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TMr "VVrass unites -.irrnbutions of any
new ido:u u.at ra!-rs of this depart
ment may wta to present and would be
pleased to a'Wrr '-orrvspondents desir
ing information n subjects discussed.
.Address M J Wras. Waukee or Des
Glomes. Iowa.
Mr. Rogers of Iowa writes: "Please
tell me through the columns of your
department how to protect climbing
roses in the winter? I have never
been able to keep mine from freezing
to the ground. The only rose that
stands is the Crimson Rambler. I have
wrapped my roses in burlap, but they
always die down."
We have received the same inquiry,
in substance, from several other read
ers of this department, regarding the
protecting of hardy and half-hardy
roses. AVe have always found that
where the bushes can be laid down
flat on the ground and held firm with
a weight of some kind, that fresh
earth makes the best and most natural
covering that the rose can have. But
where it is difficult to beud the bush
down we have then employed with
good success such covering as old po
tato and tomato vines, corn stalks,
etc.. in fact any covering is good that
does not lie solid together so as to
smother the bush. There are more
roses killed each year by covering
them up too heavy with raw manure
or wet straw, which lays close to
gether and during the early spring
completely smothers the plant. This
can be avoided by using a more open
covering as suggested.
Where the bushes are quite heavy
and old a few spades of dirt can be
taken away from one side and the
bush gently pressed down. This should
be done before freezing weather, and
a rainy day is preferable, as the
bushes are more pliable. In the lati
tude of Iowa and Nebraska it is the
safest to lay down and cover all varie
ties of roses. While there are some
varieties that are hardy, yet by cover
ing they will come out in the spring
with renewed vigor, which will many
times repay for the labor.
THE BREEDING BUSINESS.
So many people who are not fully
posted in the breeding business are
now busily pointing to the apparent
decline in prices and saying, with all
the positiveness of a sneer. "I told you
so." "I knew the business would soon
be overdone." Yes, he knew all about
it. Tis ever thus. The man with lit
tle or no experience is ever the most
ready to give advice. He will give
you po nters on the proper method of
conducting the government as readily
as he will tell you in what phase of
the moon your potatoes should be
planted. He cm see no further than
to-day's sunrise and sunset. He does
not seem to realize that pure-bred
stock, sold even at present prices, is
making the breeder good money.
Breeding stock, even in the poorest
sales, is selling for from three to four
times as much as would the best
grades. There is very little more
expense in handling blooded stock
than in handling common grade stuff,
and when a yearling bull will sell for
more than a two or three-year-old fat
tened steer, it must appeal to any
thinking man as sheer folly to claim
that it does not pay. Even the young,
unbred heifers are selling for more
money than the fattened steer, while
the cow with calf at side, or well along
in calf, will bring twice as much.
To be sure we cannot all be breed
ers, but by far the greater portion
have no desire or taste for the detail
work that is always necessary in a
breeding business. This reason alone
will always make plenty of room for
the man with push and enterprise. No
man who has a decided taste for busi
ness need hesitate an instant- He
can begin now. knowing positively
that he is getting in on the ground
floor prices will not go lower. To
any man who contemplates at some
time going into the business we would
say. becin now. and get as much good
stock as your money will buy. We
don't believe in running into debt to
any great extent for your breeding
stock, but buy all you can handle and
cive reasonable care, then when you
have something to sell you will have
no trouble in getting good prices.
"When the winter comes and green leaves
have srone.
While hedges and fields are bare;
Then the evergreen stands in its glory
of green.
An emblem to save from despair.
'The beautifuJ bird loves its sheltering
bouehs.
The children Its oright Christmas
green:
When Santa Claus cornea with his pack
of new toys
He crowneth the evergreen queen."
It is well to occasionally look around
in the apple orchard for tent "cater
pillars. The eggs are laid in bunches
and upon close inspection can easily
be found. They should be destroyed.
If this is not done, be sure to kill the
tent caterpillars when they hatch out.
Don't allow them to destroy the leaves
on the apple trees, as this will not
only injure the crop this year, but it
will seriously cripple the trees for
next year's work.
