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I HERE had been some dispute
as to what constituted the
boundary of the country
bought from Russia by the
United States in 18C7. but until the
real value of the territory was known,
no one cared. The miners of the early
days managed very well with an ap
proximate boundary. They held min
ers' meetings and any decision
reached by them constituted the law.
For the opening up of Alaska we are
indebted to the panic of of 1893.
Throughout the west the hardier spir
its preferred to brave the dangers of
that almost unknown region than to
accept the starvation wages then of
fered. They knew that grubstakes
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and independence were to be found on the bars
of the Forty Mile, the Stewart, and at Circle
City.
With the increase of population came the rep
resentatives of the American and Canadian gov
ernments, custom-houses were established and
court decisions took the place of the rude jus
tice dispensed by miners' meetings. With the
new order of things came also the necessity of
a determined line between the two countries.
The United States claimed, under the old Rus
sian treaty, a line running up Portland canal to
the 5Cth parallel of north latitude, thence to fol
low the summit of the coast range to its inter
section with the 141st meridian. In the absence1
of a definite mountain range near the coast, the
line was to be not more than ten marine leagues
distant from tide water.
Canada claimed that the line should follow the
coast range paralleling the general contour of
the coast, and cutting across all inlets and fiords.
There were other contentions of minor impor
tance, but the real trouble was that Canada
.thought she was entitled to? a seaport which
.would allow of shipments through Canadian ter
ritory to the now valuable Klondike.
As to the 141st meridian being the rest of the
boundary, there was no dispute. This line starts
at a ridge of Mount Saint Elias and runs through
to Demarcation Point on the Arctic ocean.
Maps showing a strip of land along the coast
were made, archives were rummaged, every avail
able bits of history and tradition were searched,
and the whole mass submitted as evidence to a
tribunal of three Americans, two Canadians, and
one Englishman, which met in London in 190o.
IThe sifting of the evidence required three months.
The opposing counsel helped by the geographic
experts put forth their best arguments, a vote
was taken, and the result showed four to two for
Jthe United States, the lord chief justice of Eng
land, Liord Alverstone, casting his vote with the
Americans.
!l Naturally the Canadian representatives felt
greatly disappointed, but the evidence was too
conclusive to allow of any other outcome.
! Then came the question of what mountains con
stituted the coast range. In places a compro
mise was effected departing slightly from the
claims of the United States. '
I It was decided that certain well-defined peaks
on the mountains fringing the coast should con-
istitute the main points on the boundary. Lord
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of being able to throw himself down
to rest and enjoy the glorious pan
orama, there is immediate work to
be done, and a few clouds hovering
over some distant mountain, instead
of lending beauty to the view, may
send the poor surveyor behind some
sheltering rock to wait, shivering
with cold, until morning will allow
him to take up his stand by the
theodolite and complete his observa
tions. On the 141st meridian an astro
nomic longitude was determined at
a point on the Yukon river. Ameri
can and Canadian astronomers
worked together, bringing time over
the wires both from Seattle and
Vancouver. An azimuth was then
observed and this azimuth is be-
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! Alverstone, wielding a blue pencil, marked on the
maps what appeared to the tribunal to be the
( proper mountains. The members of the tribunal
were all eminent jurists, but this did not make
them proficient in the intricacies of contour maps,
and the advice of 'the experts was constantly re
. quested.
The location of the boundary was left to two
commisisoners, Mr. O. H. Tittmann, superintend
ent of the coast and geodetic survey, for the
iVnlted States, and Dr. W. F. King, chief Domin
ion astronomer, for Canada.
J Wherever the blue-pencil mark appears on the
i3nap, this point without any recourse is a boun
dary point, even though a higher and better point
,aaay be but a short distance away.
' To follow the sinuosities of the mountain
ranges in this country would be hopeless, so the
commissioners will probably decide that a
straight line connecting the various blue-penciled
points shall constitute the boundary.
The actual demarcation of the boundary, to be
satisfactory to both governments, must be done
jointly. By this it is not meant that there is a di
vision of labor in ev
ery party. There are
American parties and
Canadian parties, and
with each locating par
ty, or party which de
cides on the line, go
representatives of the
other government.
There are line-cutting
parties, leveling par
ties topographic parties,
triangulation parties,
and monumenting par
ties, which work separ
ately, their work being
such that joint repre
sentation is not always
necessary, as the line
will be subject to in
spection at some later date. These parties re
port yearly to the commissioner of their respec
tive governments. The commissioners meet
sometimes in Washington and sometimes in Otta
wa, and either accept or reject the work done by
the field parties. Their decision is final.
