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SOLAR ENERGY HOW
USED IN MANY WAYS
Direct Application Impractical
But Indirectly Sun's Heat
of Great Value.
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RESCRIPTION
IARMA0Y
.Solar heat aa a means (or warming
our houses and obtaining power for
running engines 1b a posibillty ac
cording to Pror. G. D. Swezey of I he
astronimlcal department at the state
university. But he expreses doubt at
to whether there ever will be any
commercial use of solar heat. He adds
however, that there is a plant in the
region of the Nile rrver in Africa
where the sun's rays heat is used to
run a steam engine. -Large mirrors
are used and these reflept the s'in'i
rays on a boiler and thus a little si :arn
engine is made to run. This plant is
used for the purpose of irrigation,
water being drawn to irrigate small
patches of ground.
Some of the text books like
Young's astronomy describe such
plants and give illustrations. Perhaps
these are no more than a demonstra
tion or a toy. He says:
"It would be possible to do consid
erable work with solar heat but the
question is rather one of feasibility
and cost. The heat could be stored to
run a little engine but the real piob
lem is 'would it pay?' Large areas or
land would have to be used and ciops
could be grown on them. Some
method would have to be devised or
converging the sun'B heat over large
areas with a huge curved minor by
impinging the light on a boiler. Or it
might be possible to use many small
mirors and send all the heat con
verged towards one point. Theoieli
cally I do not see why it could not be
done. There are all sorts of ways of
storing energy.
Water Power Offers Most
"But really the future development
of energy is pretty likely to be along
the line of water power. This, caught
in the mountain regions and convert
ed into electricity, could be sent to
the cities where it was needed. It is
possible to send energy in this way
long distances. The energy of Niagara
if conveyed by wire to light Canadian
cities. In like manner in California
they are harnessing the power of
Iake Owens in the northern parf of
the state and are establishing a plant
which will light many cities and run
machinery. So. while it may possibly
le feasible to use heat, it is very
doubt till whether it could ever be
niinle to compete with our tried meth
ods of transmitting water power.
There Is no feasible way of storing it
for a length of time to use later
"But getting water power in the
mountains we really are taking ad
vantage of sun heat. For it is by sun
heat that water is evaporated from
the surface of the ocean, lifted and
discharged as rain on the high land.
It is rather a question of what is most
practical and most valuable. Practi
cally every kind of energy we use on
the face of the earth is developed
from run power. All forms of ener
gy come directly or Indirectly from
the sun. It can be shown that wind,
water power and fuel are all stored
solar energy.
Sun Heat Produces Wind.
"What makes the wind mill go? The
sun has heated the air in one location
Hnd thus a movemer, lias set in, the
wind blows and makes the wind mill
i evolve. In the case of water power
It Is the sun that ranses the nr.ter
fiom 'he sea to the hills and the
w.'.ter in its effort to rclum to -no sea
gives us the power. Vhy does wood
burn? The sun so acts upon the grow
ing plant that a chemical process
lakes place the result of which ap
peals in tli" formation of ood. Whin
wood Is burned the const it nu'lits of it
are . solved md separated .: J car
bon gas Is set free. It is the fi.u that
makes all this possible.
"There is no evidence that the sun
Is growing les warm or Is giving
out. It does not apnear that It is less
hot than ever before. When we read
the writings of Herodotus we serin
to find that antiquity had the same
climatic conditions as these in our
own day. The same rivers would then
freeze over. Yet theoretically the sun
must be losing energy into space.'
"Will the sun Bometlme become
cold and the world come to an ei.d?"
the professor was asked. "There is
not," said he, "the slightest scientific
reason for thinking that the sun is
coming to an end. It has always been
true that people looking close hand
at a season which seemed unusual to
them have drawn wrong conclusions
The weather records thus far taken
tend to show that cold and heat are
just about equalized thru time. It the
sun is a gaseous thing as some think
the shrinking of it, a mechanical mo
tion, would keep up or even increase
the output of heat. The sun possesses
immense stores of heat. It is not be
cause we are nearer the sun in sum
mer that, that season is warmer. As a
matter of fact we are three million
miles nearer the sun In winter than
we are in summer. There are two
teasons why summer is warmer. This
northern hemisphere is nen turned
more nearly or directly towards the
run. That makes the days longer and
the nights shorter.
