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OVERCROWDING THE CARS
Atteaaaata Use roles to Prod Vp tfca
Stock, aad tfae Resslt la A Dsaa(t
That Falls on the leker A Jfattcr
that Heeds MetftedylBfi
There Is a general complaint just 4t
present, says ah.Ojnaha correspondent
St the Lincoln Joiirnaj. that too manj
raised cattle, hogs and sheep are com
ing to market. The complaint comeg
from the packers and commission men
at all the big market centers through
out the country- They are making aa
effort to eradicate the evil, and to that
end have been sending out during the
past week large numbers of'clrculars
to shippers and feeders in Nebraska
and adjacent states, calling their atten
tion to this growing evil, and exp.ain
ing how it can be prevented. Inci
dentally the shippers are informed that
in future the matter of bruised stock
will be more carefully noted, and the
sources from which the objectionable
carcasses come will be watched. The
circulars contain the further informa
tion that the cattle, sheep and hogs are
-bruised in over-loaded cars and that
the only remedy possible is to exer
cise greater caution in loading stock
for shipment and to use more care in
getting stock up which may tall to the
bottom of the cars in transit. The
only method possible to arouse stock
that falls down while in transit is to
punch the animals with poles until
they manage to get on their feet
Wh'ile thiB process leaves no mark on
the hides, the carcass in most cases
shows bruised places as a result of the
treatment, even though it is not un
usually severe. Meat thus bruised
brings less when placed before the con
sumer than good, healthy meat, and
the packer is, of course, the loser.
Some, of the shippers have taken ex
ceptions to the assertion that the stock
is bruised in transit, many of them
asserting if there is any bruising it is
done by the employes around the big
stock yards in unloading the animals.
This contention, however, can hardly
be maintained because nothing but
whips are permitted around well regu
lated yards, and a whip leaves no
mark beyond a slight abrasion of the
skin.
A veteran commission man, discuss
ing the subject recently said: "There
has undoubtedly been a vast increase
in this evil of late as compared with
a few years ago. I attribute the
growth to the fact that the railroads
have finally abandoned all effort to re
train shippers from over-crowding
their cars. It requires a railroad em
ploye to see that this is not done, in
tho event the shipper desires to do it.
Thus the company loses the time of
its agents at the small shipping points
which is no inconsiderable item. The
loss, however, in the event a shipper
gets Into a car a few more sheep, cat
tle or hogs than the registered weight
permits, is not so much the company's
as the packer, eventually. Overloaded
cars of stock, of course, result in
crowding and some of the animals get
down. To get them up they are
punched severely with long poles. This
docs not unfit them for sale, for the
marks do not show until the carcass
has reached the abattoirs, and then the
packer has paid full price and has no
recourse. Such a carcass, especially if
the packer desires to ship it a long
distance, or to keep it for a consider
able, period, is a distinct loss. Even as
saleable meat to the local consumer it
is an indifferent offer and is liable to
be confiscated by a cautious meat in
spector as spoiled. The railroad com
panies have discovered that they can
shift the burden of expense incident to
preventing this overloading to the
commission men and packers at the
various yards throughout the country
for after ail they are the peop'c rea'ly
interested, and who lose most by
bruised cattle. The railroads found
themselves unable to prevent over
loading and merely able in some cases
to interfere with the practice. It was
expensive to the railroads, and there
was little return revenue for them.
Threfore they have deJiberatly aban
dond the method and virtually said
to the packers, "If you don't want
bruised meat, warn your patrons and
shippers how they can avoid it and
thus relieve us of a very costly duty."
"There is another reason why the
railroads do not care to enforce the
regulations pertaining to the crowd
ing of stock in shipment. Competition
is very close. The roads do not dare
to cut rates directly, but It Is a very
rasy matter to cut rates indirectly by
permitting a shipper to put thirty
steers into a car, the registered weight
of which calls for twenty-five steers.
Thus the shipper is favored though
the stock do get down, and in beinff J
punched up by the herders are bruised
to such a degree that the carcass is a
mas6 of black, clotted, bloody flesh by
the time it reaches the abattoir."
The shippers, as a whole throughout
Nebraska, express a desire to act upon
the advice of the packers as contained
in the circulars and exercise more
caution in the shipping of stock. In
fact, there is no doubt that stock Is
frequently crowded without the knowl
edge or consent of the owner, his
hired man being responsible for the
work. Shippers generally realize that
packers will eventually discover the
sources from which their bruised stock
come and will then refuse to pay as
high prices for cattle from those ship
pers who have the reputation of send
ing their stock in bad condition as to
those who are known to send in good,
clean cattle, sheep and hogs that are
not scarred by the pole of the men who
accompany the stock trains from the
shipping points. Some shippers are
known to employ tramps frequently
for this work, paying them merely a
free ride and to this practice much
of the evil can be traced, at least as
far as severe handling is concerned.
Primarily, however, the necessity for
punching arises in over-crowded cars,
and can be remedied only by more
caution in getting the stock into the
cars. This crusade is believed to be
having a good effect on Nebraska ship
pers. The South Omaha yards man
agement is actively pushing the cam
paign of education.
Hon. "R. flarris, receiver of the
United States land office, has been re
quested by the authorities at Washing
ton to subject a plan for the sale of the
Fort Sidney reservation. He will sug
gest the ground be platted and sold in
lots to the highest bidder.
