diamond quality plus the protection
of the nationwide Permanent Value Plan.
Discover mof about thl exciting ring and other
valuable lips on diamond ring buying. Write to.
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DIAMOND AND
Beloved by brideifor more
Tuesday, April 11, 1961
ticipatea tms year
This smaller more manage
able group allows the girls
to become better acquainted,
Miss Girard said. Another ad
vantage was that the age
gap between sorority girls
and legacies is less and, the
girls have more in common,
she said.
The plan including high
school seniors only "worked
out very well," according to
Miss Girard, and she indi
cated the same plan will
probably be used in futur
years.
Panhel Sends
Two to Meeting
Pat Johnson, president of
Panhellenic, and Nancy Mc
Grath, vice president, will
represent Nebraska at the Big
Eight Panhellenic-Interfra-ternity
Council (IFC) Confer
ence at Oklahoma University.
The conference will be held
April 14-15 at Norman, Okla.,
with each Panhellenic organi
zation in the Big Eight send
ing two delegates..
Last year's conference, held
at Nebraska, was the first
time Panhellenic delegates at
tended the meeting in con
nection with IFC.
Theta Sigs Plan
Matrix Banquet
Helen Wells, Chicago Sun
Times woman's editor, will
be the featured speaker at
this year's Theta Sigma Phi
Matrix banquet on April 29,
accarding to Mary Lou Reese,
University chapter president.
Miss Wells' talk will p r e
cede presentation of the fifth
annual "Woman of the Year"
journalism citations. A wom
an journalist in both the
weekly and daily field of news
papering will be honored at
the Student Union program.
In addition, recognition will
be paid to women in both
fields of journalism for
achievement in news writing,
feature writing, women's page
stories and columns.
The second annual workshop
for women writers will be con
ducted the afternoon of April
29 by Theta Sigma "Phi mem
bers at the School of Jour
nalism. thing:
arved
WIDDINt HI N O
than 100 yean (1850-1960)
(4