The revenue obtained by the gov
ernment by the taxation of sugar,
some 5C6.000.000 per annum, is the
nearest to robbing and oppressing the
poor man that this government has
ever gone. The poor need sugar more
than do the rich. If this tax was re
moved it would be possible for the
poor .man to get twenty-eight or thirty
pounds of sugar for a dollar.
A fanner is known by the tools he
uses. Where one's plows, mowers,
drills, harvesters and wagons are kept
housed from the rain and storm, he
can be classed with the thrifty list
Exchange.
FEEDS AND FEEDING.
The secret of successful stock-raising
or dairying is cheap feeds and cor
rect feeding. Every dairyman is con
fronted by the question of what to
feed, and not only of what to feed but
how much to feed, how to feed and
when to feed. The answer to these
questions may differ somewhat in dif
ferent localities, but the general prin
ciples of feeding are the same wher
ever feed is grown and cows are fed.
We must aim to grow our own foods
as the man that produces milk for
the cheese factory or creamery can
not afford to make a practice of buy
ing feed. He may, however, make ex
ceptions to this rule in times of
scarcity, or he may occasionally find
it profitable to buy foods of a nitro
genous character to help balance what
might otherwise be a one-sided ration.
The constantly increasing demands of
those who furnish milk for the city
trade and who have little or no land
on which to grow their feeds are tak
ing the by-products of the milk at
prices beyond the reach of those who
feed for butter or cheese.
It is often said that if a man can
make a profit above the market price
on the material that he grows on his
own farm by feeding it to his live
stock he ought then to be able to
make a profit on the feed that can be
bought in the market at the same
price. This may seem like a logical
conclusion, but it is one of the theo
ries that do not always work out satis
factorily in practice. The man who
buys his feed is at the mercy of a
fluctuating market. He comes into
competition with the men who get
six cents per quart for their milk. He
is forced, while getting protein for his
cows in the by-products of the mills,
to bid against the men who put up
breakfast food at ten cents a pound.
When we grow our own feed a much
more economical employment of labor
can be made, as the labor required for
milking morning and night can be
used during the day to grow and care
for this feed. All freights and com
missions are cut out. Growing one's
feed on the farm is good farming,
while buying feed is too much like
hand-to-mouth farming.
It seems unfortunate that the bum
ble bee. which is so useful, if not, in
deed, absolutely necessary, in the fer
tilization of red clover, is not more
carefully protected. When a nest of
bumble bees is overturned with the
plow, the practice is almost universal
of robbing these of their honey, which
probably means their destruction be
cause of want of food. The aim
should be to foster in every legiti
mate way the presence of such an
insect. It has been proved beyond a
doubt that unless red clover is fer
tilized through the medium of insects,
it will not bear seed. It is unfortun
ate that the common honey bee is
unable to serve this purpose.
EVERGREENS IN SOUTHWEST
ERN NEBRASKA.
A correspondent from southwestern
Nebraska writes:
"I expect to set out some ever
greens for a windbreak. Scotch pines
grow the fastest. Would it pay to
plant red cedar five feet apart and
cut out every other one when they
get big enough for posts? The place
I wish to grow them is about forty
fe wide and between some fruit
trees set out last spring and a walnut
grove fifteen to twenty feet high.
How close to the fruit trees would you
set the evergreens?"
We would keep twenty or twenty
five feet away from the fruit trees
and would not put them on the north
side of the orchard. The south or
east side of the orchard would prob
ably do no harm. Red cedar are slow
growers. There are two varieties of
red cedar trees in Nebraska. One of
them came in from the east and one
from the west. The eastern variety
wili grow faster than the western and
is better adapted to the climate. For
post timber the red cedar would be
the best by far. For windbreaks the
Scotch pine would be the best. Spring
is the best time to plant.
In an experiment conducted at the
Michigan station the following grain
ration was found to be the most eco
nomical among several foods fed to
lambs at that station: Corn. 4 pats;
bran. 2 parts: oil meal. 1; dried beet
puFp, 7. It is encouraging to know
that dried beet pulp can be thus used
as it makes practicable the feeding of
a product which it is not always easy
to handle in the undried form.
JAPANESE MORNING GLORY.
