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WGAHE
AND
IPLOMACY
They Are Identical in
Politics, Says Expert.
Hy Ernest McCaffey
How It Feels to Be
Secretary to the Mayor
of a Great Municipality.
AFTER a stay of two years on
the Board of Local Improve
ments I w:is transferred, and,
is I considered, promoted to
the position of mayor's secretary.
Many men can fill a position on
the heard of local improvements
tnirJy Acceptably, and there is often
at least one strictly ornamental mem
her un every public board, but as for
a good secretary, that is another
Klory, The selection of appointees
for the various fair-salaried positions
is governed to a great extent by both
fitness and politics in municipal of
fice.;. Had as civil service reform had
curtulled the mayor's appointing pow
ers (o a. comparative handful of offices,
there was keen competition for the
"plums." so-called. But when it came
to Uie appointing cf a secretary it was
"hands off."
If a man sought the place, that was
enough to kill his chances; if delega
tions went in to intercede for him
hey were only injuring his chances.
It was a position, and is always a po
sition, which the mayor of a large city
fills by strict personal preference. The
.ecretary must be a man in whom his
rhiel "has. confidence, and he is usual
Ijr delected from the ranks of the
newspaper men. To begin with, he
ought to be a perfect artist in diplo
macy. In great affairs of state a first
class diplomat is called a genius;" in
lesser circles, and especially in poli
ties, "a con man." But to be entirely
firmest about it, there is no difference
exci)t in the terms.
Now, a 16 years' experience in the
law business had fitted mo peculiarly
well foj this end of the job. I could
look a man or a delegation squarely in
th eye. and say that the mayor was
not in his office, when he was busy
and could not be disturbed, and make
them believe it. Every once in awhile
I did fell the truth, just to keep my
hand in as to veracity, but if the oc
casion demanded I could invent with
the. tstsiand grace of a nature faker.
To be frank, I always preferred to
(eJI the truth. Not because I claim to
te more naturally truthful than other
nun. but because the truth is much
simpler And does not need corrobora
tion. There were many varieties of di
plomacy necessary in my daily deal
ings with the public. There was the
ttbrupt style, suitable to some one
who wanted a railroad pass, for in
stance." which I happened to know was
not obtainable; the persuasive and ex
planatory style to the delegation
which waated to see the mayor about
vomclhing which 1 had orders to see
was not intruded on him at that espe
cial moment; the sympathetic varie
ty, the scornful species, the diplomacy
A Three-Dollar-a-Week Office Boy
Could Attend to It.
which was a verbal "cross-counter" to
Fome tale which was being handed
me. etc.
Ol course it was not imperative that
I should give out a steady stream of
dii loniacy all the time, but when
Muntuess would have made an enemy
T am happy to say that my talent for
'diplomacy," coupled with long legal
experience, enabled me to do reason
ably well in that branch of my work.
All work, if a man tackles it, whether
washing dishes or shaking dice for a
universe, ought to be done in a whole
, uoiiled and enthusiastic manner. And
1 can Euy truthfully that I brought to
this absolutely necessary art in my
rosition a frank and open manner, a
' lncerity cf voice and an unwinking
look from the eyes, that ethically was
Almost as genuine as nature itself, and
tirsclicaUy much more effective than
.aicasm or cold facts would have ever
dared lo be.
As I looked at the place. I was there
jjyyiuLjxnj'xrrr---"i----i-ii--i
3 - ss.-p
Couldn't Dodge These Taxes
Births. Marriages and Deaths Oncb
Source of English Revenue.
Pleased with his aiorning's work
he had sworn off no less than $340,000
in taxes the capitalist leaned back In
his chair, lighted a cigar and talked
agreeably.
"In the past," he said, "governments
were wiser. They levied taxes that
could not be sworn off. There was.
to do my chief the utmost good I
could, and the only conscientious feel
ing I had in the matter was to do just
that very thing. I hewed to that line,
and wherever the chips flew I had and
have no slightest savor of remorse.
