Daily Nebraskan
VOL. XXIV NO. 74.
THE UNIVERSITY OF NEBRASKA, LINCOLN, NEBRASKA, WEDNESDAY, JANUARY 21, 1925.
PRICE 5 CENTS
The
HERTZLER GIVES
VESPERS SPEECH
Head of Sociology Department
Defends Child Labor
Amendment in Address.
RFVIEWS ATTEMPTS TO
REGULATE SUCH LABOR
"If we do not want the Child Labor
amendment, it means that we want
to keep children in the status that
they are now," said Professor J. 0.
Hertzler of the Sociology department
In his address at Vespers on Tues
day evening, "it means inai we
want to continue to profit at the ex
pense of the children, that we want
cheap labor and the cheap people
that go with it; it means that we
want to remain in our place as tenth
among western nations in literacy; it
means that we are willing to have
children grow into poor citizens, and
that we are indifferent to the high
death rate from sickness and acci
dent among employed children."
Professor Hertzler gave a brief re
view of the various attempts that
have been made to regulate and pro
tect child labor. The laws of some
states upon the matter are excellent,
in others very poor, he declared.
"Child labor laws are something like
marriage laws they are .generally
ineffective unless they are uniform in
all states or are made national."
He related how in 1916 and aiain
in 1919 Congress passed laws to gov
ern child labor. Each time the laws
were, after a few years, declared un
constitutional. Legislation of this
sort, according to the speaker, needs
some basis in the constitution. Hence
the present attempt to pass an amend
ment. After Professor Hertzler had men
tioned some of the criticisms directed
against the amendment, he told of
the economic, the physical, the men
tal, moral and educational costs of
child labor. "The lower classes are
inferior enough as it is. It is the
children of these classes that work,
and it is these children who are the
parents of the next generation. By
allowing these children to work and
suffer the costs of that work, we are
pulling down the quality of the Amer
ican stock."
Professor Hertzler emphasized the
fact that the proposed amendment is
not a prohibitory measure as it is
often misrepresented to' be. This
amendment is to come up for ratifi
cation in the Nebraska legislature
within the next few weeks.
Marcelle Stenger led the services
at Vespers. Thelma King, accompa
nied by Ruth Riley sang a solo.
SAY WRESTLERS
ARE INELIGIBLE
Kellog and Robertson Will Be
Unable to Compete in Meets
for Some Time.
Wrestling prospects for the Uni
versity seem a little dim as a result
of the declared ineligibility of Kellog,
135-pound class, and Robertson, 175
pound class. It is hoped they will be
declared eligible in time for the win
ter meets with other Missouri Valley
colleges.
Kellog was Missouri Valley 125
pound champion last year. He did
not lose a bout. He competed in in
dividual meets in the Western Fenc
ing, Wrestling, and Gymnastic asso
ciation . This year he has been com
pelled to enter the 135-pound class
due to increase in weight.
Placing another man in the 175
pound class to replace Robertson will
necessitate removing one of the main
dependencies of the heavyweight
class.
The first meet this year will be
with Kansas University on Febru
ary 7.
GUILD TO MEET THURSDAY
Protestor Staff Will Speak
monthly Gathering.
at Bi
Prof. F. A. Stuff, chairman of the
department of technique of instruc
tion in English will speak at the bi
monthly meeting of Wesley Guild,
Methodist men's organization, at tli
Grand Hotel at six o'clock Thursda
evening.
Officers for the ensuing semester,
who were elected at the last meeting,
will be installed.
Engineers May Apply
For Telephone Jobs
Seniors in the College of Engineer
ing who wish to apply for positions
with the Northwestern Bell Tele
phone Company, should interview P.
M. McCullough in the Electrical En
gineering Building Thursday morn
ing at 10 o'clock. Mr. McCullough
graduated from the University of Ne
braska in 1917and is now employed
by the telephone company at Omaha.
Professor Alexander Says William
Montague is a "Real" Philosopher
Noted Nebraska Instructor Ad
vises AH to Hear Man Who
Speaks Tomorrow.
"If anyone has not heard a real
philosopher, he should hear Profes
sor Montague on 'Concentration and
Dispersion of the College Curricul
um,' " said Professor H. B. Alexan
der, chairman of tho department of
philosophy, in commenting on the
convocation at which Professor Wil
liam P. Montague of Columbia Uni
versity will speak in the Temple Thea
ter tomorrow morning at 11 o'clock.
