' A v Columbu. Nebr. - ' Consolidated with the Colnmbns Times April 1, 19W; with the Platte County Argus January 1,1908. cawed at taa Poetooe.Colamba.Nebr.)aa - iud-elaM mail matter. tbbm or srosoBirnoM : One rar, by nail, pottaje prepaid SUM dU noatha .78 r urea Bteata.... ........ .. .M WEDNESDAY, FEBBUAUY 15, 1911. 8TROTHER COMPANY. Proprietors. RENEWALS The date opposite your name on yomr paper, or wrapper shows to what time your abacripUoB la paid. Thus Jan05 ahowa that payaaeat baa bees rooeived np to Jan. 1,1905, FebK to Feb. 1, 1886 and so on. When payment is mada,the date, which answers as a receipt, will be ahisjajed aooordincly. DiSCONTINDANCES-Reaponsible snbacrib era will oomtiaaa to receiTe this Journal until the publishers are notified by letter to discontinue, when all azrearaajee must be paid. It yon do not wish the Joarmal continued for another year af ter the time paid for baa expired, yon should preTioaaly notify na to discontinue it. CHANQB IN ADDBESS-When ordering a jhaaeje In the addrasa, subscribers should be sure to aire their old as well as their new address. Transportation of go carta by freight within the state of Illinois is to be several cents a hundred pounds cheap er as the result of a decision of the Illinois railroad and warehouse com mission to "encourage an infant indus try." The commissioners placed themselves on record as opposed to race suicide at the classification meet ing called to consider petitions of shippers and railroads for changes in rales. Go carts have been transported uuder the rating for baby carriages, at -r0 per cent above the first class rate. It was pointed out that a large industry has been developed in manu facturing a new style of collapsible go carts, which were entitled to a specific rating and this was fixed at second class for less than carload lots, and fourth class in carloads. As the first class rate for the longest haul in the state, Chicago to Cairo, is -Hi cents a 100 pounds, it is not expected that the price of go carts will be reduced, but the saving in rates will be an appreciable amount to the manufac turer who ships in large quantities. Chicago Tribune. A little history now and then ought to be relished by everybody who de sires to know more about his own state. In 1.SII0 the territory of Nebraska sent six delegates to the republican national convention. Four were from Omaha, one from Plattsmouth and one from Nebraska City. Three of these votes were cast for Seward, two for Chase and one for Lincoln. The lat ter was cast by P. V. Hitchcock, father of the newly elected senator, and he received his reward the follow ing year when he was named by pres ident Lincoln as marshal of the terri tory. E. D. Webster, for a good many years one of the leaders of the Ne braska republicans, was sent to this territory in 1858 for the express pur pose of bringing iu a delegation from here for Seward for president. Thur low Weed, the biggest politician New York ever produced, was then in charge of Seward's campaign, and thriftily began planting friends of the New Yorker in the territories to sow crops that might be reaped in conven tion years. Webster bought the Omaha Republican, and easily suc ceeded in getting himself sent as a delegate, with two friends who were for Seward. Lincoln News. IS EVERYTHING ALL RIGHT? There 13 in Georgia a very success ful lawyer named Ewing who has made a reputation throughout the south as to wit and an after-dinner speaker. He set the members of the Atlanta bar association roaring with laughter by a recent speech from which this is an extract. I am the friend of labor, and I have no hostility or bitterness toward capi tal, and I always think of the existing disturbances as being not wholly free from humor. I firmly believe that if lawmakers will ijuit trying to regulate things, stop trying to legislate money from the man who made it to the man who didn't and let the people under stand that they must work for a living, everybody but the lawyers and candi dates will be happier and saner and less hungry. And that sentiment, which the Georgia lawyer no doubt, uttered in all sincerity, was echoed a few days later by another lawyer, ex-Governor Black, fn a speech to the New York bankers: The vast majority of individual for tunes are got by methods which hon est men approve. The vast majority of laboring men are getting what they earn. How little there is that politics can do for business except to leave it alone. Politics is necessary for good govern ment, but good government is one thing and business is another. These three utterances by distin guished advocates of the old doctrine of let-us-alone will interest all who see the great change that has come over the whole spirit of American legisla tion during the past ten years. Bos ton Globe. HANDICRAFT IN PRISONS. In most penitentaries, manufactur ing plants have been installed by the state. The object of the plants is first, to work a reformation in the prisoners by useful