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Matters in
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utiiuMiKiuHtiiiMiit minimum
THE STATE IN BRIEF.
Aa anti-saloon league has been or
ganized In Plattsmouth.
J. E. Donnell, a York laundryman,
suddenly left for parts unknown, leav
ing a note saying that he would not
return.
While bathing in the Blue river
four miles northwest of Beatrice with
a party of friends, William Aylsworth,
aged 19 years, was drowned.
Otto Uhlick of Plattsmouth. aged
21 years, committed suicide by tak
ing poison. He was a cigar maker
by trade and for two weeks had been
in Omaha.
Labor Commissioner Bush is at
work on a tabulation of the acreage
of crops in Nebraska. The figures
were returned by assessors and are
the most accurate that can be obtain
ed. Mrs. W. T. Boydston. wife of W. T.
Boydston. a postal clerk running be
tween Grand Island and Ord, attempt
ed to commit suicide. She took
strychnine, but physicians rescued
her.
Owing to continued poor health C.
C. Ellis has been compelled to resign
the position of deputy county clerk of
Johnson county. County Clerk C. J.
Carson has named as his successor
John H. Shepherd of Sterling.
The third annual session of the Da
vid City Chautauqua assembly closed
with the largest crowd present that
has ever at any time been on the
grounds of the assembly. The ses
sion throughout, financially and other
wise, was a great success.
A serious accident took place at the
farm of Conrad Guenther, living ten
miles southwest of West Point, Wed
nesday, by which his little son. Hen
ry, aged nine years, was crippled for
life. He was cut by a mowing ma
chine and his right leg nearly sev
ered. Thieves forced an entrance to the
Bodinson Hardware company's store
In Kearney, a window on the south
side of the building being pried open
by means of an iron bar. Nearly all
the knives In the store, twenty-one
razors and one or two revolvers were
taken.
The large barn of Anton Psota of
Cuming county was burned by Incen
diaries. The barn and contents were
worth $1,500, all of which Is a total
loss. The barn of ex-State Treasurer
Stuefer was also destroyed, being fir
ed first. The barn, buggy and other
appurtenances were valued at $400,
which is a total loss, covered by in
surance. Word has been received from Mr.
James Knox Taylor, supervising ar
chitect of the United Staten treasury
department, that the drawings for the
new postoffice to be erected in Hast
ings are about to be completed. It is
expected that all specifications will be
finished so that the work will be
placed on the market during the pres
ent summer.
Prof. Biackman. archaeologist of the
State Historical society, while search
ing the supposed site of a once Az
tec village a few miles north of Blue
Springs the other day. found a mo
saic which was once, no doubt, a part
of a large panel. It is engraved with
figures which are very distinct, and
which represent various gods and god
esses of that ancient race of people.
The farmers of Banner county are
putting up one of the largest rye
crops in the history of the county,
while the wheat and oat crop will be
above the average. Corn is good,
but about two weeks later than usual.
Jacob Miller, a well-to-do farmer
living six miles northeast of Scrib
ncr. met with an accidental death. He
and his son came in with two wagon
loads of corn, and when on the ele
vator dump his team started up. He
reached for the lines, when he over
balanced himself, falling out of the
waon. the wheels of which went
over his left breast.
Dan E. Thomas and Charles Car
penter, two farmers living five or six
miles east of Pierce, were arrested
for obtaining $85 under false pre
tenses from Woods Cones, cashier of
the Pierce County bank of Pierce.
They were given the money and In
turn gave a mortgage on property
which they said was not mortgaged,
but which was found to be encumber
ed. Albert E. Isenhart was taken to
Webster City, la., where he will have
to face the charge of having two
wives. Isenhart was arrested at the
farm of John Plater, west of North
Bend, where he was employed as a
farm hand.
Six carloads of pumps and wind
mills belonging to the Dempster Mill
Manufacturing company, which were
in the recent flood at Kansas City,
were shipped to the company's local
factory at Beatrice to undergo a gen
eral overhauling.
The old settlers of southern Gage
county will hold their third annual
picalc August 20 in Reimund's grove,
near Barneston. A fine program is
being prepared and the occasion will
be one of unusual Interest and pleas
ure. The board of public lands and build
ings met and ordered repairs for the
soldiers' and sailors' home at Grand
Island and at Milford. Both institu
tions are In need of repairs and new
buildings which have been provided
for by the legislature.
Governor Mickey honored the requi
sition papers from the governor of
Washington for the return to that
state of Dr. A. E. Disbrow, wanted
on a charge of obtaining money under
false pretenses. Deputy Sheriff J. L.
Barberry left for Washington with his
prisoner.
Prof. Miller, who has been holding
a position as supervisor of music in
the Wahoo schools, was elected to a
stellar position in the Lincoln public
schools at a special meeting of the
fceart of education.
Nebraska;
NORMAL BONDS NOT VALID.
Towns in Nebraska Cannot Legally
Issue Them.
A town in Nebraska canont issue
bonds to secure the location of the
new normal school. So decided Chief
Justice Sullivan and Judge Sedgwick
of the supreme court. The case was
that of the village of Ainsworth
against State Auditor Weston for a
writ of mandamus to compel the audi
tor to register $10,000 worth of bonds
recently voted by the village. The
bonds were made payable to the state
as a bonus should the new normal
school be located there.