A writer o. floriculture recommends
the Japanese morning slory as a win
dow vine for winter blooming. If it
can be successfully grown in-doors.
what a charming window decoration it
must make, with its unique foliage and
brilliant flowers! We once planted
some seeds of the common morning
glory in a hanging basket, training
the young vines up the cords by which
the basket was suspended. They were
in bloom at Christmas and were beau
tiful, although both flowers and foliage
were not more than half as large as
when crown out of doors.
There are always people to suggest
that disaster is coming to any branch
of business they do not like. There
are some folks who cannot bear to
Icok a sheep in the face who think
the boom has been too big to last.
That is true, but there is more mut
ton consumed in this country this year
than last, and there will be a demand
for more next year than this. Then,
too. we should produce a surplus to
send abroad.
THE SHEEP'S PLACE.
The sheep has not found its place
on many farms. The reason for this
is that the farmer himself has not
known the value of the sheep in the
first place and in the next place he
has had an idea that a person has to
be endowed with some peculiarities
that fit him for managing a flock of
sheep. The sheep is all right in his
place, and, like a good many other
things; all wrong out of place. We
believe there is a place on almost
every farm for a few sheep, although
there are farms much more calculated
to keep them than others, says "The
Homestead."
There are two places on every farm
that sheep could be kept to advantage,
and one of them is in the stubble field
after harvest. After the small grain
has been taken off there is more or
less waste in the grain that has bejn
harvested that will be gleaned by
sheep, and then again, there are many
weeds which spring up and bring forth
seed to assist in giving trouble to the
husbandman. Sheep will eat every
weed, gather all the lost heads and do
a general cleaning up before the field
is plowed for another crop. To note
the good a flock may do in this way,
one ought to try them. Another place
where sheep can be employed to ad
vantage is in the growing corn, and
especially will they be appreciated
where poor cultivation has been prac
ticed. Here again they are the very
best of gleaners and cleaners. They eat
off almost every weed which is liable
to grow in a corn field, and they do
comparatively little damage to the
growing corn.
In brush and timber land they again
show what they can do in the way of
cleaning up the undergrowth. They
are not browsers in the sense that a
goat is. but they will eat off almost all
kinds of brush land where they are in
daily search of food. In doing this
cleaning up about the fields and pas
tures of the farm the flock never
leaves a foot of ground any poorer
than it finds it. The fertility that
comes from their grazing is so wisely
and completely distributed that good
comes in the way of fertility imme
diately. "It's do th chores at morning.
And do the chores at night.
The rooster gives us warning
Before a peep of light
To brinp the lamps and bustle
With feed for every one.
AH farmer folks must hustle
Till every chore is done."
SIDE LINES.
The lines of demarcation between
farming and trucking are rapidly van
ishing, and to-day it is diflicult to say
where the former leaves off and the
latter begins. On a trip lately through
a country formerly entirely devoted
to the raising of cereal crops and stock
growing, the changes were amazing,
and crops for the canning factories
were largely taking the places ot the
old enterprises. What is implied ji
these changes? Simply that the old
line farming will more and more take
up these side lines and thus the
changes will come.
The canning industries have come
to stay and are calling loudly for
these changes. Not only this, but the
ever-increasing city demands for the
raw products must be met, and it is
up to the tillers of the soil to be
elert and active, and so be able to
successfully meet these new condi
tions. The young man with brains and
pluck, who is not afraid of hard work,
will succeed anywhere. Experience
will tell him what he is fitted for.
Don't be a square peg in a round hole.
Do a little thinking on your own ac
count. SOIL FOR BULBS.
All bulbs like a rich, well-drained
mellow soil. They will not do well in
heavy soils, and a great deal of mois
ture about their roots is fatal to then
Therefore in selecting a place for them
choose one naturally well drained, it
possible. If you are not sure of good
natural drainage, set about providing
a means of escape for surplus water by
excavating the soil to the depth of at
least a foot eighteen inches would be
better and filling in at the bottom of
the excavation with from four to six
inches of broken pottery, brick, old
cans anything, in fact, which will not
decay readily and allow the soil above
it to settle back into its former hard
ness, and thus become as retentive of
moisture as it was before anything
was done with it.
Has that new silo been ordered yet?