industry; second, to make the institution self-supporting. This scheme, introduced with the best of motives, has failed in its intent on both counts. I will grant, of course, that any kind of work is bet ter than idleness, and it is further admitted that a certain profit has been realized from the labor of the prisoners, that has gone toward the maintenance of the institution. But the original proposition stands, that work as car ried on in prisons is not a success, either morally or financially. The cause of the moral failure lies in the fact that work in every prison is regarded by wardens, keepers, over seers and prisoners as a form of pun ishment The financial failure, I believe, is because the industries introduced have been, almost without exception, of a kind and quality in which competition has been most keen and profits very close. Of prisoners in state penitentiaries, not over 5 per cent are any more vicious in their instincts than the men outside. We find, on acquaintance, that the man in bonds is very much like ourselves. He has done some thing, while we have only thought it. He often lacks caution, and he lacks will. Yet through the right influence at the right moment hia will supple mented by another he might be out side and, a temptation coming to us when impulse was strong, we might now be iu his place. The prisoner is a man and a brother. Our desire is to help him to help him self, and thereby help ourselves. Grant that he must be restrained and a limit put on his liberty, yet if wc can make restraint moral thegreater are we. Revenge belongs to the savage. The germ of punishment lies in the act. "Vengeance is mine, and I will repay," saith the Lord. And the Lord needs no help along this line. This leaves us free to teach. And so here is the vital point: Set prisoners to work at hand work. Do not suggest revolt by placing a man on a treadmill. Make work pleasant, and give it as a privilege. We grow through expression, and the only way to reform a man is through the right exercise of his facul ties; thus allowing the man to reform himself. Education should be through self-activity, not through punishment. The kindergarten idea has been par tially introduced in various reform schools, and the results have been most encoui aging a marvel, often, even to the teachers. And if boys from twelve to eighteen can be man aged by kindness, full grown men can also. I am positive that I can take, just as they come, twenty-five Sing Sing men and by the kindergarten method manage them, in a room alone, day after day, without arms or a guard, in a perfectly orderly and decent manner. I can teach them to express themselves in useful work, and can gradually develop among the most of them a degree of deftness and skill that will make them self supporting. More than this, I can secure in a week a hundred men and women who can teach just as well as I can. And I am not sure but that men prisoners can be taught best by women. The kindergarten method should be used in its entirety that is, there should be music, singing, marches and calisthenics to relieve nerve tension. Also there should be oral expression under proper regulations, instead of the grim deathly silence of the present prison. Men can be led away from the bad by making life affirmative and so these men should be set to making things with their hands, and gradually pro moted from the simple work to the more complex. For grown men carpentry, wood carving, cabinet work, blacksraituing and weaving could all be used. The simple weaving of "homespun" and bed covers would lead some to tapes tries, just as wood carving, modelling and drawing would lead the elect few to art. But, best of all, hand work in prison, instead of machine methods, would give us back men for criminals. The reason there is no place now for the man who has "done time" is because we believe he is incompetent He cannot do anything. He is helpless as a crawfish that has just sloughed its shell. We have all the incompetents now that we can manage, and so we turn the jail bird away with a letter of recommendation or a certificate of character, and we ease conscience by rubbing into him a little trite advice about bracing up and an honest life. Convince a board of pardons that the man can and will do a valuable service for society, and the prison doors fly open. Idleness is the only sin. A black smith singing at his forge, sparks a-fiying, anvil ringing, the man mate rializing an idea what is finer? -1 saw such a sight the other evening through a window. It gave me a thrill, and 1 said to myself, "The only saint is the man who has found his work." Elbert Hubbard. HORACE GREELEY'S CENTEN ARY. Horace Greeley was born on a farm five miles from Amherst, N. H., on February 9, 1811. His father was poor and Horace had little opportuni ty to obtain more than the most primi tive education. As a small boy Hor ace Greeley was an omnivorous reader, and with the aid of an excellent mem ory he succeeded