The court held that the purpose for
which the money to be raised was to
be used is not within the meaning of
the statute allowing the issuance of
bonds for internal improvements. The
bonds were issued by Ainsworth some
time ago when the normal school fight
began to warm up. When they were
brought to the state auditor to be reg
istered, the latter refused them, after
getting the opinion of Attorney Gen
eral Prout as to the legality of the
issue. The attorney general gave as
his reason that the bonds were not
legal, and was sustained by the su
preme court.
The action of the supreme court in
refusing the writ may work a hardship
on Ainsworth in its effort to secure
the school, and it may knock out some
of the cherished dreams of several
other towns that are preparing to bid
for the school.
AS TO OIL INSPECTION.
Gov. Mickey Gives Out Instructions to
Inspectors.
Because sensational newspapers of
late have been severely criticising
his actions in regard to orders to dep
uty oil inspectors, Governor Mickey
gave out the following signed state
ment as a copy of the orders issued
to each of the deputy oil inspectors:
Do not accept for official inspection
any samples of oil which you yourself
(or someone deputized to act for you)
have not taken from the source of sup
ply, that is, from the car tank, from
the storage tank or from the barrel or
receptacle in which shipment was
made. The inspection of oil which ir
responsible parties may hand to you
in bottles, and which is alleged to be
a sample from some tank or barrel,
but which you nothing about personal
ly. Is absolutely prohibited. The in
spection of oil must be made to mean
all that the law contemplates in the
matter of safety to consumers. You
must not only know that the oil you
Inspect and pass is fully up to the
standard, but you must also know that
the sample inspected has been taken
from the supply tank. This rule must
be rigidly adhered to.
Harvest Hands Needed.
GRAND ISLAND Reports from the
country precincts of tls county are
to the effect that farmers are at a Joss
what to do for help for the harvest
fields, though wheat is nearly all cut.
In many instances the ripening has
come so quickly that women are com
pelled to aid, driving the harvesters,
while the men do the shocking of the
bundles and the directing of the
work.
Five Candidates for Cadetships.
KEARNEY Congressman Kinkaid
came in and spent the day with Kear
ney friends. His special business was
to look after the coming cadet exam
ination for West Point, the candidates
being five in number.
. .Good Yield and Good Quality. .
BEATRICE Ira Ray a farmer re
siding four miles northeast of this city,
finished threshing his wheat crop and
off of ten acres he received a yield
of twenty-four bushels per acre
Raise Money for Missions.
NORFOLK At a highly successful
missionfest attended by 1,500 per
sons, members of Christ Lutheran
church, raised several hundred dol
lars for missions. A choir from
Stanton and one from the St Paul
Lutheran church of Norfolk were
present. Sermons were delivered by
Rev. Mr. John of Bazlle Mills and
Rev. Mr. Merz of Pierce. The feast
was held in Pasewalk park, corner
Pasewalk avenue and Fifth street.
Boy Killed by Cars.
PLATTSMOUTH Ray Lillie, a 17-year-old
boy, was crushed to death
under the wheels of a Burlington
freight train at Pacific Junction on
Tuesday morning. The unfortunate
boy attempted to crawl under a car
when the train was backed down upon
him. His lower limbs were horribly
mutilated and he died soon after the
accident. The lad had been em
ployed as a call boy by the railroad
company.
An Immense Busin
CALLAWAY For the month of
June the three largest cream stations
in Custer county handled 41,275
pounds of butter fat. to say nothing
of the smaller stations scattered ovei
the county. Callaway led the proces
sion with 18,169 pounds, while Ansley
comes next with 12,020 pounds, and
Broken Bow ranks third, with 11,086
pounds. There are also stations at
Sargent, Mason City, Arnold and
Oconto.
Good Opinion of Nebraska.
"In the opinion of the people of
New York, nothing is impossible 'in
Nebraska," said former Governor
Dawes while passing through Lincoln
from New York to the Philippines,
where he goes to resume his duties
as paymaster in the army. "The peo
ple there," he continued, "have read
of Nebraska's prosperity and they
look upon it as a state where poor
men accomplish wonders and where
nothing is impossible."
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Trust.
f know not if or dark or bright
Shall be my lot.
(f that wherein my hopes delight
Be best or not.
It may be mine to drag (or yean
Toll's heavyfcbaln.
Or day and night my meed be tears
On bed of pain.
Kind faces may surround my hearth
With smiles and glee.
Or I may dwell alone, and mirth
Be strange to me.
My bark la wafted to the strand
By breath Divine.
And on the helm there rests a hand
Other than mine.
One who has known In storms to call,
I have on board;
Above the raging of the gale
I hear my Lord.
He holds me when the billows smite,
I shall not fall.
If sharp. 'Us short; if long, 'tis light
He tempers all.
Safe to the land, safe to the land.
The end is this;
And then go with him hand in hand
Far Into bliss.
Gen. Frank Wheaton'a Record.