If not. why not? Can it be possible
that you are not yet fully convinced
that you need a silo and that the
sooner you get it the quicker you will
begin to realize more profit out of
your corn crop? We hope that jVm
are not one of the doubters" when it
comes to deciding about owning a
silo. They are surely no longer an
experiment, and the rapid increase in
number every year speaks well for
their real value to the farmer.
We would again suggest to our read
ers the great beauty and attractive
ness to be found in a bed of tulips in
early spring time. Blooming as they
do before any foliage is out on the
trees, and when often the grass has
scarcely turned green, they usher In
the spring with the most brilliant and
beautiful foretaste of summer that
can be imagined. They should be
planted at once in order to secure the
best results.
Lean, well-formed sows make better
breeders than those that are too such
disposed to run to fat.
Tying Cows in Stall.
Most fanners still hold to the stan
chions as a means of keeping their
cows in the stable. It is surprising to
know that some of the most advanced
fanners have not yet abandoned the
use of the stanchion. A lecturer on one
of the institute forces was delivering
a lecture on cows and condemned the
use of stanchions, advocating the
more modern methods of cow tying.
In the discussion that followed some
one in the audience asked him the
question, "What method do you use
in tying the cows?" He replied. "I
still use the stanchion; I'm an old
fogy." This shows the force of habit
even in those that are well instructed
as to scientific dairying. This man
said that both he and his cows were
used to the stanchion, and had been
all their lives, and he had not got
around to making any change. If
this is so with those that are the
leaders In dairy thought, we need not
be surprised if the great mass of
farmers of the country still hold to
the methods that science condemns.
In a rigid stanchion the animal can
not lie down with ease and cannot
reach the parts of her body that she
can reach under the more modern ar
rangement. The stalls that are now
generally advocated and used by the
men who are making a science of
dairying, are those that give the cow
a large amount of freedom. One of
these methods is to have the stall
narrow enough to prevent the cow
from turning around in it A chain
behind her prevents her from backing
out of the stall. Her head is left
entirely free. The cow, when she lies
down, naturally turns her head when
she composes herself for sleep. The
modern stalls permit the cow great
freedom In this respect Another sys
tem of cow tying is to fasten them
with a chain around the neck, the
chain being fastened to a ring that
runs up and down on the center pole.
One has but to visit the state experi
ment station to see a great variety
of methods demonstrated in the fast
ening of cows. All these, however,
serve one general purpose, that of
making the cow comfortable. So far
as we know the rigid stanchions are
not used m any experiment station,
or on any farms conducted by scien
tific dairymen James Addison. Bu
reau Co., 111., in Farmers' Review.
A Permanent Silo.
A farmer came Into the Farmers'
Review office the other day and began
to discuss the matter of silos. He
said that in his locality some cheap
silos had been put up years ago and
that, as a consequence, the farmers
there were doubtful as to whether or
not they had made any money out of
the enterprise. He declared that if
the farmers had to repair their silo
every year and in ten years buy a new
silo it was hard to figure out a profit
over the old way of doing business.
We called his attention to the fact
that the Farmers' Review has never
advocated the building of the tem
porary cheap silos. A silo should be
built to last a life time and be so per
fectly constructed that it will need
no repairs at any time, and will not
need to be rebuilt. There are many
such silos in use to-day. H. B. Gur
Ier told the writer that all his silos
would last longer than a life time
and that he would not think of build
ing any other kind. There are to-day
being constructed silos that will last
during several lifetimes. It is prob
able that the metal silos will prove to
be very enduring, requiring only to re
receive a coat of tar or other liquid
dressing once in several years. What
ever the kind put up see that it is not
one that will tumble down if neglect
ed. The time of the farmer is so
fully occupied that he must adjust all
his work, so far as possible, to get
along without more attention than
necessary. An implement building or
fence built to remain and last with
little attention is a labor-saving de
vice. Build a permanent silo. Farm
ers' Review.
Bacterial Content of Milk.