in acquiring not only a thorough knowledge of the English language, but a large amount of hetero genous information, which proved of great value to him in later years. At the age of fifteen he entered the office of The Northern Spectator at East Poultney, Vt , as an apprentice. He seemed to be born to the trade, and soon he was the best printer in the shop. It might also be added that even at that time Me was a better journalist than the editor of the paper. Greeley remained with that paper un til it died from lack of support five years later. During those years he sent the greater part of his meager wages to his father, who had removed to a farm near Erie, Pa. After the Spectator had suspended Greeley worked his way to his father's farm, earning as much as he could on the way by working fir a few weeks at a time on different newspapers. Af ter a few mouths he made his way to New York. He arrived there with but a few cents in his pocket, no other clothes except those he wore, but eager and ambitious to become a great jour nalist For eighteen months he work ed as compositor at poorly-paid, odd jobs, then together with another young compositor, he opened a printing offi ce. After one or two unsuccessful ef forts to start a newspaper, Greeley, in IS.; J, undertook the publication of a weekly literary journal, called The New Yorker. Two years later the pa per had 700 suliscribers. The panic of the following years nearly caused the suspension of The New Yorkerand it was on its last legs when, in 1838, Thurlow Weed made Greeley editor of the Jeffersouian, a whig paper estab lished in Albany during the campaign that ended in the election of William H. Seward as governor of New York. As editor of that paper Greeley be came a prominent figure in state affairs and, although he was only about twenty-seven years of age, he was recongiz ed as one of the strongest olitical writers of the day. Two years later Greeley was chosen to edit the Log Cabin, the whig cam paign paper of 1840. His success in creased Greeley's prestige and gave him the courage to establish a newspa per of his own, April 10, 1841, was the birthday of the New York Tribune, which under his management and direc tion became one of the greatest news papers in the country and a great poli tical power. The subsequent history of Greeley was inseparably linked to that of the New York Tribune, at the head of which he remained for thirty years, severing his connection with that journal only a few days before his death, which occurred on November 29, 1872. It would be difficult to overestimate the influence which was wielded by the pen of Horace G reeley. He had cour age and he had an honest conscience, and these were backed by a mystery of incisive, clear English. He was one of the foremost advocates of a protective tariff and that the north was brought to the intense hostility to slavery that culminated in the birth of the republi can party and the emancipation pro clamation of Abraham Lincoln was in a large measure, due to the editorial columns of the New York Tribune. Greeley held public office but once, when he filled an unexpired term in congress for a few weeks. He was nominated for the presidency by the democrats and the liberal republicans in 1872, but was overwhelmingly de feated by Grant. The intense disap pointment of his defeat, following the death of his wife in September of the same year, and the tremendous exer tion of the campaign caused his collap se and his sudden death from brain fever on November 29, 1872. State Journal. Spoiling His Advantage. Robert Lowe, the English journalist, was always saying good things. "Look at that fool throwing away bis nat ural advantages!" be exclaimed when a deaf member of the house of com mons put up bis ear trumpet Hia Mile. Mr. Baggie Confound that tailor! These trousers are a mile too long. Mrs. Baggie How much shall I turn them up? Mr. Baggie About half an inch. It is lawful to pray God that we be not led into temptation, but not law ful to skulk from those that come to us. B. . Steveosoa. THE AGITATORS. The commuting of the sentence of Editor F. D. Warren of the ''Appeal to Reason" by President Taft is as act that will appeal to American common sense. Oar revolutionary writers and orators ought' not to be taken too seri ously. Often it would be much more useful to present them with a boiled cabbage than to hurl the thunderbolts of the law at them. It was well enough to inflict a mild punishment on Warren for suggesting ex-Governor Taylor's kidnapping. But if anyone else save a superheated socialist had done it,, it would have been regarded as more of an effort to demonstrate the brilliancy of his wit, than as a suggestion of crime. A small portion of our population seems to be suffering from volcanic brain storm. It is a question how to deal with these people. If some of them are given absolute freedom, crim es like the assassination of President McKinley will be encouraged. But in almost every, case, violent