A secretary who told the truth all the
time would be about as useful as a
lighted candle in a powder magazine.
The only man he needs to tell the
stark truth to is his chief; as for the
rest of the world, when it was ad
visable to tell them the truth they got
it; when it was necessary to ladle
them out "diplomacy" that was what
they received.
To make as many friends as possible
for his chief, and as few enemies, in
his dealings with the politicians and
the public, is naturally one of the es
sentials in "holding down" this job.
And it goes without saying that all
men like to be treated with courtesy.
Enemies can easily be made by a
rough and discourteous manner, and
even by impatience and indifference.
Especially is this true among the poli
ticians. Every man who comes to a
mayor's ofiice on political business
either has, or imagines he has, a cer-
Kindly and Pityingly to the Office of
the Chief of Police.
tain amount of influence. If he Is met
with a churlish reception he does not
easily forget it, and may carry the
memory of his visit clear Into the next
convention. It is not in the least nec
essary nor advisable to "kotow" to
any man; but a cheerful and polite
greeting is just the kind of a greeting
which any man prefers, and if you fol
low that rule strictly it is a winner in
the end. Of course, your politeness
may be thrown away entirely on some
people, but an undeviating and sin
cere courtesy will in the long run
make friends for your chief and your
self, where a "high and mighty" at
titude will lose friends for the man
who put you where you are.
It is highly essential that a secre
tary should have the common sense
not to be "stuck on himself" or on his
position. No one on earth will sense
this quicker than the politicians, and
no oae will resent it and treat it with
contempt any more readily. To begin
with, there are some angles of the
job which a three-dollar-a-weok office
boy could attend to with perfect
ease. To sit in a revolving chair and
say "the mayor isn't in" or "the
mayor's in. but he's busy just now"
dees not require a very massive intel
lect. But when it comes to the finer
points of the game, when it conies to
the gradations where a "man must
be sent to mill," then let the secretary
"make good," and do it without any
nourishes.
I certainly look a keen interest in
my position. No finer place in the
world to study human nature than
there. All day long there was the
constant influx of men, women and
children to "see the mayor," to "speak
with his honor," and with about 40 or
HO nationalities to choose from, and
with all grades and kinds of these dif
ferent races to meet, it was a study in
mankind which was not attainable in
any other position save in that of the
mayoralty itself.
A secretary in this position ougUt to
be a fair speaker, for it may be that
his chief will be busy when some dele
gation from an outside city must be
met and welcomed, and the secretary
ought to be able to represent the
mayor with some decent amount of
ability. He ought to be a writer of
some force, also, for some of the
mayor's mail is turned over to him to
answer, and he should be able to han
dle all correspondence turned over to
him in an acceptable manner. He
ought to have some knowledge of hu
man nature, and he should be pos
sessed of an iron constitution physic
ally, for the wear and tear outside the
door is one which will send a frail
man to the hospitals.
Part of the time he maj find that
he can sit in his chair and take it
easy. But that is only a very brief
experience. And as for patience, he
ought to be able to give Job a 40-yard
handicap and a running start and then
beat the patriarch in a walk. The mosi.
sanguinely ridiculous propositions will
be handed up to him that were ever
dreamed of, and he must consider
theso. ami not lose his temner. even
though he knows they must be ruth
lessly "turned down."
And then there are the "cranks" and
the absolute maniacs to contend
with besides. There are many de
partments in a city hall, and yet the
i average citizen rushes to the mayor's
- -
for Instance, the English birth tax of
the seventeenth century. A laoorer
paid two shillings as birth tax; a duke
paid 30. You couldn't get round It.
"Burials were taxed, according to
the station of the dead, from a shilling
to 25. That, too, could not be
dodged.
