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NCLE SAM'S newest and
most interesting subma
rine boat, the Salmon,
is an object of interna
tional interest Just now
and is hailed on both
sides of the Atlantic as
the most remarkable
submarine boat in the
.-srn world. This fame is due
to the Salmon's recent record-breaking
cruise from the Atlantic coast to Ber
muda and return a deep-sea voyage
such as has had no parallel in the his
tory of under-water craft. The cruise
to Bermuda was not only the first
-ruise by a submarine to a foreign
port or out of sight of land, but it
was the longest virtually continuous
run ever attempted by such a vessel.
The total distance covered aggregated
nearly 1,700 miles and. as it happened,
the little vessel encountered very
rough weather during a considerable
part of the trip.
Not only did this nautical excur
sion establish a new record for ves
sels of the American navy, but it sur
passed all foreign achievements. The
best performances previously record
ed by American vessels of this type
was found in the run of the subma
rine Viper from Cape Lookout to Ann
apolis, Md., a distance of about 483
Knots, and the cruise of a flotilla of
submarines from New York to Annap
olis, a distance of' 385 knots. Among
the foreign performances of such ves
sels there stands out the record of
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anil the attack failed only because the screw by
which the torpedo was to be attached to the
Eagle's bottom was not sharp enough. Robert
Fulton's experiments In France and America
(1795-1812) demonstrated that a vessel could
be built which could descend to any given depth
and reascend at will. Plunging mechanism was
devised about the middle of the eighteenth cen
tury, but Fulton developed the vertical and hori
zontal rudders and provided for the artificial sup
ply of air. A form of periscope existed in 1092
and an improved kind was patented In 3774; in
1834 Davy still further developed It. Phillips'
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English submarines of about the same size as
tho Salmon, which made the coastwise run from
Dover to Dundee, a distance of 512 miles, and tho
famous performance of the French submarine
Papia. which on one occasion made a cruise of
1.200 miles. However, this French achievement
te overshadowed by the Salmon's cruise because
not only was tho distance of the latter much
greater, but it was an open sea performance,
whereas the Papin cruised along the coast, and.
finally, the French vessel Is much larger than
the ucw American record-breaker, the Papin be
ing of 550 tons displacement, -whereas the Salmon
Is of but 320 tons displacement.
The Salmon, alike to most of the submarines
which have lately been added to the United
States navy. Is a development of the original
Holland type of submarine which first gave the
Americans the lead in this class of shipbuilding.
The Salmon Is 135 feet in length by 14 feet beam
and is a twin-screw boat, being driven on the
surface by two gasoline engines of 300 horse
power each and propelled when, submerged by
-electrical power supplied from storage batteries.
By way of fulfilling her mission of destruction
the little vessel has four torpedo tubes equipped
to fire the latest type of torpedo that is, a tor
pedo 17 feet in length and 18 inches in diameter,
having a radius of 4000 yards and carrying an
explosive charge of 200 pounds of guncotton. On
her cruise to Bermuda the Salmon carried a'
'crew of 21 men, but It was demonstrated" on this
cruise that under actual service conditions such
a submarine can be operated, in so far as navl
'gation is concerned, by five men two on the
bridge and three in the engine room,
f The Salmon is capable of a speed of 14 knots
per hour when running awash or on the surface
of tho water and 12 knots per hour when running
wholly submerged. Only three minutes is re
quired to change from surface running by gaso
line engines to submerged running by electrical
power. The vessel has, on trial, dived to a depth
of more than 200 feet without any sign of strain
or leakage being manifest anywhere on hor steel
cisar-shaped body. A unique feature of the equip
ment of an up-to-date submarine such as the
Salmon, is a double periscope whereby, when
the vessel is wholly submerged the officers on
board can observe all that Is going on at the
surface of the water. Electrical ranges are pro
vided for cooking the meals of those on board,
and there is a reserve supply of 4.800 cubic feet
of air. contained in 28 tanks, so that if need be
the vessel could be "sealed up" tight and remain
under the surface cf the water for one or two
days and nights without those on board having
any communication with the outside world or
coming to the surface for fresh air. On the
Salmon's Bermuda cruise there were on board, in
addition to the officers of the American navy,
Capt Arture Cuevas of the Chilean navy, who
went for the purpose of reporting to his govern
ment on the behavior of the vessel.