language is self destructive. The ordinary man is not anxious to see all the foundations of society up set in some wild economic upheaval. Everyone who has a little farm, a little home, or a little bank account, ques tions whether that would not also be lost in the shuffle. So when he is told that the human race should take the back track over the course it has been traveling since Abraham lived on the plains of Shinar, he begins to won der where he would lie by the time they got back to the present state of advancement The best way to deal with people whose economic views threaten the safety valve, is to persuade them that by dropping the pencil stub and street oratory for the hoe and the lathe, they can multiply their family income by two. Norfolk News. THE CONFEDERACY'S FIFTY YEARS. Montgomery, Ala., is preparing to observe the fiftieth anniversary of the establishment of the Southern Confed eracy, which took place in that city on February 4, 1801. ' That is a decided ly important date mark in American history and some notice ought to be taken of its semi-centennial when it arrives. Soon after Virginia's separation from the Union, the Confederate capi tal was moved to Richmond and it re mained there until the collapse after the surrender of Lee iu April, 1865. And the improvement in conditions which has come since 1SG5 has been far greater in the South than it has been in the rest of the country. Of the 9 million dollars product of the farms of the United States in 1910, a large proportion has been scored by the Southern States. Of the seven staple crops corn, wheat, tobacco, hay, oats, Irish potatoes and rye com mon to all the country, the Sooth's ratio of gain in the past ten years has been 104 per cent, while that of the rest of the country has been only 85 per cent In cotton, the'production ot which is a southern monopoly, the gain has been still greater in the de cade. And, moreover, coal, iron and other minerals, practically unknown in the South half a century ago and but little known a quarter of a century ago, are now among that region's larg est assets. In cotton and steel manu facture, too the South is pushing rapid ly to the front From Leslie's Week- DEMOCRATIC HARMONY. A dear and faithful democrat, ven erable in years, and courtly in man ners, said to Governor Tilden one early summer afternoon on the side porch of the since demolished executive man sion: ''Governor, we look to you to secure harmony in the party." Saying this, the representative of Penn Yan, in the county of Yates, bowed farewell to Mr. Tilden and de parted to take the train home. Mr. Tilden Iwde him good bye and hoped he would reach home in safety. No sooner had the visitor departed than the governor remarked to a news paper man who was his guest: "Har mony in the party? You might as well hope for harmony in hell. The party loves a fight and when it cannot find one it makes one." Brooklyn Eagle. NEBRASKA IN A NUT-SHELL. The biennial report of the secretary of state gives in condensed form this interesting information about Nebras ka: The territory of Nebraska was or ganized May .'JO, 1854. The territory was part of the Louis iana purchase tract ceded by France to the United States in 1803. The first territorial legislature was held in Omaha commencing Jan. 15, 1855, and the twelfth and last session convened at Omaha Jan. 19, 1807. The territory sent 3,157 men to the union armies during the civil war. Nebraska was admitted to the union as a state on March 1, 1867, by proc lamation issued by President Andrew Johnson. The seat of govemmat was perman ently located at T caster, the present site of Lincoln, July 29, 1867. The first state legislature was held in Lincoln Jan. 7, 1869. The present state constitution was adopted Not. 1, 1875. The extreme length of the state east and west is 412 miles. Its greatest breadth north and south is 208 miles. N Its area hi 86,080 square miles or 49,212,000 acres. Number of votes cast in 1868 was 9,772. Number of votes cast in 1908 was 271,491. Nebraska's population in 1900 was 1,066,300. Nebraska's population in 1910 was 1,192,214. Gain in last decade 125.941 or 11.8 per cent. As a nutshell compendium, this is worth preserving. The Bird TaMs. In the old countries of Europe the bird table may still be seen In the mini districts. A bird table Is made by driving a short stake Into the ground and firmly nailing a shallow wooden box on top of it The box generally measures two by three feet and has a number of holes in the bottom to drain It of rain or snow water. It Is always high enough to be beyond reach of any cat that might try to leap to It from the ground. Care also Is taken to select a spot far enough from fences, trees or buildings to pre vent cats from pouncing down on It when the birds are feeding. Into the bird table go scraps from the house table and kitchen, pieces of stale bread and cake, strips of fat meat potato parings, carrot ends, bits of any kind of table greens, apple