Maj. Gen. Frank Wheaton, U. S. A.,
who died in Washington a few days
ago, served in the army for forty-two
years.
Deceased was born in Providence,
R. I., in 1833 and was in his 71st
year. He became civil-engineer, took
part in the Mexican boundary sur
veys and. In 1855, was made lieuten
ant in the Third U. S. cavalry. The
general's fighting record was one
greatly to his credit He took to the
field against the Cheyenne Indians in
1857 and his opening fight was near
Fort Kearny, Neb., where he acquit
ted himself most gallantly. He took
part in the Utah expedition and, on
the breaking out of the rebellion,
proceeded to his native state and was
made lieutenant colonel of the 2d
Rhode Island volunteers; a month
later he was made colonel, and had
his troops in Virginia early In May,
so that they took part in the opening
engagement of the war at Bull Run.
Thereafter the command was with
the Army of the Potomac in all its
desperate engagements. In 1862 the
commander was made brigadier gen
eral and directed a division of the
Sixth corps at Gettysburg and In the
campaign in the Schenandoah valley
In 1864, and was actively engaged In
the maneuvers preceding the surren
der of Lee in 1865 at Appomattox.
For gallantry at the battles of Ope
guan, Fisher's Hill and Middletown.
Va,. he was made major general and
further honors came to him for
bravery in the battles of the Wilder
ness, Cedar Creek and Petersburg.
For his chivalric conduct In these en
gagements the state of Rhode Island
presented him with a sword in 1866.
The civil war over, he was made lieu
tenant colonel of the 39th U. S. in
fantry and made colonel of the Sec
ond U. S. infantry in 1874. Later he
was made brigadier and major gener
al, held commands in Dakota, Mon
tana and Nebraska, and took part In
many severe encounters with the In
dians on the plains. Since 1897 he
had been on the retired list and had
made his home in Washington.
Drummer Boy of Shiloh.
"An item in the Post, mentioning
the presence in the city of Lieutenant
Colonel John L. Clem of the quarter
master's department, United States
army," said a veteran of the civil war,
"brings to mind his first appearance
on the military stage as the 'Drum
mer Boy of Shiloh.' At the age of 12
he was a drummer in the Twenty-Second
regiment, Michigan infantry, and
his extreme youthfuiness, together
with his bravery under fire at the bat
tle of Shiloh, Tennessee, interested a
number of officers, and at the close
of the war he was educated under
their auspices and a commission se
cured for him in the regular army
a fact that the general public long
ago lost sight of, for though the news
papers made frequent mention of it
thirty. years ago, I have not seen a
reference to it in many years.
"During the battle a general of bri
gade saw the little fellow in the thick
eat of the fight, and he called an aid.
" 'See what that child is doing there
on the firing line' Clem was a little
fellow, even for his age 'and send
him to the rear.'
"The order was obeyed, but Johnny
could not be kept at the rear, and he
was soon again in the thickest of the
fight, and having abandoned, his drum
and secured a musket, he was doing
his best with a gun that weighed al
most as much as he did." Washing
ton Post.
4 M , , ,
An Old Soldier's Story.
"It is not often that a man commits
suicide on the field of battle." said
Col. Prentiss Ingraham, author, trav
eler, dramatist, and soldier in seven
wars, "either voluntarily or involun
tarily, but it happens sometimes, and
that ft did happen once when I was
a party to it saved my life. My first
experience as a Confederate soldier
was under Van Dora, in Missouri, and
some of the small battles we had in
the Southwest were about as nasty
fighting as a soldier ever has to do. I
belonged to a company of scouts, and
early one morning we were surprised
by a squadron of Federal cavalry that
we thought was on the other side of
a stream we were supposed to be'
guarding. I think we had about seventy-five
men in our company, and
there were just about that many Yan
kees. They came down on us with a
rush, and while most of our men got
to horse and went at them hot and
heavy, a dozen or so of us missed our
mounts, and we formed into a little
platoon, and faced the foe. We- bad
muskets, the old-fashioned sort, with
hammers, and when the fight got real
warm we had to scatter somewhat.
Pretty sooon I found myself hand to
hand, or rather musket to sabre, with
a Yankee on a horse that looked to
me as big as a haystack.
f "He came at me cutting and slash
ing to Mil and murder, and I tried to
shoot him. for I had my old muzzle
loader ready for business, but he was
to dose on me that I had to use my
gun as a guard and could not get it
into firing: position. I tried hard
enough to get it where I could shoot,
but he was doing all he could to pre
vent such a result, and the best 1
could do was to punch viciously at
him with my bayonet when t wasn't
holding the gun up to ward off his
sabre. He had the advantage aad saw
that he had, and he came at me with
a wild rush. This time I would have
gone down beneath his blows certain,
for they fairly rained down on my
gun barrel, but in some providential
way for me. at least for it must
have been Providence,, he struck the
hammer, of my musket with his sword
blade, and the gun went off with an
explosion that threw it out of my
hands and sent the entire charge
square Into the cavalryman's face. We
went down together, both covered
with blood his bloood. But only one
of us got up again.
The -Flag Over Richmond.