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Modern submarine bonis are of two tjpes, the
submerged and the suhmergible. The submerged
when in light cruising condition moves with only
a small percentage of the hull above the water:
the suhmergible cruises on the surface much
like an ordinary torpedo boat, which it resembles
externally. The difference in principle between
the two types is slight, but in construction de
tails It Is very marked. The submerged boats
are usually nearly cylindrical with pointed ends,
the general shape being much like that of a
Whitehead torpedo. .Submergence is effected by
admitting water to the ballast tanks or by means
of Inclined rudders, or both. Suhmergible boats
have two hulls, one inside the other. The outer
hull resembles closely that of the ordinary tor
pedo boat, but has as few projections as possible
risIng"from the general outline, in order to pre
sent a smooth surface when submerged. Inside
this there is a second bull of nearly circular
cross-section and as large as the shape of the
outer boat permits. To effect submergence water
first admitted to the space between the hulls,
and this brings the boat to the "awash" condi
tion. Further submergence is effected by permit
ting the ballast tanks to fill.
When or by whom was built the first subma
rine boat will probably never be known. It Is
said that Alexander the Great was Interested In
submarine navigation, while subaqueous attacks
of vessels was studied at least as early as the
thirteenth or fourteenth century. M. Delpeuch
states that some English ships were destroyed
In 1372 by fire carried under water. In the
early part of the seventeenth century submarine
boats were numerous, and in 1G24 Cornelius Van
Drcbbel exhibited to King James I. on the
Thames a submarine boat of his own design. By
1727 no less than fourteen types of submarines
had been patented in England alone. In 1774
Day began experiments with a submarine boat
at Plymouth. England, losing his life in the
second submergence trial. In the following year
David Bushnell built his first boat, with which
Sergeant Lee attacked H. M. S. Eagle in New
York "harbor. Lee actually got under the ship.
wuler prepare, aad the Rome fate befell Bauer's
Iron boat Piongeur-Marin at Kiel in 1830. In 1SCS
McCIintock and Howgate built a semi-submarine
hand-propelled boat for the attack on the federal
fleet, but it sank four times, each time drown
Ing the entire crew of eight men. In the same
year several larger boats propelled by engines
were commenced in Europe, and these at Inter
vala were followed by others designed by Hov
gaard. Goubet, Zedc. Nordcnfeldt, Tuck. Holland
and others. The French navy began experiment
ing with submarine boats about 1885. The Gym
note was built in 1888 and the Gustave Zede in
1893. The Morse was commenced in 1894, but
remained uncompleted until 1899. pending addi
tional experiments with the Gymnctc and the
Zede. In that year the construction of subma
rines was actively commenced, ten beiug
launched in 1901.
All London is talking about the startling ex
hibitions of speed given by a little boat on the
Thames and at Bournemouth. The boat was seen
racing up and. down the river at what seemed a
terrific speed, darting along by leaps and bounds,
just as a shark chases a fish scudding between
wind and water. The Impression she left was
not so much that of power, for 6be was such a
mite of a thing, only 2C feet long, as of vicious
and desperate energy. Crowds of people gath
ered along the embankment to watch her, won
dering whence in her tiny body this overpower
ing energy could come.
It has since been divulged that she is the Mi
randa IV., the latest experiment In skim boats,
or. as they are called technically, hydroplanes,
by the veteran English inventor. Sir John Thorny,
croft. Compared with anything near her size, the
Miranda IV. is certainly the fastest craft afloat.
Her exact speed is not known, but she has sev
eral times done well over 34 knots an hour, and
has decisively beaten the Columbine at Bourne
mouth, the only other craft which could lay
claim to a record in her class. But It is not only
for this terrific speed that the Miranda IV. is
remarkable. She Is the most seaworthy craft of
her size that has been constructed.