"Marriages were taxed. A duke, to
marry, paid 50; a common person,
like yourself, paid half a crown.
i iu uiujc uaja juu ya.i a iu uu
office if he finds anything amiss in the I
district he lives in. For instance, a
dead animal may be lying in the
streets, and some wrathy citizen
posts to the mayor's ofiice, presumably
to have the maj'or come out and take
it away. A little pleasant questioning
reveals the object of his visit. He Is
most politely informed that the matter
is one for the health department, and
he can be escorted personally to that
department or a note given him for
use there, and he can be very fairly
commended for his public spirit, and
sent away feeling that the matter will
be looked after and that he has re- J
ceived fair treatment. Isn't that bet- i
ter than saying: "Ah! G'wan, you lob
ster, don't you know enough to go to
the health department with that?"
As for the men and women who are
actually crazy, nothing but diplomacy
with them. I remember one day while
I was particularly busy with some
thing which had been intrusted to me
by my chief, and was carefully map
ping out my action with pen and ink,
that I was suddenly surprised by the
apparition of a richly-dressed woman
who sat down in a chair close beside
me and began hurriedly: "I must see
the mayor at once; Rockefeller and
Carnegie are in a conspiracy to rob me
of $40,000,000 worth of stocks and
bonds. The delay of a single hour will
ruin me."
"Alas, poor soul possessed." There
was nothing to do but to acquiesce in
her distorted dream and take her kind
ly and pityingly to the office of the
chief of police and place her in cus
tody until it was ascertained who her
people were.
There were always a number of
women callers, and to their credit 'it
can be said that they were the most
persistent and ingenious of visitors.
Of course, it was necessary to defer
to them with the utmost care, unless
they were entirely crazy. Sometimes
the outside room, a huge affair, would
be crowded to the doors by a swarm
of delegations and by a horde of in
dividuals who were bound to get in
side. To handle a crowd like that
and to get order out of confusion was
no small job for the office force, con
sisting of myself, the police officer at
the door, the stenographer and the
bridewell clerk. The bridewell clerk,
by the way, had about seven different
positions to fill, and he filled them
well. The officer, during my time, was
a man of strength and discretion. The
stenographer, however, a civil service
appointee, sent la to fill the place of
the regular stenographer who was ap
pointed a justice of the peace, was not
a "star" at handling a crowd. If you
ever get into politics you will find out
what "civil service" sometimes means.
Day in and day out the politicians
came in. Many of them alderman,
coming In to consult on prospective
ordinances, or on city business of va
rious kinds. Some of them ex-aldermen,
some members of the legislature.
From 11 until 1 each day, excepting
Monday and Saturday, the doors were
open to the public, and never such a
motley throng poured In as did then.
Children who wanted to get dogs out
of the pound; women who were seek
ing to have husbands or relatives par
doned from the bridewell; men after
jobs; aldermen after special privi
leges or in on city matters; all sorts
and conditions of people, by singles,
by twos, threes, delegations, mobs,
they churned in and out of the office
and the air was thick with the scent
of tobacco and the varying dialects
and patois of the different nationali
ties. Before this hour the newspaper
men had their "innings." An hour,
usually Trcm 10 to 11, was given them.
I believe I got along farily well with
the newspaper boys. 1 never gave out
any news to any of them which they
had not previously been informed of,
and certainly "played no favorites."
They were there to get the news, and
if possible get "scoops" for their vari
ous papers. All they cared for was
to get an "even start," and I never by
any hint nor inference interfered with
their getting "away" together. And
not once during my time did any news
paper man ask me to give him any ad
vantage over any others of the clan,
although a "scoop" over the rest al
ways filled their souls with joy.
It was not absent by reason of sick
ness during my term as secretary, and
looking back at the job, with unim
passioncd eyes, I believe I made a
good secretary. The only real "break"
I can think of, was once when I was
told to keep all Inquirers away from
the chief's residence while he was get
ting out his annual message to the
city council. A man from the east
called and presented a card as. cne
of the supreme judges of an eastern
state. He backed this up by docu
ments proving his claim. He wanted
to see the mayor on a matter so im
portant that it could not possibly wait.