Many of our large cities have estab
lished a rule that no sweet milk sola
shall contain over a certain number
of bacteria per cubic centimeter. As
these bacteria consist largely of lactic
acid ferments, the natural ferments
of the milk, and which produce sour
ness, it has been asked why such a
rule should be enforced. It must be
recognized that lactic acid ferments
are not disease germs. Nevertheless,
there is a good reason behind the act
of any city board of health that makes
such a rule. All physicians know
that the milk given to children, espe
cially very young children, must be
sweet if it is to be digestible. The
juices of the stomach, of the child are
primarily adapted to the digestion of
whole sweet milk. While sour milk
may be more easily digested by the
stomach of the mature person, this is
not true of babes. It is a well known
fact that babes in American cities are
fed to a very large extent on cows'
milk. Wherever this milk is found
to be sour, or well on the way to be
coming sour, intestinal disturbances
result when it is used for babes.
Wherever the boards of health have
vigorously enforced the rule that only
sweet milk shall be sold, there has
been a 'material reduction in sickness
among infants, and consequently a
lower death rate. While it may be a
hardship to the people not to be able
to purchase skim milk and sour milk,
yet the general result of this precau
tion is good.
Swine of the Nations.
According to recent statistics the
hogs of the leading nations of the
world number as follows: United
States, 47 million; Germany, 17 mil
lion; Russia, 11 million; Hungary, 7
million; Canada. 3 million; Spain! 2
million; Roumania. 2 million; Poland.
Belgium, Denmark, Australia and
the Netherlands, 1 million each; all
other countries, together with the
above, 117 million.
The fruit raiser cannot afford to ig
nore the latest information in the sci
ence of fruit raising. Our experiment
stations are bringing to light many
valuable facts.
Lime in the Garden Soil.
I have read in papers that there is
sufficient lime in the soil to last for a
long time, and that men need not con
sider the lime in their estimates of
the dressings to be used on the land.
I notice, however, that in some soils
the lime has washed down to a layer
several feet deep in the soil and that
in such cases sorrel grows on the land,
especially if it is a hillside. There
was one farm on which I lived where
the soil was underlaid at a depth of
about two feet by a layer of stones
that had all the appearance of hav
ing been rounded by the action of wa
ter on the shore of some prehistoric
ocean. The lime in the soil had wash
ed down and acted as a mortar to hold
these stoaea together. The top soil
was a light sandy loam, but no water
seemed able to get through that layer
of rock and lime. AH the wells in the
vicinity were very hard, the water
containing large quantities of lime.
The soil above did not do well for the
clovers or garden truck till we had
made an application of lime. So I
am convinced that the chemist can
not tell us exactly how much lime is
in the soil and available for use. I
believe land should be limed anyway
if the owner does not know that it
does not need lime. Of course if red
clover and sweet clover grow on it
abundantly, it does not need additional
lime, for these plants will not thrive
in soil that is acidy or where lime is
deficient Mabel Goodchild. Clark
Co., 111., in Farmers' Review.
Tillage and Fruit Growing.
A thoroughly pulverized soil Is as
advantageous to the fruit orchard or
fruit plantation as to any other form
of crop production. This fact has
been learned but slowly by the Amer
ican farmers. The first orchards were
permitted to fight their own way in
the ocean of greensward and if they
lived so much the better for the or
chardist In the beginning cane fruits
were little cultivated. The wild ones
grew without cultivation and it was
argued that Nature in that way point
ed out the profitable method of pro
ducing fruit Little by little it was
demonstrated that better crops of
fruits could be produced if the fruit
plants were grown a considerable dis
tance apart and the ground was kept
free from other vegetable growths.
Tillage for the fruit plantation that Is
to be used should begin In the fall
if possible, and the ground should be
plowed several times. In that way
the grasses and weeds decay, and so
do all the weeds that have sprung up
after the first plowing. It is some
times advisable to plow the ground
very late in the fall. In old fruit
plantations that have not been deeply
cultivated it is not advisable to plow
the ground late in the fall, as this will
increase the chances of winter killing
or spring killing.
Pruning Points.