"Professor Montague has the mind
of a typical metaphysician," continu
ed Professor Alcnandcr. "It is in
tense, far-seeing, inclining toward
originality and brilliancy, and always
aiming at progress."
"He's just like all the philosophers
you read about in Greek history."
Professor Alexander interrupted him
self with a chuckle. "He goes around
with one eye on the skies; doesn't
know where he's going or why he's
going there. His personality bears a
close resemblance to that of Thales.
Do you know anything about Thales?
Well, he was a Greek philosopher who
lived about 600 B. C. The story has
Father Cronin Will
Address Forum Today
"The Catholic View of Life"
will be discussed by Father Cron
in, parish priest of Havelock, at
the World Forum luncheon at the
Grand Hotel this noon. This ad
dress will be the last of the For
um's series in which the various
religious views of life have been
taken up.
Preparedness and the war ques
tion will be dealt with in a series
of discussions beginning next
week. Those in charge of the For
um hope to secure the speaker's
views of the strict militarist, the
pacifist, and of those who hold to
the "middle ground."
NEBRASKA ENTRIES
SHOWING UP WELL
Angus and ' Shorthorn Steers
Get High Rating in Stock
Show at Denver.
Large winnings in both the fat cat
tle and hog departments of the Na
tional Western Stock show at Denver
were made by the entries of the Ani
mal Husbandry department of the
University of Nebraska according to
word received by the department from
Denver yesterday.
Angus and Shorthorn steers made
an especially good showing. The Uni
versity Shorthorn won first honors.
Five firsts, seven seconds, and two
thirds were among the winnings.
Practically all the animals shown
were bred by the University. Until
a complete report is received it will
not be known in just what other
classes the University entries took
honors.
The junior stock judging team
which participated in the judging
contest at the Denver show took
fourth place.- All the members of
this junior team will be eligible for
places on the senior team next year.
Dean LeRossignol
Professor H. B.
'Nature and Human Nature"
Commented Upon in The
Christian Guardian.
The following review of the recent
ly published book, "Nature and Hu
man Nature," by Professor H. B.
Alexander, chairman of the Depart-
mAnt of Philoseofcv at the University
of Nebraska, xtu. written by Dean J.
E. LeRossignol of the College of Busi
ness Administration, and published in
recent number of The Christian
Guardian, Toronto, Canada.
"Philosophy has fallen on evil aays.
Time w when it was higmy nonoreu
as handmaid to theology; but with tae
oassine of mediaevalism philosophers
like Descartes repudiated faith as a
means to knowledge, trusting to rea
son alone and believing nothing which
they could not prove.
"In thus protesting the independ
ence of reason, modern philosophy
and modern science stood together,
the one trying to solve the problem
of the universe subjectively, intros
pectively, the other objectively,
through the study of natural phenom
ena. But neither philosophy nor sci
ence have been able to read the nd
die, for the mind of roan is not the
measure of all things, phenomena are
but fleeting shadows, and the si.s
been handed down that once when he
was trudging along, star-gazing, he
fell into a well." Professor Alenan
der laughed again.
"Seriously, however," he added,
'Professor Montague is keenly inter
ested in student self-government
He has headed a number of move
ments toward student self-government
which have been instigated in
the east. At present he is on his way
to California, to lecture on philoso
phy at the University at Berkeley.
We are virtually flagging his train,
and are very fortunate indeed in hav
ing him with us."
ONLY BIZADSTO
ATTEND BANQUET
Members of Other Colleges
Will Not Be Eligible to
Annual Affair Friday.
TICKETS NOW SELLING
FOR ONE DOLLAR EACH
Members of other colleges than the
College of Business Administration
will not be eligible to attend the an
nual banquet of the college Friday,
January 23, from 6 o'clock to 8:15,
at the Chamber of Commerce. All
members of the college planning to
attend are urged to secure their tick
ets as soon as possible in order that
the reservation for plates may be
made. Tickets will cost one dollar
each.
The ticket sale will continue until
Thursday noon. All persons holding
tickets for sale are asked to check in
at that time at the table in the main
hall on the first floor of Social Sci
ence building.