Glacial Period Coming
"The earth's orbit iB changing md
growing all the time more eliptlcal
This means that the distance of its
remote point from the sun will be
much greater for the diameter of the
ellipse in longer than the diameter ot
the more nearly circular orbit which
the sun has hitherto maintained.
When the sun's orbit has attained this
elliptical form it may be expected that
the earth will again experience a gla
cial epoch. Possibly every 100,000
years or so this thing may occur. The
world has experienced, as geologists
believe, several Ice ages. The geologi
cal ages were tens and possibly bun
dreds of thousands of years long. This
theory of the charge of the earth's
orbit and the consequent far remote
ness of the earth from the sun at the
end of the elliptical orbit is believed
by Croll to be the cause of the an
cient ice epochs. Then the earth may
again pass and will pass into a gla
cial era. This would come gradually.
Perhaps something like 20,000 years
would elapse between two glacis' pe
riods. We find that there that there
were three or four periods in the
main ice age humanity would have
to become cave men. There is evi
dence that human beings were con
temporary with the ice age.
'Evolutionists say that these men
of the glacial period were the ances
stors of the present people. For ex
ample they find the bones of human
beings along with the bones of ani
mals known to have been of the gla
cial period. One of these is the hairy
mammoth with long fur. The ele
phant of today has a nature adapted
to the changed conditions in which he
now finds himself. Yet he is an evo
lution ized form of the glacial hairy
mammoth.
"Astronomers may by mathematical
processes measure the earth's orbit
and calculate the lengths of these
great ages of the glacial and inter
glacial epochs. Geologists try to do
so by examining the strata of rocks
and the amount of wearing away of
them. But this does not give accurate
information with which to make pre
cise calculations. The changing of
the earth's orbit is duo to the attract
ing of different celestial bodies."
The Formation of Coal
"In all this changing history of the
ages how did coal come to be
formed?" the professor was asked.
Here Is his answer.
"In ancient times there were great
swamps filled with the heavy vegeta
tion of a warm or rather torrid cli
mate. The vegetation types were
mostly tree ferns. This is proved fori
ye nd many rosits imDedueu m tne
coal deposits. The vegetation was
much like the tropical of today. The
modern types of trees had not yet de
veloped. "Then upheavals of the earth oc
curred and these swamps became bur
ied at greater or less depths. Great
oceans swept over the areas and de
posited much sediment completely
burying the ancient swamps. Coal is
the product of heat and pressure in
their combined Influence on this
early vegetation.
"Coal is found today in layers with
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rock formation between. This rock
shows marine forms and is the lesult
of ocean sediment. In some places
numbers of strata of marine rock and
terrestial coal deposits occur. Most
of the rocks of Nebraska are oceanic.
Even the coal beds we now find on
the surface of the earth were prob
ably once deeply bedded. Erosion has
taken off the upper layers.
Origin of Anthracite the Same.
"Anthracite and bituminous coals
come from the same forms as of an
cient vegitation. The difference we
row find in them is due to the fact
that anthracite was more deeply bed
ded and so underwent greater press
ure. This sort of coal is found in
the mountainous areas where the
earth upheavals were the most severe.
Anthracite has had the pitch and oil
all cooked out of it and is pretty near
ly pure carbon. Bitumen has much
oily and pitchy matter blended with
the coal"
Profesor Sweezy has visited the
coal mines at Newcastle on the edge
of the Black Hills. In that region they
tunnel into the mountain and, digging
out a room like space, they drill by
powersix or eight holes, put in blast
get out of harms way, blow up and
then return to dig out the coal which
is loaded onto cars and taken by
tracks to the freight trains which
will carry it to distant markets. In
this region there is no deep shafting.
Often the roof has to be suppcrted
over the miners as they work or else
they leave coal columns to support
the roof.
Professor taught one year at Mo
line, Illinois, which Is to the coal re
gion of that state. Here the coal has
been eroded so that the mines are
what is known as strip and the coal
in near the surface. In the deep coal
regions of other states it is necessary
to sink shafts hundreds of feet. One
layer of coal may be exhauster but by
digging deeper another may be reach
ed and more coal obtained.
Coal contains fresh water fossils,
says the professor and the rock strate
which alternates with the coal depos
its contain marine fossils and this
proves that thru the reach of the
years the same territory has been al
ternately covered with terrestrial
swamps and oceanic water beds.
Evening State oJunral.
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