The magnitude of the task is little understood
except by those closely connected with the work.
There are 600 miles of boundary from Portland
canal up the coast to Mount St Elias, where it
hooks around on to the 141st meridian and shoots
for another 600 miles straight north to the Arctic
ocean.
All the land lying along the boundary must be
mapped on an accurate scale, and a strip of top
ography four miles wide must be run the entire
length of the 141st meridian; peaks which can
not be climbed, or rather those which would take
too long and would be too expensive to scale,
must be determined geodetically; vistas 20 feet
in width must be cut through the timbered val
leys, and monuments must be set up on the
routes of travel and wherever a possible need for
them may occur.
The field season is short, lasting only from
June to the latter part of September, and along
the coast operations are constantly hindered by
rain, snow, and fog. Rivers abounding in rapid
and quicksands have to be crossed or ascend
ed. A man who has never had the loop of a track
ing line around his shoulders little knows the
dead monotony of lining a boat up a swift Alas
kan river with nothing to think of but the dull
ache in his tired muscles and the sharp digging
of the rope into his chafed shoulders.
Vast glaciers are to be crossed, with their dan
ger of hidden crevasses. More than one surveyor
has had the snow sink suddenly beneath his feet,
and has been saved only by the rope tying him
to his comrades. Several have been saved by
throwing their alpine stocks crosswise of the gap,
and one, while crossing the Yakutat glacier with
a pack on his back, caught only on his extended
arms. High mountains must be climbed; if they
are not the boundary peaks themselves, they must
be high enough to see the boundary peaks over
the intervening summits.
And these climbs are net the organized expedi
tions of an Alpine club, with but one mountain to
conquer, but daily routine. Heavy theodolites and
topographic cameras must be carried, and instead
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ing prolonged in its straight shoot across the penin
sula. This line has been accepted as the 141st me
ridian and consequently the boundary. It has been
run into the mountains fringing the Pacific coast.
Topography, triangulation, line-cutting, and monu
menting are now being carried along the located
line.
For the present the line will not run to Mount St.
Ellas. It would be possible, but not practical, to
run it across the intervening SO miles of snow and
ice and towering mountain ranges. To complete
this part of the boundary the use of an airship is
contemplated.
In the Interior the difficulties of the work are
changed. Long wooded stretches, interrupted by
barren ridges, take the place of glaciers and crag
gy mountains. In place of snow fields there are
heart-breaking "nigger-head" swamps to be crossed,
where the pack-horse becomes mired and exhaust
ed and the temper of man Is tried to the breaking
point Supplies have to be ferried across the riv
ers on log rafts, while the horses swim.
There is no longer the guiding line of the coast
to follow, and the surveyor must rely on his in
stinct for topography and on woodcraft to pilot him
through an unbroken wilderness.
The Inconveniences of transportation have to be
overcome, and year by year they are becoming
worse as the work carries us each year farther
from the Yukon with its steamers. For the season
of 1909 the American party of 30 men will have to
walk 300 miles before they can even start work.
Then the topographer with his theodolite tries to
make up for lost time. Regular hours for work
are ignored. A day's work is reckoned as ten
hours, if the work can be done in that time; if not
well, in midsummer the days are 24 hours long.
Holidays and Sundays see the same old routine
even the Fourth of July.
Usually bases of supply are established at cer
tain known points before the opening of the sea
son. These are called "caches." Mistakes in the
locating of a cache are sometimes made, and last
season one surveyor in consequence of such a mis
take' was without food for two days, finally reach
ing another camp in rather disheveled condition. It
so happened that this other party was moving
south toward the same cache and was on short ra
tions; so nothing remained to do but beat a hur
ried retreat 60 miles northward, arriving at an
other base with belts pulled in to the last notch.
Social Museum in Barcelona
A Spanish Musco Social will be
opened in Barcelona in November,
1909, supported by the provincial as
sembly and the municipality. The ob
ject of the Museo Social is to gather
in a single exposition data of all sorts,
instruments, apparatus, models,
charts, statistics, etc., referring to
social questions and problems and "at
the same time create a permanent or
ganization for study and development.