For once I weakened. The bridewell
clerk was going up to the house and
I sent this caller along. He was
dressed like a duke. He was a most
imposing-looking specimen cf a man,
and his manners had Lord Chesterfield
going "east by south." And when he
reached the house if he wasn't a book
agent, then 1 hope to perish. And at
that, he was all he claimed to be! And
if that wouldn't send a man hiking to
the "nut and bolt factory" then I don't
know what would! When I introduced
the next secretary of the mayor who
followed my chief into office to the
heads of the various departments in
the city hall they all had a good word
for the way in which I had handled
the job. As "the bunk" under such
circumstances would have been a
waste of raw material, I am under the
impression, that without setting the
Chicago river on fire, I had "held up
my end of the log."
ERNEST M'GAFFEV.
(Copyright. 190S, by Joseph B. Bowles.)
Profitable Municipal Markets.
The municipal markets of Man
chester, England, are very profitable.
wwn
t
every servant, on your dog, on every
horse, on your carriage, your hearth,
your windows, watches, clocks, wigs,
hair powder, plate, ribbons, coal,
gauze and candles."
Drinking Habits Do Harm.
There is.no doubt whatever that the
drinking habits of the nation, and
especially of the women of the nation,
are doing more harm to our financial
and social position than is any depres
sion in trade or other economic causes.
British Journal of Inebriety.
TO USE OLD SKIRTS
The Economical Woman Can Find
Here a Chance for Great Saving.
Many are the schemes of the eco
nomical woman, who tries to make the
most of everything. The advent of
the tunic, or overskirt, gives the sav
ing woman another chance to prac
tice economy.
This is using up a well-cut silk or
satin foundation skirt to give an "air"
to an overskirt and bodice of a sim
ple striped material.
A woman who owned a smoke-gray
silk foundation skirt had it carefully
sponged, pressed out and left un
trlmmed. She bought at the shops a
remnant of gray and white striped
cotton voile at a small price and made
an overskirt and bodice of it.
For the latter she used a piece of
the gray silk body lining, cutting it
low-necked, taking out the sleeves and
finishing the edges with a tiny point
of lace.
The tunic was opened up the side,
cut to points, put into a box plait at
back, and its edges were bound with
a three-inch bias fold of the material.
The bodice was simply draped over
a guimpe of lace and was drawn into
a five-inch empire belt of gray silk
fastened with old silver buttons at the
back.
How to Train a New Maid.
It is a good plan in the average
sized house for the mistress herself
to show the new maid the ways of the
house. If she is the parlor maid, to
take her to the dining room and her
self lay the table for the first
meal, explaining exactly where she
likes the various things placed. If
the maid is inexperienced, show her
exactly how the dishes should be han
dled and all other details which will
help her in carrying out her various
duties. She will be more likely to
remember her instructions if she re
ceives them direct from her mistress
than if a fellow servant told her.
Home Chat.
MMS Mi
Some Pretty
B
HE summer outing hats have been unusually attractive and the new
fall models bid fair to maintain the standard.
Many of the new models In soft felt repeat shapes that have
grown familiar to us in Panama and other straws, but there are
occasional new notes too. especially among the small motor hats.
Take, for example, the little soft turban of the sketch, with its bowl shaped
crown of white felt, its close rolled brim faced with empire green, its green
scarf and fluffy green pompon. This would not be becoming to every woman,
but it is pretty, piquant and may be had in other color schemes besides the
white and green.
There are other little motor turbans, more exclusively dedicated to the
car. One of these models is made in felt or in suede and has a low broad
crown around which a motor veil matching the hat in color is draped, the long
ends falling loose in the back. The narrow, rolled brim is fastened up to the
crown by little straps which hold the veil in place, but which may be unfas
tened so that the veil may be drawn down over the face.