When Sleep Will Not Come
Five absolutely sleepless nights are
enough to cause death, and two may
be enough to cause hallucinations, loss
of memory, and all kinds of other trou
bles The best advice for the treat
ment of insomnia, perhaps, was that
of the Irishman, who said he knew the
one and only cure "Just go to sleep
and forget all about it" Not easy,
maybe, but sound advice, all the same;
to worry about leplessnesa Is fataL
Narcotics are, generally speaking,
equally bad. To earn sound sleep, in
fact, there Is only one way, and that
is to follow nature's system of de
stroying consciousness.
First, lie in the most comfortable
'foeitlon possible, and this is usually
t;the right side with the knees slight
ly flexed. Then, with the lips closed,
but not compressed, drop the lower
jaw and relax the tongue, gently shut
the eyes, and draw the bedclothes
over the exposed left ear. This shuts
out light and sound, and relaxes some
muscles which are usually forgotten.
Now proceeed to relax more
muscles, beginning at the feet, legs,
thighs, and arms. Imagining each In
turn a heavy weight bearing down
upon the bed; and, lastly, imagine
that the eyes are looking far away to
the distant horizon. The attention Is
so taken up with the relaxing process
that thinking soon ceases, and the
imagination, Instead of running riot
at its sweet will. Is set to play on
something definitely soothing, and
soon falls asleep.
At the same time it should not be
forgotten that the bedroom should be
flooded with pure air; and an impor
tant point to remember is that &
higher temperature than 58 degree:
Fahrenheit increases the action of the
heart and warns sleep away; a tern
peratcre too low congests the heart,
tending also to wakefulness. It it
best to sleep on the right side, and
in the morning to rest on th let (. aid
n '
ii '
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,
What to Do
Before the
Poisoning
n a. i By DR W. H Bi
Doctor Gomes -"-seKS
JMMfcof 7
v I
.BAILEY
In general, poisons may be divided
into two classes, (1) corrosive or irri
tant poisons, those which injures per
son or cause death by their local ac
tion of destroying the tissues; (2)
nervous or systemic poisons, those
which produce their ill effects by their
action on the nervous system at
large.
Some of the more common irritant
poisons are: 1. Arsenic, in its va
rious forms as white arsenic. Paris
green, rat-poisons, poison fly paper,
and various vermin exterminators; 2.
Carbolic acid (phenol) which, although
probably among the most irritating of
poisons and producing death after the
most agonizing suffering, is. strange
to say, very frequently selected for
the purpose of committing suicide; 3.
Phosphorus, which Is found in various
rat-poisons and in match heads; 4.
Strong acids such as sulphuric, mu
riatic, and nitric acids: and 5. Strong
alkalies as caustic soda, caustic pot
ash, lime. lye and strong ammonia.
Among the systemic poisons are: 1.
Opium, In Its various forms as mor
phine, codeine, laudanum, paregoric,
and black drop: 2. strychnine; 3. bella
donna: 4. alcohol, which although so
commonly used, is nothing more nor
less than a poison, and in the quanti
ties usually taken, produces its effects
by really poisoning the system: 5.
ptomains, which are formed in spoiled
or partially decayed foodstuffs.
The poisons produce their injurious
and sometimes fatal results in various
ways. The irritant poisons all have a
destmctive action on the tissues with
which they come in contact. If left in
the stomach or intestines for any
length of time, they are very liable to
perforate their walls and so set up a
peritonitis, which is very frequently
fatal. If perforation does not occur,
the scar tissue which forms where the
normal tissue has been destroyed, al
wnys contracts In time, and may do so
to such an extent that an obstruction
to the digestive tracv may tie the re
sult. Some of the systemic poisons
kill by over stimulation, others by de
pressing the vital functions and others
by paralyzing them. There are a few
poisons which are at the same time
both Irritant and systemic in their
actions.
The diagnosis of poisoning is some
times very difficult, but at other times
it is quite evident, if after taking
something cither as medicine or food
the person suddenly begins to feel
very much different from what he did
a few minutes before, poisoning should
be thought of. Sometimes there are
pains In the abdomen, sometimes con
vulsions or spasms, sometimes an ir
resistable drowsiness or unconscious
ness. Irritant poisons often leave
stains and burned places upon the lips
and Inside the mouth. Often the la
bel upon the bottle or box. In the
case of medicine, will show one what
has been taken. The odor of the
breath, or of vomited matter will
sometimes help to make a diagnosis.