The committee in charge will reserve
space for each nation, grouping its en
tire exhibit. The opening exhibit will
comprise the following sections: Edu
cation, living conditions, working con
ditions, social contracts and conflicts,
action of public authorities, philan
thropic and moral action.- The com
mittee calls special attention to the
section of appliances for the preven
tion of industrial accidents.' While
many exhibits will be removed after
the close of the opening exhibition, it
is 'hoped that' as many as possible will
be left for the permanent Museo Social.
Physicians' Fees Fixed by Law.
A German antiquarian has found
documents showing that in ancient
Babylon, 4,150 years ago, the sums
due to doctors for treatment were ex
actly prescribed by law They varied
according to the social position of the
patients.
' Not Finished.
"Americans are so unfinished," has
been the complaint of Europeans. We
are and glad of it. Yankees are start
ling the world with their achievements
and will, we believe, stick to the
habit
Uneasy Lies the Head, Etc
"When you feels a hankerin' fob
great authority, son," said Uncle'
Eben, "do a little preliminary practic
al as a baseball umpire an
whether you really enjoys it"
For the Hostess
Chat oa, Interesting Topics of Many Kinds, by
a Recognized Anikority
"Maud Muller" Party.
During these golden October days,
outdoor and indoor parties combined
are quite the thing. A hostess noted
for her originality invited her friends
to a "Maud Muller" party. The Invi
tations said: "Informal; please come
in country costumes." As she lived in
a suburb, time tables were Inclosed
with the train marked that she wished
them to take. The hour was five, and
a merry throng took the four o'clock
train. An immense hay wogan was at
the station, with the splendid big
horses gayly decorated and driven by
the regular farm men Instead of the
liveried coach and footman. There
were horns for the men, and the
hostess awaited them on the steps of
the port cochere. Big straw hats
were given to the men with red rib
bons and the girls had blue ones.
Rakes with gilt handles were given
the girls, who were .thus attired as
"Maud Mullen," and went forth to
rake the hay on this charming sum
mer day which had gotten by mistake
Into the fall calendar.
The girl who made the largest stack
In ten minutes was awarded a prize;
also, there was a prize for the neat
est stack. The men superintended
this, and then a plow was brought for
the men to try their skill, with prizes
for the straightest row, and for the
one made in the quickest time. By
this time twilight was falling and
guests watched the chickens fed and
the cows milked. Then all adjourned
to the dining room, where a suptuous
supper was served; everything except
the meats being a product of the
place. The decorations were most
unique, being likewise home produc
tions. Gourds, small squashes and
pumpkins were converted into most
attractive flower holders, and the flow
ers were wild purple asters and gold
en rod, the combination being a most
happy one. At half-after eight the
hay wagon came to the door and a
drive of an hour was taken over the
hardest of country roads and then
back to the station in time for the ten
o'clock train. Afterwards in talking
it over we all agreed that our host
ess was so successful because her en
tertainments were so simple and she
so natural and unaffected. Not but
what she could and sometimes did en
tertain formally and had plenty of
money to spend; yet her favorite way
was to do things on the spur of the
moment and she always made use of
the things that were in season.
She also had the art of always as
sembling just the right people togeth
er, and always remembered who hated
"bridge," who didn't like golf and who
loathed to dress for a formal dinner
party. On the quiet I think she keeps
a book with the peculiarities of each
one of her friends carefully jotted
down, just when she entertained them,
and just what she served on each oc
casion. At least that is the way one
of the best entertainers I'ever knew
does, and it Is worth considering.
Souvenirs for a Party.
At an autumnal party given foi
children from eight to ten years ol
age, the souvenirs were made by the
guests from corn husks which they
transformed into dolls. A face was
penciled on the green stub of corn,
the husks made the dress and the silk
carefully braided made the hair; bon
nets were also made from the husks.
These dolls were really charming,
and the prize awarded for the best
was a delightful little booklet in which
corn husk dolly was the heroine; it
was written by a clever woman musi
cian. This idea is just as applicable
for a "grown-ups" party as for chil
dren, for I never saw a woman yet
whether she admitted it or not who
didn't like a chance to play dolls.
rrem the Awful Tortures of Kidney
Disease.
Mrs. Rachel Ivie, Henrietta, Texas.
ays: "1 would be ungrateful if I did
not tell what Doan's
Kidney Pills have
done for me. Fifteen
years kidney trouble
clung to me, my ex
istence was one of
misery and for two
whole years I was un
able to go out of the
louse. My back ached all the time and
was utterly weak, unable at times to
mdk without assistance. The kidney
secretions were very irregular. Doan's
Kidney Pills restored me to good
health, and I am able to do as much
jrork as the average woman, though
Marly eighty years old."