The Poughkeepsie Eagle prints the
following communication:
The question, "Who first raised the
United States flag over Richmond in
April, 1865?" Is not a very Important
one, in view of the peaceful occupa
tion of that city, but its continued
agitation suggests that it ought- to be
answered. The facts are undoubted
ly correctly stated by CoL Kreutzer,
commanding the Ninety-eighth New
York volunteers, in his interesting
history of that regiment.
Col. Kreutzer says that his regi
ment belonged to Devens' division,
and was the first regiment which en
tered the City of Richmond after its
evacuation by the Confederate troops
on the 3d of April, 1865. To quote
his own language:
"Arrived opposite the front en
trance of the city hall, we halted.
Across the street the Capitol grounds
were filled with goods taken from the
burned district, and the portico and
steps of the edifice were densely
packed with the homeless tenants, ex
tremely old, extremely young, sick
and infirm. r
"Adjt Oakley, followed by a color
sergeant, pressed his way through the
crowd and, ascending the building,
first waved our regimental flag from
the roof of the Capitol of the South
ern Confederacy. Leaving the ser
geant with the flag, Oakley descend
ed. An hour after Sergt Hardy was
relieved by Lieut. J. L. de Peyster of
Weitzel's staff; and De Peyster. as
sisted by Capt Langdon. Weitzel's
chief of artillery, hoisted over the
building a storm flag which had
waved over the St Charles hotel in
New Orleans during Gen. Butler's ad
ministration. De Peyster was' honored by Gov.
Fenton with a brevet lieutenant
colonelcy, but no member of the
Ninety-eighth ever received from any
one a thank or the merest recogni
tion for the service. When De Pey
ster raised his garrison flag ever the
Capitol of Virginia he displaced the
silken colors of the Ninety-eighth. He
may parade his honors and vaunt
over hi3 services among his princely
friends and relatives, but in this par
ticular an unpretending adjutant and
plain sergeant In the Ninety-eighth
were an hour ahead of him on the
calendar of time, if not on that of his
tory. EDWARD ELLSWORTH.
The Fateful Order to' Halt.
In less than one-half hour my
troops would have swept up and over
those hills, the possession of which
was of such momentous' consequence.
It is not surprising.' with a full realiza
tion of the consequences of a halt,
that I should have refused at first to
obey the order. Not until the third
or fourth order of the most peremp
tory character reached me did I obey.
I think I should have risked the con
sequences of disobedience even then
but for the fact that the order to halt
was accompanied with the explana
tion that Gen. Lee, who was several
miles away, did not wish to give bat
tle at Gettysburg. It is stated on good
authority that Gen. Lee said, some
time before his death, that if Jackson
had been there he would have won in
this battle a great and possibly de
cisive victory. I cannot vouch for the
truth of this statement, as I did not
hear it; but no soldier In a great crisis
ever wished more aruently for a de
liverer's hand than I wished for one
hour of Jackson when I was ordered
to halt. Gen. John B. Gordon, In
Scribner's.
General Grant's Supreme Courage.
Gen. Grant's courage was supreme.
No man could face danger with great
er composure. He did not seem to
know the meaing of peril when duty
called him to risk his life. At one
time I saw the general escape death
by a very slight margin. We were
breaking camp at Spottsylvanla Court
house, and under the fire of a Confed
erate battery- All of the headquarters
equipage had been removed except a
camp stool, and on this the general
was sitting, while the shells of the
enemy's guns shrieked over our heads.
A shell passed just over the general:
not mising him, apparently, more that
a few inches, and struck the ground
about thirty feet away. Without show
ing the slightest nervousness, he
called to me to "Get the shell," say1
ing: "Let's see what kind of ammuni
tion that battery is using." I went
and picked up the shell, which was s
six-pound, spherical case, and the gen
eral examined it as coolly as if there
was not an enemy's gun within a hun
dred miles of him. National Maga
zlne.
Desert Lizards.
There is no place like the desert foi
lizards. As a man rides through the
white sands or over the black malapi
mountains in Arizona or Southeastern
California and sees the flash and
skurry of these brilliant and grace
ful creatures the suggestion or death
and solitude is broken, and, behold
ing so much life, he is brought to
wonder if the country is really a des
ert or only a land to which a man is
not adapted. For here .are animals
which never drink yet frisk about
through thorns and cactus and fatten
on the bitter plants. Many a desert
prospector had laid down with his
burros to die and seen on the rocks
about him the black heads of the
Chuck-walla lizards outlined agaihsl
the brazen sky. The Chuck-wallas
were happy and corpulent with good
eating. It was their country. Fot
thousands of generations their an
cestors had never thirsted for water
and nlants which the starving burros
passed by furnished both food ancj
drink for the scaly 'natives on thej
rocks. Next to the slow moving and'
deadly Gila monster the cnuck-waus
is the largest lizard of the desent, be
fmm a foot to a foot and a half ii
length. Country Life in America. I
The Production of an. Egg.
Anyone, upon opening after death
e body Of a ken, will find a cluster
it eggs in formation much like a
Dunca of grapes, and called the ova
rium (see cut). These, however, are
out rudimentary eggs, says the Agri
cultural 'Gazette of New South Wales.