Felt hats in white, mode, gray, etc.. shaped like the popular Panamas and
trimmed like the latter with plain or fancy silk scarfs, will be worn through
the autumn, and wider brimmed, larger crowned shapes in similar soft felt,
but echoing the shapes so common in white chip throughout the summer, are
trimmed simply in big swathing scarfs or in an enveloping scarf with one big
bird or a couple of wings.
Another scarf trimmed felt hat has a large crown and wide brim rolling
at the edges and the scarf runs through six slits cut in the side of the crown
and is knotted at the left back.
The Satin Vogue.
Satin is enjoying such tremendous
vogue at the present writing that it
would seem as though the supply of
this lustrous material would be exhaust
ed by autumn, exen though the makers
woik over-time. Entire costumes
for afternoon calling and the races are
of black and such fashionable shades
as taupe and wistaria in satin. The
skirts are clinging and usually un
trimmed, but the coats are half-fitting
and very elaborate. Some of them
are cut quite short at the front and
hang in straight, loose lines to the
top of the high girdle, and at the sides
and back they are of three-quarters
depth. Others have the one-button
open fronts, which show the lace jabot
on the blouse worn beneath them, and
slope away sharply from the waist
line. A third type, and one that is
distinctly directoire, is cut away from
a few inches below the underarm
seam, so that in front the effect is
that cf an Eton. This, however, is
one of the extremes and only to be
carried by a woman of exceptionally
good figure and graceful bearing.
WITH LACE BRETELLES
A Pretty Waist Combining Embroid
ery Medallions and Lace.
One way of combining embroidery
medallions with all over lace is illus
trated in this pleasing waist. The bre
telles, with their scalloped edges, are
becoming to most women, and, despite
their simplicity, they impart quite an
air to almost any costume. For this
reason the design is suggested for a
gown that Is to be freshened up to last
out the season, or for one that is be
ing remodeled altogether. It requires
so little of the dress material, for
even the sleeves -taA be made of chif
fon cloth, it liked, or of plain net.
The bretelles are bordered with a
half-inch strip of satin, either cut on
the bias so that it will fit around the
curves, or else cut out of a larger
piece of material and shaped with pre
cision. The medallions are appliqued
before the bretelles are fastened In
position. There is no definite place
for them to go through. When oval
ornaments are selected and they are
fairly large, three will be found
enough to use on each half of a bre
telle. MMWWNMMMMMWMMAMMMMMMMIAMMAMMMMMA
Autumn Hats
Bleaching Linen.
Half a pound of chlorinated lime.
Half a gallon of boiling water.
Two tablespoonfuls of washing soda.
Put the lime into a basin and pour
the boiling water over it, add the soda,
stir to break up all the lumps, and
enable the water to extract all the
chiorine. Strain carefully to remove
ail the powder. Bottle and keep ready
for use. The solution should never be
rtronger than one part of the liquor
to four parts of hot water. Bleach the
linen in this.
Luncheons in Colors.
Luncheons in colors are very popu
lar, and one of the prettiest of them
is the lavender luncheon. A very
effective desert for this luncheon may
be frozen custard that has been tint
ed with unfermented grape juice. Can
died violets may decorate the cus
tard, and the dish in which it is
placed be garnished with plumbago
clusters.
To Wash Cut Glass.
It is necessary to have a soft brush
in order to keep the cracks and cre
ices of cut glass perfectly clean.
4
Mites spread poultry diseases.
The best dairy cows are not for
sale. Remember that when buying.
In buying a gas engine select one of
larger capacity than you need. It is
economy.
Do not buy clover or alfalfa seed
until it has been tested for vitality
and purity.
Give the brood mares good care and
the colts next year will repay you for
the trouble.
Peas fed to sheep give the best re
sults when split or crushed and fed
with other foods.
Think of the corn these 'hot days.
What is oppressive to you is life and
growth for the corn.
There Is money in livestock raising,
but it takes the man who under
stands his business to get It out.
Experiments have proved that silage
is not only good for the dairy cow but
for the stock that is being fattened for
beef.