Remember the name Doan's. Sold
sy all dealers. 50 cents a box. Foster
Uilbara Co. Buffalo. N. Y.
PBssnsnsfw
Announcing an Engagement.
Tolly" declared she must have
some unusual way of announcing her
engagement so after much careful
thought this was evolved: The 20 spe
cial, friends were asked for a thimble
party, and there was nothing doing
until refreshments were served. Then
each guest found a little envelope on
the plate and the hostess explained
that inside there would be found a
jumbled lot of letters, that the letters
of each color would spell one word,
and there was just one word in each
envelope and all were the same color
in each envelope, so each one made
their word, and the light gradually
dawned as the story was told by the
guests putting their words together.
It was great fun and ended the after
noon in a most happy manner, as the
little bride-elect was a great favorite,
and she was fairly beaming when all
began to offer good wishes and wanted
to know "all about it"
MADAME MERRI.
Colored embroidery enters into much
of the new neckwear.
Definite Location.
Every visitor at the new capHol at
Rarrisburg. Pa., who gets as far as
the registration room, is expected to
write his name in a big book, together
with his birthplace and present resi
lence. says the Troy Times. Not
long ago. when a crowd of excursion
Eats visited the grounds and buildings.
i stout girl started to register.
She paused, pen poised in air, and
railed out to an elderly lady, com
fortably seated in a big chair. "Mob.
rere vas I borned at?"
"Vat you vant to know dat for?"
"Dis man vants to put it in der big
iook."
"Ach." answered the mother, "you
know veil enough in der old stone
louse."
True Representative of Race.
Dr. Bethmann-HoHweg may claim
this distinction, that he is the first
3erman chancellor to wear a beard.
Bismarck hastened to shave his off
when be entered upon diplomacy, and
mowed his rivals and enemies a
massive jaw and clear-cut chin; and
be shaved to the end. with an inter
val enforced by neuralgia in the early
"80s. As a soldier, too Caprivi shaved,
ill but his mustache, and so did
Hohenlohe and Bulow. But Beth-mann-HoIlweg
Is gaunt, rugged, hir
sute,. pan-Germanic.
Wraps are growing more decorative.
Easily Made Table
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How's This?
W offer Oee Hundred Dollars Reward for any
a et Catarrh tiut cannot be cured by HaU'M
Satarrb Cure.
F. J. CHENEY CO.. Toledo. O.
Wes. the undersigned, nave known F. J. Cheney
tor the last IS years, and believe him perfectly hoo
rable In all business transactions and nnanclally
iMe to carry out any obligations made by his Arm.
WALDXNa. KlNNAN & JtAKYI.V. '
Wholesale Druggists. Toledo. O.
K&na Catarrh Cure Is taken internally, acting
IfcteUv upon the blood and mucous surfaces of tho
lystem. Testimonials sent free. Price 75 cents par
mttle. Sold by all Druzctsta.
Hairs amii7 hub ror constipation.
Poverty and Consumption.
That poverty is a friend to consump
tion is demonstrated by some recent
German statistics, which show that of
10.000 well-to-do persons 40 annually
die of consumption; of the same num
ber only moderately well-to-do, 66; of
the same number of really poor. 77;
and of paupers, 97. According to John
Burns, the famous English labor lead
er, 90 -per cent of the consumptives in
London receive charitable relief la
their homes.
A 8teady Thing.
Something had gone amiss with
Bobbie and he had sought the comfort
of tears. Noticing his wet cheeks, his
mother said in a consolatory tone:
"Come here, dear, and let me wipe
your eyee."
"Taln't no use. muvver." returned
Bobbie with a little choke; "I's doin'
tq cry again In a minute!" Woman's
Home Companion.
The American Cat-Tail.
The cat-tail of the American
swamps is almost exactly the same
plant as the Egyptian bulrush. It is
ao longer used for making paper, as
it once was, but from its root Is pre
pared an astringent medicine, while
its stems, when prepared dry, are ex
cellent for the manufacture of mats,
:hair-bottoms and the like.
T
Home-Made Study Table, Consisting of a Board and Two Oranae Boxes.