Bach of these eggs is contained with
in a thin, transparent sac and at
tached by a narrow pipe or stem to
the ovary. These rudimentary eggs
have neither shell nor white, con
sisting wholly of yolk, on which floats
the germ of the future chicken; and
as they become larger and larger they
arrive at a certain stage when, by
their own volition, weight or other
cause, they become individually de
tached from the bunch, and fall into
a sort of funnel leading into a pipe
or passage way called the oviduct
this organ in the hen being from 22
to 26 Inches long. During the pas
sage of this egg or ovum to the outer
world it becomes coated with succes
sive layers of albumen the white
which is secreted from the blood-vessels
of the oviduct in the form of a
thick gliary fluid, and is prevented
from mixing with the yolk by the
membrane or sac which surrounded it
before it became detached from the
cluster. It la also strengthened by
a second and stronger membrane,
formed around the first immediately
after falling into the funnel, and hav
ing what Is like two twisted cords of
more dense albuminous character.
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called by anatomists cnalazes, which
pass quite through the white at the
ends, and being, as it were, embed
ded therein, thus preventing the yolk
and germ from rolling about when
the egg Is moved, and serving to
keep the germ uppermost, so that it
may best receive the heat imparted
during incubation.
It is during the passage of the egg
through the lower part of the ovi
duct that it gats covered with the two
skins which are found inside the
shell. These, although lying close
around the egg, at the thick end be
come separate, and form what is
called the air-bubble or chamber.
When the egg has advanced more
than half-way down the oviduct, it
is still destitute of shell, which be
gins to be formed by a process of
secretion, and wnen about completed
the various shades of brown and tint
ed coloring matter Is imparted in
those breeds In which colored eggs
are peculiar.
Value of Soft Feed.
From Farmers' Review-: My ex
perience In feediug both mash and
cooked feed to fowls and chicks is
that it is the best morning feed one
can give. I have obtained better re
sults from feeding mash' once a day
than by feeding all hard grain. My
hens lay more eggs, the eggs are
more fertile and my fowls are
healthier when I feed a mash once a
day. I think it necessary because it
furnishes variety, is economical and
allows one to utilize feed that would
otherwise be wasted, and it is bene
ficial because it permits one to mix
certain ingredients that will keep
your fowls healthy. My experience
has been that the right kind of a
condition powder is of as much bene
fit to poultry as it is to horses or
cattle or as a blood purifier or a tonic
is to people. Powdered sulphur and
linseed meat Is given at the proper i
time and is one of the best muscle
and bone forming feeds. Feeds of this
kind should be fed in the mash for
best results. I was born and raised
on a farm and have always had
poultry, and my fowls have free range
now. I take full charge of all of them.
When i feed hard grain in the morn
ing the fowls in summer will hunt
a shady place and sit around for a
couple of hours and In winter some of
them will even go back on the roost,
but when I feed mash they don't seem
to be satisfied and so have to scratch
around for more. I find the mash to
be the best morning feed because it la
very nourishing and digests much
quicker than' hard grain or any other
feed. I have obtained better results
from this method than any other and
have never had any disease among
my fowls. David O. Boots, Peoria
County, Illinois.
Hogs on Sweet Potatoes.
Bulletin 122 of the Alabama Sta
tion says: From November 13 to De
cember 18, 1900, a period of 35 days,
two shoats were penned on sweet po
tatoes growing on poor sandy soil, and
furnished daily per head with two
pounds ground corn and one pound,
ground cowpeas, which was regarded
as a half ration. The total weight at
the beginning of the test was 231
pounds, and during the five weeks the
two shoats made a total gain of 67
pounds, requiring besides sweet po
tatoes, 3.13 pounds of grain per pound
of growth.' The potatoes were not
eaten with much relish, and after be
ing rooted up they were left on the
surface, some of them remaining there
until they decayed. Probably the
waste would have been less if less
grain had been. fed. The composition
of the sweet potato leads us to expect
that it would be advisable not at any
time to confine shoats to sweet po
tatoes alone, but to give them while
on the potato field a little nitrogenous
rood, such as cowpeas. peanuts, etc
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Value of Stable Manure.
In ft recent report of the Oklahoma
station Director Fields makes the foi
lowiag statements regarding the value
of stable manure, which apply to oth
er portions of the country as well as
to Oklahoma:
On the outskirts of every town la
Oklahoma may be seen a collection of
manure plies tht have been hauled
out and dumped in waste places. The
plant food in each ton of this manure
la worth at least $2 that is what
eastern fanners pay for similar ma
terial, and they make money by doing
It. And yet, almost every liveryman
has to pay some one for hauling the
manure away. This is simply be
cause farmers living near these towns
are missing a chance to secure some
thing for nothing because, perhaps,
the profit is not directly in sight. But
from most soils there Is a handsome
profit possible from a very small ap
plication of stable manure.
On the farm of the Oklahoma Agri
cultural Experiment station is an acre
that has been In wheat for eight
rears. It had never been manured,
la the fall of 1898 one-half of the acre
was manured at the rate of 15 'tons
per acre and the other was left un
manmred. When the crop waa har
vested, in the summer of 1899, the
manured piece yielded at the rate of
30 bushels per acre and the unma
nured yielded but 12 bushels per acre.