Prof. W. M. Munson says: Since
in large fruits one spur bears one
fruit the alternate bearing of individ
ual spurs will continue and it will be
necessary to remove all of the fruit
from individual spurs, thereby allow
ing a portion of the spurs to bear one
year and others the next It is doubt
ful. however, if any amount of thin
ning can produce an annual bearing
habit unless the trees receive other
necessary good care. It is probable
that the better course to pursue in at
tempting to get fruit every year, Is
to change the bearing year of entire
plants through a part of the orchard
arid allow these to bear one year and
others the next year. It is not to be
understood that these results will al
ways follow, but the tendency is in
the direction indicated. The season
in which pruning is done has some
influence on fruit bearing since winter
pruning tends to produce wood, while
summer pruning does not. The heal
ing of the wound is, however, but
slightly affected by the season in
which the cut is made.
Land Suitable for Truck Gardens.
The man that would choose soil
suitable for gardening must not select
cold clay soil that is flat nor must he
select steep clay uplands. With such
soils it is about impossible to do
much in gardening. A good many far
mers that have such soils try to raise
garden truck on them, believing that
the only thing they need to do is to
apply manure and cultivate thorough
ly. That is true for some kinds of
crops, but not those that come within
the list of market garden crops. Lev
el ground and soil of a sandy loam
character are nece3sary for the grow
ing of garden truck. Such soil warms
up quickly in the spring, and at all
times when it is not frozen lets in the
air and the heat The manure that is
put into it is quickly found by the
minute rootlets, which ramify every
where through it
Habits and Fruit Trees.
It seems absurb to suppose that
fruit trees form habits as do hu
man beings, but that seems to
be the case. Professor Bailey
and others that have looked into
the matter declare that it Is their
opinion that if a tree begins to bear
crops every other year it will continue
to do so; and no amount of pruning
or thinning will change that habit aft
er it is once established. If, however,
the orchardist is able by pruning and
thinning to start the tree as an annual
bearer it will remain that kind of a
bearer. We have yet to see this
theory thoroughly demonstrated, but
on the face of things it appears to be
true.
Deep Preparation of Land.
It pays to plow the land deep for any
kind of fruit before the plants that are
to bear that fruit are set out. On land
that has never been plowed deeply, the
roots of plants hold close to the sur
face. Perhaps they get enough food
in this way; but it is much to their
detriment in dry seasons at least, and
the roots near the surface interfere
with the after cultivation of the
ground. A mellow soil invites the
roots to strike deep instead of running
along the surface of the ground.
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Columbus Journal 60.
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River and
Fast daily train service
Pacific & North -Western Line from points in
Nebraska to
Chicago
Six trains a day Omaha to Chicago, without
uiange. iwouaunuouy uciwcca wmanaana
3u ram ana minncapuub.
G6e Best
kFar rate, tickets
rems Union Pacmc R. R. or i
liamaHtlsLMBWatrM
blcsejD 4k
i
faasas City Sonffleni Railway
KANSAS CITY
PA88ING THROUGH A GREATER DIVERSITY OP
CLIMATE, SOIL AND RESOURCE THAN ANY OTHER
RAILWAY IN THE WORLD, FOR ITS LENGTH
for npr cane and rteecultlTsiloa; for merchantable timber; tortalMiam
horses, mules, castle, hogs, sheep, poultry aad Angora goats.
Writ far iRfenaatlea Cssearalsi
FREE GOVERNMENT HOMESTEADS
aw Catany Loeatiees. fsnreved Farm.
Laeea, ana far caaies af "Carrant
ica aaas, a.
Cheap round-trip homaaeesaia' tlcketa on sale flat aad third Tuesdays f
each month. ' "
THE SHORT LINE TO
"THE LAND OF FULFILLMENT"
crowds. Journal Letter
ViCi
. .'
19 se
Ulay
STOP.
m Oesl ! d I
wOy tr tfcc aecd deader. SHmwrm$fgmw.
iMHcuoMier. Mamriori
17 Htafe Cnt" BeadyJUxe JPaaa. As
THIS AD.. BY WRITMMS DIRCOT TO A
i
1 1 in 11 111 11 11 minimi
kgl 1524 F
St.
NEBRASKA.
Doable
Missouri
Chicago
via the Chicago. Union
and East
of Everything
aaa full IfrforamJee i
fforth'Westcfli Ry
OMAHA. NEB.
TO THE GULF
la.eora.Saz,
alu and ber-
truek fame:
Mineral Laees. Ilea Leads i
Eveats." raiaau Osaartaaaiaa.
c.s. trait