skins and cores and cabbage leaves. All kinds of nonmigratory birds come to feed at the bird table, and many a song bird has been saved by it from starvation when a deep snow has cov ered the ground and seed grasses. An English naturalist counted twenty seven species of birds at the bird table In his garden in a single morning after a heavy fall ot snow. Cellini's Quick Cure. Benvenuto Cellini when about to cast his famous statue of Perseus, now In the Loggia del Lanzi at Florence, was taken with a sudden fever. In the midst of bis suffering one of his workmen rushed Into his sick chamber and exclaimed: "Ob. Benvenuto! Your statue is spoiled, and there is no hope whatever of saving itr Cellini said that when he heard this he gave a howl and leaped from bis bed. Dress ing hastily, he rushed to his furnace and found his metal "caked." He or dered dry oak wood and fired the fur nace fiercely, working in a rain tbat was falling, stirred the channels and saved his metal. He continues the story thus: "After all was over I turn ed to a plate of salad on a bench there and ate with a hearty appetite and drank together with the whole crew. Afterward I retired to my bed. healthy and happy, for it was two hours be fore morning, and slept as sweetly as If I had never felt a touch of illness." Fantastic Hcadgtar. The fantastic headgear or Korea is not only picturesque; it marks the so cial position of the wearer. The na tional popular hat Is high in form, has a tube of half the caliber of ours and Is slightly conical, black In color, sup ported by wide brims. The material Is of horsehair, very finely woven. When the Korean gentleman's bat Is of straw color It denotes that be Is a happy fiance. Le chapeau de rlz, elegant In Its conical form with angular brim, de notes a bonza. Another hat of enor mous size is that of the Ping Yang sect, who must bide their faces. It descends at the back almost to the shoulders, the brim being festooned, and If the proprietor Is of superstitious torn he adds some black figures to ward off evil spirits. Married men aft er a certain age add stories to their hats. An Asalaav to Amanda. This Is to apologize to a colored lady whom we admire and respect We printed a little anecdote about her not long ago. and in it we tried the im possibleattempted to Imitate her In imitable Mississippi accent Then we showed her the story. She wasn't as tickled to find herself in print as we expected her to be. While acknowl edging the truth of the story, there was still a cloud on her ebony brow. "What's the matter. Amanda?' we asked. "Didn't you want to get Into the paper?' "GItthV inter de papeh's all right," she hesitated. "But. mlst yU didn't ought to put it down dat An talked dat away. Ah don' never use none o dat Aflcan talk!" Cleveland Plain Dealer. Hogarth Used f Forget William Hogarth, the famous Eng lish artist was so absentminded be caused his friends much entertain ment When he was prosperous enough to have his own carriage be first used it to make a call upon the lord mayor. When he came out of the Mansion House it was raining hard, and the artist tramped .the entire way home, wet to the skin. When asked why he had not come in the carriage he said he forgot aU about it and a messen ger had to be dispatched to the coach man to tell bun to return. Nora Was Wise. "Nora." censured the house bmtler, "If you munt break the missus' vases. why don't you break the cheap ones Instead or those expensive Imported OflMB? "Oh, no,"laughed Nora, with a gay flourish of her feather duster. "If I broketbe cheap one she would take them out! of my wages." Chicago News. Be than other people if yom can, but flekL tsU SPECIAL RATE BULLETIN FOR FEBRUARY TO THE SOUTH: February 7th and 31st, low roaad trip hosa-asfcera fare are in effect to the Sonth; attractive winter tourist fares ia effect every day to the whole South, with return limit of June 1st. TO THE WEST AND NORTHWEST: Hoissssfcsra excursioa fares are in effect February 7th and 31st to large-sections of newly devdepiag terri tory throughout the West, including the Big Horn Basin. NEW TOUR OF YELLOWSTONE PARK: A system of new sad scenic eight-day personally conducted catspiag tears of Yellowstone Park will be established Una conu'ag summer from Cody, Wyo, via the magniteeat Gov ern meat Shoshone Dam along the GoveraaMBt Road over Sylvan Pass through the Park and return, by the Yellowstone Park Camping A Trans portation Co,, Aran Holm, proprietor. Pries from Cody, including all accommodations, only $50.00. Parties leave Cody every day during the summer. This Transportation Company has handled large parties of camp ers in such a satisfactory manner that their growing patronage sow requires daily tours from Cody. It will pay you to write that eompaay at Cody, Wyoming, early, and later in the season ask for new Park Cody Roate Leaflet b. F. L. . MrAKftL&Y. " CURING BAD HABITS. Try a tittle Self Hypnotism an Yeur Pet Weaknesses. In a large eastern city Is a profes sional