An increase of 18 bushels' of wheat
was secured the first year from an ap
plication of 15 tons of stable manure.
If all of the effect of the manure were
exhausted the first season there were
18 bushels of wheat to pay for hauling
about 10 loads of manure. But the ef
fect is lasting and extends through a
period of several years.
Here is a feasible plan to Increase
the wheat crop: Put every bit of ma
nure obtainable into the soil. Eight
een hundred bushels of wheat will
pay for one man and team hauling
manure for 450 days and the profit is
directly in sight.
I
Water for Plants.
Our friend the scientist states that
for land to do Its best its water con
tent should be steadily maintained to
within from 40 to 60 per cent of satur
ation. Prof, King tells us that where
this has been maintained by the ap
plication of the needed water their
smallest yield was four tons of dry
matter per acre, and the largest seven
teen tons, and an average of over
seven tons when twenty-two cases
were tried. We all know that that is
very much in excess of what most of
us are doing. We also know that all
plant food in the soil is soluble in
water under certain conditions, and
that all plant food (with perhaps one
valuable exception, that of carbon) Is
taken Into the plant through the mois
ture that Is in the soil. This being
the case, no matter how rich our soil
may be, If it is perfectly dry the plant
has no means of getting hold of the
plant food. The vegetable matter Is
made available through the millions
of bacteria that are in the soil. Our
flint corn takes 8,750 gallons per acre
each day less moisture to bring it to
perfection than any other crop we
grow, using some 230 tons of water
to grow one ton of dry matter; Dent
corn 300, and other crops varying
amounts, till we reach oats, which use
from 500 to 700 tons. An apple tree,
during the time It produces its fruit,
will use 250 gallons per day, or on an
acre, with the trees 35 feet apart,
8.750 gallons per day. Prof, King tells
of four stalks of corn that used in
thirteen days as they were coming to
tassel 150.6 pounds of water, or nearly
three pounds for each stalk per day.
This gives us some Idea of the im
portance which moisture has In the
growth of plants.
Castor Beans.
The castor bean Is a tropical plant;
hence. It cannot be successfully culti
vated at the North. It is frequently
seen growing there, however, as an
ornamental plant. It Is a perennial in
warm climates and sometimes attains
a height of thirty feet, and will live
for several years. It Is a native of
Southern Asia and Northern Africa,
and has been naturalized in Southern
Europe and other warm climates. In
the West Indies It grows with great
luxuriance. It has been cultivated to
a limited extent as a field crop as far
north as 40 degrees; but the climate of
the Southern States is best adapted
to it. In Texas and Southern Florida
it strongly shows its perennial ten
dencies. A castor plant is said to
have been grown in a garden in Gal
veston, the stem of which attained
seven Inches in diameter. The plant
continued to yield for seven or eight
years. A hundred bushels of beans
have been raised per acre in localities
in Texas adapted to its culture. The
value of the beans consists in the
oil which they yield. When pure the
oil Is of a light yellow color, but
when inferior In quality it has a green
ish and sometimes a dark yellowish
tinge. Exposure to the sun's rays
bleaches it to a certain extent It Is
used in medicine as a cathartic. It
Is also used in lubricating machinery,
carriage wheels, leather, and so forth.
In HIndostan It is quite extensively
employed for burning In lamps. C. L.
Flint
Prof. Thomas Shaw says that Ayr
shire cattle form the only class of
dairy stock in the counties of Ayr.
Wigtown, Bute, Argyle, Dumfries. Kis
cudbright and Perth in Scotland.
Reducing Water in Butter.
In order to decrease the water con
tent where it Is necessary, the follow
ing rules should be observed, says a
Swedish buttermaker.
Churn at a low temperature, wash
the butter thoroughly and drain well.
Add the salt before the working is
commenced. After the salt has been
added, do not work the butter more
until after it has become hard, prefer
ably the next morning, but then
thoroughly and not in too large pieces.
Place the butter in an ice box or
refrigerator after the first working
and not in crater. At all times in
making and working the butter the
quality must, of course, be considered
In the first place and the water con
tent only in the second. High water
per cent is no hindrance for high qual
ity but must not be gained at the
expense of the quality. As one of
the requirements for high water per
centage is that the butter is to be
worked while It is still soft, the butter
after it is packed in tubs must neces
sarily be kept at a low temperature. If
there are ro affective means for cool
ing the butter at hand, a method of
working must be employed, which, at
the expense of the water content,
gives the least grain to the butter.
"X BHsSSSPB,lr'
Locating the Peach Orchard.
la spite of the disasters
Vf peach growers during the
It years, peach orchards are fee;
ag planted la considerable aambers
tad oa large areas. This is a wise
hlag to do, as big crop bow aae.
hen help to average ap the lean
'ears aad the years when the freezes
testroy large areas of peach orchards.
3radaaUy localities are beiag foand
xl most of oar states where the dls
isters cosM rarely aaa where crops
f peaches are cosmssoa.