A shed in which to shelter from
wind and a pasture to graze in is all
that is required to make geese raising
profitable.
It is folly to invest in expensive
seed unless you are going to give the
care which will bring results and give
you a return for your investment.
We have never tried it. but a man
who has says that ground hogs can be
easily gotten rid of by shooting off a
half stick of dynamite in the hole.
The agricultural department has
just issued a pamphlet on deer farm
ing which suggests the possibilities of
a new and growing feature of stock
raising.
The wood lot handled right can be
made a source of income and profit.
The government will be glad to give
you needed advice as to methods of
treatment.
Warts in horses can be treated suc
cess! ully. it is said, by rubbing the
warts until they bleed, and then rub
bing them with saleratus. Repeat the
operation a few times and the warts
will be gone.
Prof. Eckles of Missouri Agricul
tural college reports that Pedro's Es
tella. a three-year-old pure bred Jer
sey cow. has just completed a year's
official record of ll.CG:. pounds of milk
and 603.9 pounds of butter-fat. This
is S7.H pounds of fat above the next
best Jersey record for a cow of this
age. This three-year-old cow has pro
duced more than five average Missouri
cows the past year. This record
shows the remarkable development of
the modern dairy cow.
The horse owner occasionally has a
horse that develops colds, distemper
and lung trouble, and will be inter
ested in the prescription of an old
horseman who says he has used it for
over 40 vears upon his horses and
that his father, a horse doctor of the
old-fashioned school, used it many
years before his time. He says that
the remedy is perfectly safe and there
is no danger from giving a little over
the regular dose. The prescription is
as follows: Oil pine tar. one pint;
oil oraganum. one ounce: powdered
blood root, one ounce; powdered
elecampane root, one ounce. Dose, one
tablespoonful from three to five times
a day, placed well back of the tongue
A farmer who believes in the garden
adjunct to the farm put out this chal
lenge: If anyone wants to know the
value of a quarter of an acre of ground
et him put up against the products of
that much garden the price he pays
for vegetables from the last of June
to the last of September. In our gar
den we raise enough for two large fam
ilies. As a return for our labor we
have sweet corn, potatoes, sweet pota
toes, tomatoes, cabbage, radishes, kohl
rabi, beans, peas, onions, cucumbers,
cantaloupes, lettuce, rhubarb, beets
and several kinds of berries. As fast
as one thing is gone others come on to
take its place. Late planting of cu
cumbeis, cabbage, potatoes and tur
nips maj be kept up for winter use.
The treatment for cutworm in
grain is suggested by Dr. James
Fletcher of the Canadian experiment
farms, after thorough investigation as
follows: "When grain is tound to be
attacked by cutworms the fields should
at once be examined to discover, if
possible, what species is at work. If
the cutworms are of a surface-feeding
kind, like the red-back cutworm, they
may frequently be controlled with
comparative ease by scattering pois
oned bran lightly through the grain,
near the spots where the caterpillars
are most numerous, or ahead of them,
when they are so numerous as to have
assumed the marching habit. If laud
i3 systematically kept clear of weeds
in autumn, there will seldom be
trouble from cutworms in the crop
of the following year. Prairie or sod
land which is to be broken for seeding
the next year should be fed off as late
as possible or mowed before breaking.
Is this way the female moths will not
be attracted to the tall vegetation on
such lands when laying their eggs."
Pick pears before T. ",v y'jc :.id et
them mellow in storage.
Farm machinery makes poor orna
ments along the roadside.
It is very important to separate the
cockerels from the pullets now.
Let the garden area be only as large
as you can enrich thoroughly and
work well.
It is the deeply enriched soil which
is the best drought resistant. And it
is the well-drained soil which can be
enriched to the greatest depth.
There Is an advantage in putting
angora goats in the same pasture with
sheep, as they are said to protect the
eheep from dogs and cat brush mostly.
Raising crops is only half of the
farm problem. There must be profit
able utilization of the crops, either as
food for livestock or as grain foi the
market.