Often the patient himself is able to
inform you as to what he has taken.
Although poisons are usually taken
into the body by way of the digestive
tract, it must not be forgotten that
they can be breathed into the lungs
in the form of poisonous gases. It is
also possible to be poisoned, in some
cases, by absorbing the substance
through the skin in large enough quan
tities to produce the injurious effects.
William H. Bailey. A. B.. M. D.. Kan
sas University School of Medicine,
Rosedale.
Priceless Relic Found.
The first original description ot
America ever written has just been
discovered. It was penened by Dr.
Diego Alvarez Cbanca. physician to
the second fleet of Columbus, and was
dated at the Port of Isabella. Santo
Domingo, in January. 1494. Dr. Fer
nandez de Ybarra. of the New York
Academy of Sciences, with the Smith
sonian Institution of Washington, aid
ing and abetting, uncoyered the docu:
meats.
Antidotes for Some
Poisons
Arsenic, when taken in poisonous
doses, produces, in half an hour, pains
in the abdomen, often vomiting, thirst,
often purgation and sometimes nerv
ous shock and unconsciousness. The
antidotes are milk. eggs, or best of
all freshly prepared ferric hydrate, a
chemical that Is made by mixing tinc
ture of ferric chloride with ammonia
(spirits of hartshorn) or calcinated
magnesia. The resulting substance
should be washed two or three times
by placing in a cloth and running wa
ter through it. These two substances
go under the ofliclal name of "ferri
oxidium hydratum cum magnesia,
and can be procured at most drug
stores.
Carbolic acid, if taken In too large
doses or in concentrated form, causes
white burned places on the lips and
inside the mouth, or any place that It
touches the skin. It causes intense
pain in the mouth, throat and abdo
men. The odor is very characteristic
and may lead one to a diagnosis. It is
a heart depressant aud if enough has
been taken, the person soon goes Into
a stage of collapse and unconscious
ness. The antidotes are alcohol in
some form (whisky or wine or di
luted alcohol) given in large quanti
ties and then promptly vomited. In
other words, wash out the stomach
with alcohol. Lime water, magnesia
and eggs are of some benefit and
should be given if no alcohol is ob
tainable. Of course the general treat
ment of poisoning, as to stimulants,
etc., must be carried out
Phosphorus Is a local Irritant, caus
ing burning of the throat and pains In
the abdomen and sometimes vomiting.
None of these symptoms may show
until three or four hours after the poi
son has been taken. The odor of wet
matchheads may be detected and the
vomited material will sometimes give
off a pale light (fluoresce) in the dark.
The antidotes are crude turpentine
and magnesia In milk, and hydrogen
peroxide. Do not give oil of any kind
as It forms a compound with the
phosphorus that !s more quickly ab
sorbed. The strong acids cause death by de
stroying the tissues, giving severe In
flammation and swelling of the throat
and perforating the stomach or intes
tines. The antidotes arc dilute alka
lies of some kind as weak ammonia,
soapsuds, magnesia, chalk, lime wa
ter. Raw eggs may also be given,
the burning of the mouth and throat
is slightly relieved by oily liquids, as
small doses of sweet oil. olive oil, or
castor oil. These can be taken in
any case of poisoning where there Is
burning of the throat, except in phos
phorus poisoning.
Strong alkalies have very similar
effects to strong acids. The antidotes
are weak acids, as vinegar, lemon
juice, etc. The giving of oil often re
lieves the pain considerably.
Opium, in any of its forms, if taken
in sufficient doses, causes stupor, con
tracted pupils of the eyes and slow
respiration, followed by a deep heavy
sleep and unconsciousness. The anti
dotes are large quantities of potas
sium permanganate in weak solution
used to wash out the stomach, or
strong tea used in a similar manner.
The patient must not be allowed to go
to sleep. Giving strong black coffee
at frequent Intervals, slapping with
wet towels and frequent shocking with
an electric battery will assist in
keeping him awake. Artificial respira
tion may pometimes be necessary.
Strychnine, the active principle in
nux vomica, causes pains in the
stomach, spasms or convulsions and
death by over stimulation of the mus
cles of respiration. It has a bitter
taste even in very small quantities.