The program will include speeches
by J. E. Searson of the University
Publishing Company, J. E. LeRossig
nol, dean of the College of Business
Administration, Chancellor Avery,
John (Choppy) Rhodes, '26, Ansley;
music by the Kandy Kids' orchestra,
and the Bizad quartette. Representa
tives of the college on the Varsity
football team will be the guests of
the college at the banquet.
Tickets may be secured by. all
members of the college -from mem
bers of the Women's Commercial
Club, Men's Commercial Club, Alpha
Kappa Psi, Delta Sigma Pi.
SMITH TO ADDRESS
COMMERCIAL CLUBS
Advertising Manager of Ben
Simon and Sons Will Ap
pear Thursday Night.
"Advertising" will be the subject
of E. E. Smith, advertising manager
of Ben Simon and Sons in addressing
the University Commercial Club,
Thursday evening, January 22, in So
cial Science 305.
The presentation of this speaker
will feature the second program
meeting held this year. The first
talk was given by George Woods of
the Lincoln State National Bank.
The programs are sponsored by. the
University Commercial Club in an ef
fort to furnish students in business
administration some contact with the
practical business world in order that
they may begin to apply the prin
ciples of knowledge, gained in study
of theory.
Writes Review of
Alexander s Book
can never find the reality behind the
veil.
"Dr. Alexander bemoans the futil
ity of reason and the decadence of
philosophy which, from the eager con
fidence of its early years, has "passed
on to quibbles about knowledge, to
creeds of experience based upon the
shallows of experience, to critiques
that touch the pulse of no spiritual
need, and to antinomies of disembod
ied reason which die away into the
vanities of logistic." Science, too,
falls under the same condemnation,
although it does not seem quite fair
to blame science for the failure of
philosophy, except in so far as it may
have lured philosophers from the old
paths to vain pursuit of will-o'-the
wisps.
"We must return, the author be
lieves, to Pascal, who said finely and
truly: "the heart has its reasons
which the reason does not know," and
to Plato, whj found in ideas and
ideals the evidence of the reality of
the spiritual world. The philosopher
may touch reality at many points
in music, art, poetry, friendship, love,
religion and even in pain and struggle
for the soul of man, the whole man,
is a mirror of the world and the worM
is human at the core. Moreover,
there is survival value in truth, and
the idealizing man, to whom philoso
(Continued on Page Three.)
SIEGBAHN TO
ARRIVE TODAY
Noted Swedish Professor to
Address Students in Phys
ics Lecture Room.
X-RAY WILL BE SUBJECT
OF SPEECHES WHILE HERE
Prof. Manne Siegbahn, of the Uni
versity of Upsalla, Sweden will ar
rive In Lincoln today. Professor
Siegbahn is one of the most promi
nent scientists specializing in the x
ray. During the last ten years he has
been most active in research in this
field. His methods for determining
the wave-length of the x-ray are the
most exact yet discovered.
At 4 o'clock on Wednesday after
noon Prof. Siegbahn will speak on
"X-ray Spectra and Atomic Struc
ture." At the same time Thursday
he will speak on the "Exact Deter
mination of the Wave-Length in the
X-Ray Spectra." Both of these lec
tures will be given in the Physics
Lecture room in Brace Laboratory
and are open to the public.
On Thursday, Professor Siegbahn
will be the guest of the members of
the Physics Department and their
wives at a luncheon at the University
Club. Professor Siegbahn will leave
Lincoln Thursday evening.
SENIOR PICTURES
MUST BE IN SOON
Only Week and a Half Left to
Have Photographs for
Cornhusker Taken.
Seniors must have their pictures
taken at the studio to which they are
assigned within the next week and a
half. The pictures must be finished
and into the hands of the engraver
in two weeks, so no extension of time
will be made.
The following seniors should make
appointments for Thursday, January
22.
Townsend Studio.
Palmer, M. Helen; Palmer, Wal
lace W.; Pardee, George H.; Parke,
Lucile M.; Parmelee, Howard M.; ar
sons, Richard H.; Patterson, Robert
W.; Patten, Verne O.; Paul, Harry
J.; Payne, Dorothy E.; Peckenpaugh,
Kenneth; eltz, Frederick D.; Perry,
Harold P.; Person, Erwin E.; Peters,
Carol L.; Peters, Eleanor; Peterson,
Carl J.; Peterson, Wilbur C; Pfan
der, Hazel; Phelps, Joy L.; Phillip
son, Victor R.; Platner, Rosalie;
Pleak, Elizabeth H.; Plimpton, Helen;
Pool, Ella B.; Pool, Warren R. ; Pos
ka, Elsie R.; rochaska, Chas.