The demand of nut products seems
to be constantly on the Increase, and
the imports are growing larger ee?h
year. In this there is a strong hint to
the farmer.
Have you a cow testing association
in your section? Such an organization
will help you to find out what your
cows are doing for you at small ex
pense comparatively.
See that the farm machinery Is
treated right when in use and again
do not neglect it when it is lying idle.
See that It Is properly housed. Clean
and oil it before putting it up.
You feed and water your horse with
thoughtful care so as to keep him in
prime condition for hard work. Are
you as careful of your physical condi
tion, and that of the hired help?
Don't let the garden go to weeds
after the first crops are taken off.
Keep it covered with something worth
growing in the late summer. If noth
ing more than pea vines, which will
have to be plowed under later. They
will prove an excellent fertilizer.
A good temporary roosting coop for
the chickens can be made six feet
long and three feet wide, with a
double pitched roof extending well
over the sides and ends. The sides
may be slatted. Burlap may be
stretched around them to keep out
storms in bad weather and if rats are
troublesome the slats may be covered
with fine mesh wire netting.
Too much cropping and too little
manure Is the curse of many a farm.
It Is a short-sighted method which
finally leaves the farmer stranded
upon an Impoverished soil that he can
not make a living upon and which he
cannot sell. The only salvation for
such a farmer is to start keeping live
stock and keeping as many as the land
will support. The regular application
of manure and a crop rotation will re
deem in time the most run-down farm.
The farm iB a factory where goods
are produced for the market. Business
principles which govern the factory
in the city must control In the factory
in the country. There must be knowl
edge of what the market wants and
when it wants it; selling produce
where there is the most demand and
the least supply; the art of decreas
ing the cost of production; of finding
out just what the cost of production
is and the study of market conditions
to decide what we can and cannot
profitably raise.
Here is the way one fanner In
creased the productivity of his orchard
from 15 to over 200 bushels. He re
duced the tops of the trees one-fonrth,
then in the fall he plowed between
the trees. After manuring well he
planted corn, beans and pumpkins,
and harvested a nice crop of each.
The next spring he repeated the same
form of cultivation, and that year in
addition to the good crops of corn,
beans and pumpkins harvested 70
bushels of good apples. The next
spring he manured for the third time
and planted potatoi s which did not do
well, but he harvested 250 bushels of
fine apples from the orchard.
Keep the two main objects of wean
ing the Iambs when taking them from
the ewes, namely: To avoid any in
jury, to the ewes and to avoid any in
terference with the progress of the
lambs. The Iambs should be separated
from their mothers entirely and not
allowed with them after the first
separation. It Is preferable to take
the Iambs Jo a portion of the farm
some distance from the sheep, that
they cannot see them and that the
ewes cannot hear their bleat. In this
way the lambs will in a few days for
get their mothers entirely. Some men
practice gradual separation. They
will allow the lambs to run with the
sheep for 18 hours of the day for
about three days, then for the next
three days about 12 hours, thus gradu
ally separating them. Hut such a
method gives a great d'-al of unneces
sary labor in separating the flock
daily, while the advantages obtained
are slight and may be obtained in oth
er ways.
At the last meeting of the New Eng
land Holstein Breeders' association
one of the speakers asked the question
as to how many dairymen present
knew the cost of production of a hun
dred pounds of milk. But four hands
were raised. And yet fanners igno
rant as to what it costs them to pro
duce their milk output will complain
that the milk dealers fix the prices of
the product. The dairy farmer is in
the business of manufacturing milk.
The manufacturer to be successful
must know not only what the complet
ed article costs but the cost of every
part. With this knowledge he can
cut out the unprofitable and keep that
which is profitable. So with the dairy
man. He must know what it costs to
produce the milk and then he must be
ready to unite with other dairymen in
holding for a price which will give a
fair profit. But until milk producers
have a definite knowledge what their
product costs them, they are In no
condition to organize or to hold to
gether if they do attempt organization.
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