hypnotist who has a wide repu tation for curing the habit of intem perance. Ills method is dirt simple. "There is no real hypnotism about it unless It is a matter of self hypno tism," this professor once said. "1 simply observe the mind process of the man that drinks and advise him how to reverse it. The subconscious solil oquy iu the mind of the man that drinks runs something like this: When did I have my last ball? Whew! Long as that! I don't see how I stood it so long. Wouldn't hare thought it possible.' And so on the victim repeats to himself on the prin ciple that he needs this periodical stimulant just as it is necessary to heap coal on to fire to keep it from burning out. In a word, tbat man self hypnotizes himself into the belief that be needs a drink. "My advice to cure this craving Is not to fight the appetite, but to fight down the cause that leads to the ap petlte. Let a man repeat to himself over and over again: I really don't need this drink. If I take it, it's sim ply a matter of pouring so much down my throat superfluously, for I could get along without.' Before long he will be surprised how instead of hyp notizing himself into drink he will hypnotize himself out of it." Simple, isn't it? But if thl- self hypnotism or whatever you choose to call It is a cure for intemperance why is it not equally a recipe for curing other bad habits? Chicago Tribune. He Was Not Laconic. John Morley in his life of Gladstone tells the story of the statesman's ex amination for admission to Oxfonl uni versity when he was a youth. The ex aminer, having utterly failed to floor the candidate on some point of the ology, said, "We will now leave that part of the subject." "Xo. sir," replied the candidate; "if you please, we will not leave it yet," and proceeded to pour forth a fresh stream. The dean In Mr. Gladstone's day was Gaisford. famous among other things for his trenchant brevity. "This laconic gift." observes Mr. Morley slyly, "the dean evidently had not time to transmit to all of his flock." Genius and Goodness. I have had sometimes in mine the gloved and white palm of the upper class and the heavy black hand of tlu lower class and have recognized that both are but of men After all these have passed before me I say tbat hu manity has a synonym equality and that under heaven there is but oue thing we ought to bow to, genius, and the only thing before which we ought to kneel, goodness. Victor Hugo. !1l9BSHBBsssBBjBBBBBa'J' gBHB'" -"nwtVJ- -j Magazine Old Books Rebound In tact, for anything in tbe book binding line bring your work to ZSfie Journal Office Phone 184 REGTOR. TlGktt ftfftllt GBluniBMS. NBftr. Gel.F. KNEW HIS BUSINESS. This Parisian Beggar Realized the Value of New Shoes. Begging has long been a great art in Europe: By using subtle touches of misery and calculated effects of dis ease and dismemberment the beggar became a master of pathetic appeal. A delightful story of Dupre. the sculp tor. Is quoted by Hamilton W. Mnble in the Outlook. Looking out of his window in a ho tel (Hie bleak wintry morning in the good old times. Dupre saw au old beg gar sitting barefooted on the stone steps below. His heart was moved with compassion, and he began to search for a pair of shoes. He found two pairs, one of them new. "Do not give the new pair away: yon will need them yourself," urged his prudent wife. "Xo," said the sculptor. "I shall ilud the old pair more comfortable. More over. If 1 am to give anything away I am going to give the best I have." So he hurried downstairs and put the new shoes in the hands of the bare footed old man. The next morning the beggar sat on the steps as usual, and. as usual, his feet were bare. Dupre hurried down to him. "Where are the shoes 1 gave you? You are not wear ing them." lie said. "Xo." replied the old man. "1 could not wear them, excellency. If I did' nobody would give me anything. I have pawned them." Lakes of Blood. The name Lake of Blood or its equlv alent has been given to places as far apart as England and South America. "Sanguelac" I. e., the Lake of Blood was the name given by the vic torious Normans to the battlefield at Hastings, where the Saxons were over thrown and slain with terrible carnage. For a similar reason Lake Trasimeue 'has borne the name "Sanginetto" be cause its waters were reddened during the second Punic war by the blood of some 15,000 Romans who fell before 4he troops of Hannibal. Yet another Lake of Blood, called also "Yaguar Cocha." is situated Iu the state of Ecuador. It Is oue of a series of lakes formed by the extinct craters of volcanoes on the towering heights of the Andes range of moun tains. A Jiffy. Tommy (who has been told to go to bed) I'n. bow long is "a jiffy?" Father It's Just about the length or time you've got to go to bed without a licking. Boston Transcript. The Last Dance, ne May 1 ask you for a dance? She Certainly, the last one oa the list. He But I'll not be here then. Sbe-Xelther will I. Binding v. I i J N 1 n y !?! 1J