Hauck Studio.
Renstrom, Lester F. ; Riordan, Clar
ence J.; Robb, Helen D.; Roberts,
Donald P.; Roberts, Edna L.; Robert
son, Rob R.; Rohwer, Celia; Rollins,
Clyde E.; Rorby, Noel G.; Rorby, Wi
nona B.; Rosenberry, Ryman; Rosen
crane, Ruth A.; Rosenquist, Edward
M.; Ross, James W.; Rozell, Gladys;
Rulla, Loyal L.; Rummons, Helen L. ;
Rundstrom, Ruth E.; Russell, Mer
rill A.; Ryan, Claude C; Rynes, Ar
thur J.; Sacks, George Franklin;
Saltzgaber, Lucille M.; Sanborn,
George Harris; Sandstrum, Ernest
August; Sass, Clara; Saxton, Norma
Ruth;Schaefer, Kathryne Agnes;
Schall, Morion ; Shaupp, Roscoe.
TO INSPECT LOCAL R. 0. T.C.
Regular Army Officers Will Arrive
in Lincoln Today.
Colonel C. H. Muller, officer in
charge of R. O. T. C. affairs o' the
Seventh Corps Area, accompanied by
Lieutenant-Colonel Young, professor
of Military Science at Iowa State A.
& M. College, Major F. M. Brannan,
professor of Military Science at
Cr eight on College, and Captain Hall
-will arrive in Lincoln at 9 o'clock to
day. They will inspect all regular
classes of the senior, junior, sopho
more and freshman sections. Com
panies E and F commanded rr Cap
tain Harold Gish and Captain Eldon
Kiffin will be inspected on the drill
field. The officers will return to
Omaha after the inspection this eve
ning. Student Publication Board.
Applications for appointment to
the following positions on the
staff of The Daily Nebraskan be
ginning with the second semester
will be received until noon, Fri
day, January 23.
Editor,
Managing Editor,
News Editor,
Assistant News Editor,
Business Manager,
Assistant Business Manager,
Circulation Manager.
Application blanks may be got
at the office of Secretary, J. K.
Selleck, and of the chairman.
M. M. FOGG, Chairman.
Members of Economics 131 Class
Prepare Copy for Banquet Ads
A. L. Stanley, Kenneth Ander
son, and Harold Gish Are
Winners of Contest.
Prizes in an advertising contest
conducted by the Economics 131 class
were awarded yesterday to A. L. Stan
ley, '26, Holdrege; Kenneth Ander
son, '26, Lincoln; and Harold Gish,
'24, Lincoln. The contest was for the
best ad submitted for the Bizad Ban
quet, January 23. The prize-Winning
copy will be used in The Daily
Nebraskan.
Last week Professor A. H. Hin
man, instructor of the first-year ad-
CANDY TALKS
ON NUMERALS
Head of Mathematics Depart
ment Addresses Freshman
Lecture Sessions.
SLIDES SHOW NUMBERS
USED IN EARLY TIMES
The history of numerals and the
present arithmetical system of Amer
ica and Europe was traced by Dr. A.
L. Candy, acting dean of the College
of Arts and Sciences and chairman of
the department of mathematics, in
his illustrated address on "The Story
of the Ten Digits" before the fresh
man lecture sections Monday and
Tuesday.
"The question of the origin of our
present system of numerals is still
the subject of much argument and
conjecture," said Dean Candy. It is
probable that they originated with
the Hindus and found their way into
Europe through the Arabs. One in
vestigator, however, has recently ad
vanced the theory that they were
first used in Europe and were taken
over by the Hindus."
"Numbers did not always have the
place value that they do now. By
place value we mean that the value
of the number depends on its place
relative, to the decimal point. A sys
tem in which place value is a factor
requires the use of only ten charac
ters. The original numerical systems
did not involve place value and an
almost infinite number of characters
was necessary.
Dean Candy told of the use of the
abacus by the early Europeans. This
instrument, which consists of wires
on which beads are strung, is still
used by Oriental and it is said that
they can work out involved calcula
tions almost as quickly as can be done
on an adding machine.