The antidotes are a weak solution of
potassium permangate. or large
amounts of tea, used to wash out the
stomach. The patient must be kept
absolutely quiet in a darkened room.
Chloral and postasslum bromide in
jection often aid in the treatment.
Belladonna and its derivative. atn
pine, cause flushed face, dryness of
throat, dilated pupils of eyes, delirium
and unconsciousness. The antidotes
are strong tea or some other solution
containing tannic acid, and potassium
permanganate solutions to wash out
the stomach.
Ptcmaines give pains In the abdo
men with vomiting and purging. There
are no special antidotes, but the stom
ach should be emptied and a purgative
given. Stimulation is sometimes nec
essary.' it
Defect in American Law.
In a letter published in the Syracuse
Post-Standard, former Ambassador
Andrew D. White speaks vigorously
on the subject of "the chicanery, pet
tifoggery and folly In the defense of
criminals." He says that "homicides
have increased within fifteen years
from two thousand a year to nearly
ten thousand, placing us by far in the
lead of all civilized nations in this re
spect," and that there were capital
convictions in only about seventy
cases last year. 'The immediate
cause of the whole of this state of
things, with constantly increased dis
respect of law. Is. In ray opinion." adds
Mr. White, "a kind of sickly sentiment
pervading the whole country on this
subject."
With Bernard or a Guide
Six miles south of Dinard (Illet-et-I'ilalne).
on passing through the vil
lage of Pleurtuit. and descending in
to the deep valley of Fremur. the
visitor finds Crochais ponds, a widen
ing of the river in a romantic spot,
between wooded slopes whose dark
verdure is reflected in the somber wa
ters The whole valley being private
propertv. dependent upon the neigh
boring castle of Crochais, which dom
inates the hills, would-be visitors are
directed te apply at the mill, whose
great wheel is turned by the waters
of the first pond. The miller pockets
bis gratuity, points out the intricate
path that must be followed, then calls
"Bernard." and. Indicating the visi
tors, tells Bernard to go with them.
Bernard Is the dog that acts as -guide
in order to save the miller the jour
ney and explanations.
The dog trots quietly along in front
of those intrusted to his care, and. If
they take a by-path, he stops and
waits till they rejoin him. The walk
Is about a mile as far as the second
pond, where It terminates. Bernard
goes no further. If one tries to con
tinue, it is at his own risk and peril.
Bernard will not budge from the spot,
but squats down or carries on a flirta
tion at the second mill until one re
turns. As soon as he sees the visitor
returning. Bernard runs along the
path back to the first pond, and. with
out repassing the mill where the vis
itor was committed to his charge, he
conducts him directly to the road for
Pleurtuit. Then, when he sees the
visitor set off on foot or in a carriage,
he turns his back and trots off home,
and no amount of persuasion will in
duce him to accompany anyone far
ther on the road. The American Bov.
Scotch Bank Note Issue.
The Scotch note issue is at present
based on a fixed amount of 2.700,000,
beyond which all issues shall be pro
tected by specie.
Production of Salt
Great Britain produces 1.900,000
tons of salt a year, all Europe less
than five million.
OLD SOWER WISHES TO HELP
JlfFEJttlSfBWIKIBNEY.LIV-
ElMDIUNEjjftOUIlES
I amfrevmtlytmbleawitkkidaeyaad
bladder trouble, especially ia the Spring
and Fall. Being aa oW veteraaof th
Ciyjl War, a Jittte exposar or cold Mttka
on my "Judaeys; aa3 then I. am laid up
with kidaqr or bladder troable. Your
MajBp-Root' was recemmended to me a
nuaabcrof years afo;andJ took a number
of bottks of it aad was more than pleased
with the resalta. I coasider Swamp-Root
the greatest and bent kidney mediciae on
the market, and it never fails to giv
quick results ia kidney trouble, bladder
trouble and lame back.
Dr. Kilmer's Swamp-Root has done m
so stack good that I feel if any words of
mine will be the means of relieving any
poor sufferers that you are at liberty to
use this letter as you see fit.
Yours very truly,
GEORGE W. ATCHLEY,
Des Moines, la.