HE STUDY TABLE in the sketch is possible, even In homes where econ
omy must be observed, for the cost Is a mere trone two nve-cent orange
or lemon boxes, obtained from the grocer, a can of wood filler and mis
sion stain and a paint brush being all that is required. The large flat
board that serves as a table top may be purchased from a carpenter for
very little or often a wooden board may be found, scrubbed and painted and
pressed into excellent service. The top of the board must be perfectly
smooth. .
First a coat of wood filler Is put on the boxes and board. When dry, a
second coat is applied if the wood seems at all rough. Then apply the mis
sion stain or any other wood stain desired. Place the boxes the width of the
board apart with the front edge of the boxes against the front edge of the
board, and nail the board on the boxes in each corner, being careful that the
points of the nails are not long enough to project through the under side of
the top of the boxes.
Little silk or print curtains may be hung around the ends and across the
open front of the boxes if one wishes and they give a dainty touch.
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Batiste Jackets Dainty.
The terrifying popularity of the lace
coat has very nearly killed it, as the
awful results which have been
achieved in midsummer costumes by
the use of it Is enough to prejudice
the most unbiased against the gar
ment Worn over an ankle-length frock of
bright purple or green, with a large
black hat heavily fringed with 98-cent
'plumes," they make a picture which
must cause the god's to weep.
The lovely little batiste jackets, how
aver, worn with wonderful gowns of
the same fairy-like fabrics, are quite
another story. It would be hard to
resist the appeal of one of these cut
in a short-waisted fashion and gen
erously embroidered and insertioned
with baby Irish. This is slashed in
deep points at the bottom which are
outlined with the lace. Another one
is formed of bands of shell pink ba
tiste, tucked horizontally and having
insertions of baby Irish and Valen
ciennes lace.
A Blotchy Face.
Many women are mortified by a red.
blotchy skin that refuses to yield to
copious grease and powder.
Sometimes this condition is due to
bad blood, but more often to poor cir
culation and improper diet.
Try a cooling diet for a time and
take something to cool the blood.
Your doctor will advise the best way
this can be done. If you do not wish
to consult him take a half teaspoonful
of Sprudel salts in a glass of hot wa
ter half an hour before breakfast
each morning.
When the blotches get very annoy
ing the color of the face can often be
lowered by putting the feet in hot wa
ter to draw the blood from the head.
Against Pretenses.
Away with all those vain pretenses
3f making ourselves happy within our
selves, of feasting on our own
thoughts, of being satisfied with the
consciousness of well-doing, and of de
spising all assistance and all supplies
from external objects. This is the
voice of pride, not of nature. Hume.
Cleaning Plumes.
A woman who has success in clean
ing ostrich and other feathers puts a
cupful of Indian meal, half a cupful of
flour and three level tablespoonfuls of
borax into a paper bag, and with it
one large or two or three small feath
ers. These she shakes about until the
soil has' disappeared from the feathers,
and then she shakes them free from
te mixture. Fine knitted wool arti
cles and laces are sometimes cleaned
In this way.
FOOD QUESTION
Settled with Perfect Satisfaction by
a Dyspeptic.
It's not an easy matter to satisfy all
the members of the family at meal
time as every housewife .knows.
And when the husband has dyspep
sia and cant eat the simplest ordinary
food without causing trouble, the food
question becomes doubly annoying.
An Illinois woman writes:
"My husband's health was poor, he
had no appetite for anything I could
get for him, it seemed.
"He was hardly able to work, was
taking medicine continually, and as
soon as he would feel better would go
to work again only to give up in a
few weeks. He suffered severely with
stomach trouble.
"Tired of everything I had been able
to get for him to eat, one day seeing
an advertisement about Grape-Nuts, I
got some and tried it for breakfast the
next morning.
"We all thought it was pretty good
although we had no idea of using it
regularly. But when my husband came
home at night he asked for Grape
Nuts. "It was the same next day and I
bad to get it rigbt along, because when
we would get to the table the question,
'Have you any Grape-Nuts was a reg
ular thing. So I began to buy it by
the dozen pkgs.
"My husband's health began to im
prove right along. I sometimes felt
offended when I'd make something I
thought he would like for a change,
and still hear the same old question,
'Have you any Grape-Nuts?'
"He got so well that for the last
two years he has hardly lost a day
from his work; and we- are still using
Grape-Nuts." Read the book. "The
Road to Wellvffle," in pkgs. "There's
a reason."
Ever read Ike after letter t A aeiv
treat ttaee te Usee. They
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