The lecture was illustrated with
many slides showing the numbers
used by ancient peoples and the grad
ual evolution of our present numeri
cal system.
Engineering Faculty
To Meet Friday at 5
The College of Engineering facul
ty will meet at 5 o'clock Friday in
Mechanical Arts 102. The purpose
of the meeting will be to consider a
few changes in the curriculum to be
presented by a committee composed
of the chairmen of the various depart
ments in the College of Engineering.
Professor G. R. Chatburn, of the de
partment of applied mechanics and
machine design, heads the commit tee
Offer Seessel Fellowships for
Research of
Many Other Fellowships Also
Announced Recently at
Yale University.
Two Seessel fellowships, each of
the value of fifteen hundred dollars,
are offered for original research in
biological studies at Yale University,
according to recent announcement by
W. L. Cross, dean of the Graduate
school.
Four Bishop Museum fellowships,
of the value of one thousand dollars
each, for study and research in the
field of Anthropology, Botany Zo
ology, Geology, or Georgraphy, and
five Strathcona Memorial fellowships
in transportation, of the value of one
thousand dollars each, annually, were
announced at the same time.
In making the award of the Sees
sel fellowships, men or women who
have already obtained their Doctor
ate, and who have demonstrated by
previous work, their fitness to carry
on Successfully original research of
a high order in one of the three de
partments of biological study will be
given preference: physiology, (in
cluding physiological chemistry), zo
ology, and botany.
The Bishop Museum fellowships are
also open to either men or women.
They must have completed already
at least one year of graduate study
at an institution of high standing;
vertising class, announced that an as
signment would be received through
the mail by each of the eighty mem
bers of the class. The assignment
was to write an ad for the Bizad Ban
quet. Each member of the class hand
ed in a piece of copy, and out of the
total, the two that were to appear
were to be selected.
At first it was decided to pick the
two highest in the class, but this was
impossible when it was found that
Anderson's and Gish's copy rated
nearly alike. It has been decided to
use the head of one and the body of
the other for the display that will ap
pear in the paper. Stanley's work
will appear as a follow-up ad in a
later issue and it will be run just as
it was written by him.
Others of the class who submitted
good copy are: August Widman.Floyd
Nordstrom, C. E. Wallen, Susan Tay
lor, Wilber K. Swanson, Everett Slog
gett, H. U. Christiansen, D. J. Blank
enship, T. A. Weir, Arthur Olson,
Glen W. Norris and Paul Cheyney.
This class is the only one of its
kind in the University. It will be con
tinued next semester by permission,
and advanced advertising will be tak
en up at that time.
Stock Judging Team
Guests of Rotarians
Members of the championship
stock judging team of the College
of Agriculture and their coach,
W. W. Derrick of the animal hus
bandry department, were guests
of honor Tuesday noon at the reg
ular weekly meeting of the Rotary
Club at the Lincoln Hotel.
The members of the team are:
Jay Hepperly, '25, Norfolk; Honor
Ochsner, '25, Madison; Dorsey
Barnes, '25, Loretto; Wallace
Buck, '25, DeWitt; Clarence Fort
na, '25, Octavia; Nat Tolman, '25,
Lincoln.
STUDENTS PRESENT
PLAY BEFORE CLUB
'Whispering Wires" Given By
University Players for
Women's Club.
"Whispering Wires" was presented
before the Lincoln Women's Club
Monday afternoon at the Temple by
the University Players. Once every
year the dramatic club of the Univer
sity gives a play for the Women's
Club, and it is looked upon by the
club as one of the biggest events of
the year.
This is the third time that "Whis
pering Wires" has been presented:
first, regularly scheduled in the pro
gram of the University Players; sec
ond, at Seward last Friday night;
and the third time for the Women's
club.
"Whispering Wires," a mystery
play, is regarded as the best produc
tion of the year, according to Miss
Howell, head of the dramatic depart
ment. HARVARD UNIVERSITY Thirty-four
nationalities are represented
in Harvard this year. This is a de
crease of nine from the iiumber last
year.
Biological Studies
preference will be given to candidates
who have already obtained the degree
of Doctor of Philosophy or who have
otherwise demonstrated their fitness
to undertake original research. They
are primarily intended to promote sci
entific investigation within the Pa
cific Ocean region. The results of
all research must be submitted to the
Bishop Museum for publication.