State of Iowa)
Polk County f
A. R. Hansen, a retail druggist of this
city, being first duly sworn, deposed and
ays. that be is well acquainted with
George W. Atchley, who gave the above
testimonial; that said Atchley made and
signed said testimonial in my presence
and that I have sold said Atchley a part
of the Swamp-Root referred to ia above
testimonial. Affiant further says that
George W. Atchley is a well known citi
zen of this city and an honorable msn
and that it was Mr. Atchley's desire to
aire said testimonial.
A. R. HANSEN.
Subscribed to ia my presence and
worn to before me, this 23rd of March,
1B09
E. J. FISK, Notary Public.
Prove What Swaasa-Koet Wil De For Yon
Send to Dr. Kilmer & Co., Bingham
ton, N. Y., for a sample bottle. It wdl
convince anyone. You will ako receive
a booklet of valuable information, telling
all about the kidneys and bladder. When
writing, be sure and mention thin paper.
For sale at all drug stores. Price fifty
cents and one-dollar.
Popularity of Thais.
"Every other young actress Is call
ing herself Thais," said Henry E. Dlx
ey at a dinner at Mauquln's. "Thais
McGinnis. Thais Endlcott. Thais
Schmidt the thing is universal.
"Universal and ridiculous; for they
who have read Anatole France's story
of Thais' know that she was a very
naughty little girl, indeed. I am aulte
sure that no real reader of Thais
would ever, under any circumstance,
consent to be called such a name.
"It makes me think of a man who.
taking his Infant daughter to be bap
tized, told the clergyman to call her
Venus.
"'But I refuse to call her Venus."
said the clergyman, indignantly. 'Ve
nus is the name of a pagan goddess.'
"'Well, how about your own 8hA
.. ... .., t
jjianar saia me mau. -
How's This?
W eeVr One IIundrM Dollars newanl tor any
sew or Catarrh that cannot bo cuml by UaU't
Catarra Cure.
F. J. CHENEY CO.. Tolfdo. f
We. the UBdertlscnI. have known K. J. Chravy
tot the laat 15 rar. and believe him perfcctlr hon
orable la all bustnra transaction and financial!
Ms to carry out any obligations niarfe by his Sna.
WALDIXa. Kl.NNAS A MARVIN'.
Wholesale DruKlsts. Toledo. Oi
Hani Catarrh Cure k) takes Internally, act in j
4trertlT upon the blood and mucous surfaces of the
system. Testimonials sent tree, lrlce 7 casta pel
settle. Sold by all Dnmbta
Taks Hall's Family mis tor eonsUBaUoa.
Childlike Ignorance.
Laura Jean Libbey, discussing In
Brooklyn her successful appearance
on the stage, said:
"I talk in my motrologue about love,
marriage and the other interests ot
the heart. On these subjects women,
especially young women, are strangely
Ignorant. y
"They really make me thihk. you r
know, of the little girl who was asked'
by her teacher:
" 'What can you tell us about Solo
mon?'
"'Solomon,' replied the little girt
'was very fond of animals.'
"'And how, my dear,' said the teach
er. 'do you make that out?'
"'Because,' answered the little girl,
'the Bible says he hud 500 porcu
pines.' "
Prudent Bridegroom.
"The uncertainties of life In New
York are reflected in wedding rings."
said the jeweler. "Of all the wedding
rings I have sold this season more
than half were brought back after tho
ceremony to have the. date put on. Tho
rest of the inscription was1, engraved
when the ring was' purchased, but In
order that the date might be correct
it was cautiously omitted until after
the knot was tied.'7
Force of Habit Tee Strong.
Diner How Is it that most of the
things on your bill of fare are struck
out?
Walter (confidingly) Our new man
ager used to be an editor.
It Is never polite to contradict
girl, except when she says she does-'
want to be kissed, and then it can be
done silently.
Toothsome
Tid-Bits
Qua k sauefe of many ordinary
"heme" dialus byaJdmg
Post
Toasties
The utile booklet, "GOOD
THINGS MADE TOTH TOAST
IES,' ia pkg. tells how.
Two dozen or more simple ls-
aaptasivc dainties that will delight
the family.
The Memory Lingers
Poatura Cereal Company. LttL,
Battle Creek. Mich.
A