SoU for peach orchards any be
jf almost any character, except
iwampy. Wherever situated It should
xmtala enough saad to permit of a
sort of aataral drainage about the
roots. Where there la a hard, com
pact clay beneath, peach trees should
not be planted, as the roots of the
trees find it difficult or Impossible to
penetrate It and are compelled to feed
only In the surface soil. When the
water in the surface son la gone, the
roots are exposed to the drouth.
When they go into whiter la this
condition they, are more easily affect
ed by the cold. It is bow believed
that moisture la the soil has a very
important iafluence In bringing trees
through severe winters unharmed. In
addition, where there Is a hard pan
that will hold water, some of the
trees will most likely be set la basins
that will keep their roota Immersed
for weeks during the wet weather.
This often results in the destruction
of the ixe, as the roots of peach trees
must have air as well as water to
enable them to grow. The texture
of the subsoil has much to do with
the success of the peach orchard. It
must not be so impervious to water
as to hold it for long periods and it
must not be so porous as to permit
it to leach away too readily. The soil
should be loose enough to permit the
passage of water bat must be close
enough to keep the law of capillary
attraction in operation. A good
peach soil Is neither too rich aor too
poor. A too rich soil gives wood
growth at the expense of fruit
A Lesson from the Forest
If the forest fails to coax a greater
amount of rain from the clouds. It
does not fail to make good ase of
what does fall. The water which
reaches the ground may follow two
distinct courses. Part of It may ma
away upon the surface, to quickly
swell the streams and produce the
ssrlag or autumn freshet Another
part percolates into the soil, beiag
held there to be used again by plants,
or, passing downward, supplies the
underground flow of springs and
streams. The proportionate amount
of these two factors Is of the highest
Importance to the welfare of the farm
er and of the adjacent communities.
This proportion Is determined by the
topography cf the region, the nature of
the underlying rock, the character of
the soil and of its surface covering.
Of these onIy the surface conditions
are within the control of man. No
better surface conditions for inducing
underground flow are to be found
anywhere than those which the forest
floor presents. Its irregularity. Its
hollows and hillocks, its mulch of
leaves and its coating of moss, the
loose, granular condition of the soil
beneath, and the large admixture of
humus aear the surface, all tend to
hold back the rain and afford it an
easy entrance Into the soil. It may be
said in passing that this large admix
ture of humus Is one of the most Im
portant factors In rendering virgin
soil so productive. It not only per
mits water to penetrate the soil more
readily, but it also enables more water
to be held. It furnishes the mechani
cal condition best adapted to plant
growth and least favorable to harden
ing or baking. The farmer may well
take a lesson from the forest, and em
brace every opportunity to add humus
to his solL Rhode Island Station Re
port Clever in Failing Orchards.
Western prairie lands are generally
sufficiently fertile for an orchard
growth and need no enriching until
the trees begin to show signs of
weakness in vigor from crop bearing,
and, even then, may be invigorated by
use of crops of red or crimson clover
grevn among the trees, allowing the
crop to fall and decay upon the ground
each year. By this treatment a large
amount of decaying vegetable matter
will accumulate upon the land, rich in
plant food and forming a moist pro
tection from hot summer sua and
deep freezing during winter, a con
dition conducive to health and vigor
in trees. All lands lacking in humus
can have this element restored to a
great extent by such treatment, and
orchards which have been treated thus
with red clover maintain greater lon
gevity, frultfulness and greater excel
lence In fruit product, besides such
treatment dispenses with the costly
necesslty of using special fertilizers.
As to the Indications when a bear
ing orchard needs stimulating, the
eminent pomologist, Dr. Warder, once
said: "When the growth of the ter
minal branches fail to make an annual
extension of at least one foot In length,
the trees should be stimulated by
manuring the land and giving it thor
ough cultivation."
Where the Grange Thrives.
A report made by Bro. J. H. Satting
of Manchester Grange No. 501, On
tario County, N. Y.. to the Ohio
Farmer states that the county named
boasts of 16 granges, the largest hav
ing 117 members. The total grange
membership is 821. Relative to meet
ings he says:
"Current topics are discussed: bills
before the state legislature and con
gress are often read and discussed;
resolutions are drawn up and signed
and sent to our representatives and
are often effective. Thus we influ
ence for the good of all.
"Exchange of seed and stock often
occurs at meetings; methods of pro
ducing the best crops are asked for
and freely given. Music, instrumental
and vocal, enlivens the young and eld
erly as well. Quotations of famous
authors are often rendered in response
to roll call; histories of first settlers
of each town are often given in con
densed form. County Pomona granges
aro attended by delegates who are
expected to report the most interest
ing parts of these meetings.
"The Patrons' Fire Relief Associa
tion saves thousands of dollars to
members. Usually the cost is about
half that in stock companies. The
grange is this section is a success in
every respect"
When a ligature Is bound closely
round a branch, the obstruction that it
imposes to the descending juices
canses an enlargement or swollen ring
above the ligature.
LIVE
STOCK
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I
AttHt ww wtlvtpu
As the result of several years' ex-'
perleace, the WtocoasiB station pub
lishes the following coBcluskms:
1. From the breeding records of 514
ewes at this station we conclude that
for such animate aad conditions aa
ours the normal period of gestation
ranges from 144 to 150 days after the
date of service and that more ewes
will lamb 146 days after service than
at any other time.