"Yale University has planned
survey of" current investigations in
various fields of transportation," ac
cording to a recent bulletin of the
Graduate school. "Upon its comple
tion it is expected that a stated pro
gram of courses of graduate instruc
tion in certain phases of transports
tion will be regularly offered. Pend
ing the determination of the charac
ter and content of such regular
courses, the Strathcona Memorial
Fellows will be entitled to follow
such lines of investigation of those
aspects of transportation in which the
University in its graduate work now
offers competent guidande nd super
vision." Persons or sons of persons who
have been, . for at least two years
connected in some manner with the
railways of the Northwest, and who
have obtained their iirst degree from
an institution of high standing will
be given preference in making the
(Continued on Page Three.)
CHANGE WAY OF
FILLING CARDS
New Method to Be Used on
Class Assignments in Com
ing Registration.
HOPE TO ELIMINATE
FORMER DIFFICULTY
A new plan of filling out class as
signment cards, which will eliminate
much of the difficulty students now
experience when their cards are lost
or not read correctly by the instructor,-
will be tried out next semester.
Students will fill out a card for each
one of their classes when they pay
their fees. These cards will be sent
to the instructors and the class roll
will be made up from them.'
The Registrar's office believe that
the elimination of uncertainly and
confusion, often caused by the pres
ent system, will more than repay them
for the short time it will take to fill
out the cards.
At the same time that these cards
are made out the students will also
fill out information cards. Men will
fill out three of these cards, women
four. One card will be kept in the
office of the registrar, one will be
sent to the offices of the student
pastors, and one will be given to the
student council to use in checking
ballots in student elections. In the
case of the women a fourth card will
be filed in the office of the Dean of
Women.
COLLINS ELECTED
PRESIDENT N CLUB
Usher Made New Vice-presi- x
dent Ray Janda Is Sec
retary and Treasurer.
Melvin Collins was elected presi
dent, Willard Usher, vice president
and Ray Janda was re-elected secre
tary and treasurer of the "N" club,
at the semi-monthly meeting held
Tuesday noon. Krimmelmyer was
appointed as sargent-at-arms. Frank
Pospisil, football letter-man was ini
tiated into the organization.
Arrangements for interfraternity
and inter-class track meets were dis
cussed but no, fiefiaitfilction was
taken. An interfraternity wrestling
match was also proposed by Dr.
Clapp, but no action was taken. The
N club took definite action to en
force the ruline that no letter from
any other Vigh school or college is
to be worn on the campus. The only
letter recognized on the Nebraska
campus is the Varsity N.
RIFLE TEAM IS PRACTISING
Marksmen Work Out Every After
noon from 4 to 6.
The rifle team is practising every
afternoon from. 4 until 6 o'clock.
During this time use of the range is
restricted to members of the team.
The first match will be held Febru
ary 7. Other colleges entered
in the meet are Iowa State Uni
versity, Fairmont College, Delaware
University, and Oregon Agricultural
College.
The skins offered as prizes for
first and sceond place in the inter
fraternity rifle match have been or
dered and will be presented as soon
as they arrive.
ALUMNUS SENDS BLUEPRINT
Nebraska Graduate in Philippines
Sends Manuscript Back.
A blueprint has been received
from J. Arnold Karo, Electrical En
gineering, '23, Manila, Philippine
Islands, by Professor Clark E. Mick
ey, chairman of the department of
civil engineering.
The blueprint illustrates the topo
graphic and hydrographic surveying
work which is being done for the
United States Coast and Geodetic
Survey. Land and sea surveying
maps have been prepared, and navi
gation charts showing safe routes by
kea have been worked out.
Department of Civil
Engineering Visited
Several Nebraska engineers were
visitors at the office of the Civil
Engineering department Monday af
ternoon, on business connected with
committee work. The visitors in
cluded John A. Bruce, C. E., '03, con
sulting engineer, Omaha; William
Grant, '97, consulting engineer, Lin
coln; L. Cochran, C. E., 10, secre
tary of the Nebraska Department of
Public Works; D. L. Erickson, C. E.,
'11, city engineer of Lincoln; R E.
Edgecomb, chief engineer of tns
Omaha city building department.
UNIVERSITY OF UTAH A
course in skiing is being offered to
the students this semester.