2. There Is bo appreciable differ
ence la the period of gestation for
male and female offspring la sheep.
3. There is an apparent relation
between the duration of the period of
gestation aad the period required for
reacalBg maturity. Quick maturiag
breeds appear to carry their young for
a shorter period than those breeds
requiring more time to mature.
4. Large lambs are on the average
carried in utero for an appreciably
longer period than small or medium
lambs.
5. Lambs dropped before the 144th
and after the 149th day of pregnancy
are lacking la strength and vitality at
birth.
6. Shropshire ewes were more pro
lific than aay of the other breeds and
crosses except the fourth cross of
Shropshire rams oa a Meriao ewe
foundation.
7. From the data presented It is
apparent that twins are the normal
increase for ewes of the mutton type.
8. One year old rams are not so pro
lific as those two or three years old.
Ewes also average a larger percent
age of Increase la lambs after they
reach full maturity at three years of
age until after they are six years old.
when the rate of increase diminishes.
9. The amount of service required
of the ram in breeding has an influ
ence on the percentage increase in off
spring of the ewes that produce
lambs. Ewes bred early in the sea
son of mating to a single ram droppeo
a larger percentage of lambs thau
those near the latter end of tho &&
How Blackleg Spreads.
The state veterinarian of Missouri
says: It Is often very difficult to tell
how blackleg gets Introduced into cer
tain neighborhoods. It often break?
out in a county where nothing of the
kind haa ever been heard of before
and where the manner of Its intro
duction is not apparent Yet it is
known that the disease never breaks
out anywhere unless by some rceaas
the germs have been Introduced there.
Let us observe that the disease is due
to a very small germ, the swelling
which it causes containing millions of
them. Although these germs do not
thrive in the presence of the oxygen
of the air, they have sufficient vitality
to live. In the form of spores, for an
Indefinite period on pastures or any
grounds that once become contami
nated with them. As a rule the hide
is taken from the carcass of the calf
that dies with blackleg and sold and
the carcass is left lying around on the
farm. Hogs, dogs, buzzards, etc., eat
of the carcass and spread pieces of It
over the country, and In so doing
spread the germs of the disease. Tak
ing these facts lato consideration it
Is really strange that there Is so lit
tle blackleg Instead of so much. Once
scattered over the surface of the
ground, the germs are washed Into the
streams and carried long distances,
aad during overflows are spread over
low ground. When the carcasses are
left lying on the surfaces of the'
ground the germs have a chance to
become generally distributed.
I
The Statue of the Grange.
In the quarterly bulletin issued
when the year begun. Editor Batcocl
der said:
The grange enters upon tho new
year in splendid condition la all sec
tions of the country and prepared to
fight the battles of the farmers in
every legitimate manner. The suc
cess of the organization in 1902, both
in membership and influence, has
given the members renewed courage
and increased vigor from ocean to
ocean, and will stimulate them to
still greater work In the year to come.
It has finally dawned upon the people
of the country that this organization
has assumed a permanent character,
which is to be treated with
all the respect and consideration ac
corded older and more pretentious
organizations. It has taken Its place
by the side of the school as an edu
cational factor, next to the church as
a great moral power, and has demon
strated Its right to a place in the
front ranks of the world's numerous
and worthy fraternal orginlzations.
The grange has wen this reputa
tion by an honest, earnest, straight
forward course, neither catering to
the sympathies of peoplo by the ad
vocacy of specious measures, nor de
ceiving the people by shifting its
course with every shift in public sen
timent. For several years this or
ganization has proclaimed to the
world Its position in legislative mat
ters, and has not had occasion to re
cede from the position taken upon
any of them. This 13 more than can
be said of any of the leadiag political
parties of to-day.
Roots Dissolve Minerals.
If you will take two pieces of pol
ished marble and put on each some
soil, moisten it every day and treat
them just alike, except that in one
you put some grains, and when the
grain has grown some time remove
the soil from each, you will find the
piece without the grain will be as
polished as ever, but you will be able
to trace' where the tiny roots have
taken some of the plant food from the
marble and appropriated it to itself.
Nature has furnished the plant with
an acid in the tiny roots, which, act
ing with the moisture when the root
comes In contact with the soil par
ticle, enables it to make some cf the
mineral substance soluble and appro
priate them. F. M. Lewis.
Fertilizers on Farms.
That the fertilizer trade has grown
to enormous proportions is shown by
the figures given for the year 1899.
In that year the total expenditure for
fertilizers in the United States
154,783,757. or about $10 per fs
This was about 1.2 per cent of the
value of all farm products. The out
lay for fertilizers Increased 42 per cent
In the decade 1890 to 1900. Sugar
farms spent an average of 8280 for
fertilizers. For some other classes off
farms the figures were: Nurseries,
889; florists' establishmeats, 851;
vegetable farms, 838; tobacco farms.
$27; fruit farms, $22; rice farms, $13;
coffee, cotton and dairy farms, $11;
aar farms, $8; stock farms, $5.
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