A farmer named Theodore McMich
ael, adjoining Crab Orchard, committed
suicide by shooting himself in the head
with a thirty-eight calibre revolver.
The ball went through the head at the
temple. He died instantly. He was
well respected by all who knew him,
"and the act was a great surprise.
Family troubles is siren a the aw.
tjStBR 38.
Hartley Bead Case Reversed,
The supreme, court has reversed, and
remanded the judgment in the Bartley.
bond case. The opinion is by Judge
Harrison and the syllabus is as fol
lows: Retention or rejection of a jury, or,
during the impaneling of a jury, to
whom an objection has been inter
posed, Is a matter within the jurisdic
tion of the trial judge, and in the ab
sence of an abuse of such discretion
will furnish no available error.
2. To obtain reveiw in this court of
questions raised in a motion for a new
trial an. exception must be taken at
the time of the decision t6 the overrul
ing of said motibri:
3. The code of civil procedure in ail
Its provisions and all proceeding un
der it most be liberally construed; witri
a view to promote its object and as-;
sist parties in obtaining justice. Sec
tion lCode. of Civil Procedure.
4. To obtain a review of the pro
ceedings of the trial court in a suit
an exception to the final judgment is
unnecessary.
. -S.JL journal entry -disclosed, .the
presentment of a motion for a new
trial; in the same entry it was stated
that the defendants moved for a judg
ment, also the rendition of the same,
following all of which there appeared
this: "To all of which plaintiff duly
excepts." Held, sufficient evidence of
the exception to the action of the court
on the motion for a new trial, although
somewhat questionable practice, to
have the exceptions so noted.
6. The instructions to the jury are
proper matters of the record and need
not in general be preserved in the bill
of exceptions:
7. Taking an exception is an act of
counsel in court; the evidence of the
act is its notation of record.
8. A prepared statement in writing
of the exceptions to the giving speci
fically designated instructions, also to
refusals to give requested ones duly
filed at the proper time, endorsed by
tho trial judge "allowed," and au
thenticated as a part of the proceec
ings. Held, to furnish evidence of the
exception having been made and to
not be an improper manner of motion.
Also properly of the record.
9. Instructions to a jury which leave
that body at liberty to infer or find
facts as existent, of which there Is no
evidence, is erroneous, and such
errors, unless without prejudice, fur
nish grounds for a reversal of a judg
ment. 10. The verdict, inasmuch as it was
necessarily based on a negative find
ing upon one of the issues in relation
to an alleged failure or default of a
state treasurer in the performance of
the obligations of his official bond, de
termined not sustained by sufficient
evidence, contrary to the evidence, the
instructions of the court and the law.
Insane Ilosnltal Report.
The report of the hospital for the
Insane at Lincoln shows that on De
cember 1, 1896, there were present in
the hospital 3ol inmates, of which 192
were males and 159 females. The
greatest number present was in Au
gust, 1896, when there were 378. In Oc
tober, 1898, there were 316 present
The total number treated during the
two years was 798. The superintend
ent states that there has been a con
stant demand for admissions greatly
in excess of the capacity of the insti
tution. The number discharged during
the two yeas was 468. being classified
aB follows: Recovered, 166; paroled,
19; eloped. 3: died, 53; improved, 41;
unimproved. 16; not insane, 6; trans
ferred to Hastings and counties, 1C4.
The report states that the general
health of the institution has been good,
the supplies of food have been ample
and wholesome, and entertainments
and amusements have been indulged
in as frequently as the fund would
permit. Some attention is paid to the
improvements made, including the in
firmary, the ice house and barn. The
institution has produced 25,900 pounds
of dressed beef in the two years. 8,000
bushels of potatoes, 7,800 bushels of
oats, and much other produce, there
being an increase over the preceding
biennium.
The financial statement shows that
the amount appropriated two years
ago was $119,000. The amount asked
for at the hands of the next legisla
ture is $114,750 for maintenance and
$10,400 for officers' salaries, or a total
of $125,150. Special appropriations are
asked for amounting to $58,000, being
for a new hospital wing and other im
provements, making the total asked for
$63,250 in excess of the appropriations
made in 1897.
Following is a schedule of the ap
propriation asked for to cover the next
two years:
Salary superintendent $
Salary assistant
Salary bookkeeper
Sararies teachers and manag
ers
Salary chaplain
Salary matron
Salary physician
Employes' wages
Current expenses
Repairs
4.000
2,000
1,600
8,000
1,600
1.60D
1.600
21,088
48,250
2,500
Permanent improvements 12,509
Deficiency 6.000
Total $110,720
The amount appropriated by the last
legislature was $S1.650; by the legisla
ture of 1895 it was $105,000.
The School Appoitionment.
The semi-annual school apportion
ment has Seen reported to the stat?
treasurer. The camber of children o?
school age in the state is sivei: .-13
396,034, and the amount apportioned
is $300,816.63, making a rate per
scholar of $0.82174. As compared wilh
one year before there is an increase
of 11.140 in the i; umber nf scholars
and a decrease of $76,549.27 in the
amount apportioned. One rear "ago
the rate per scholar, was $105.
The source of the present apportion
ment is as follows:
State tax $ '3.057.92
Interest on 6tate bonds .... 7.230.69
Interest on U. S. bonds 300.00
Interest on county bonds . . . 65.002.98
Interest on school district
bonds 914.54
Interest on school lands sold 100,233.65
Interest on school lands leased43,97.24
Interest on saline lands sold
and leased; transferred
from permanent school
fund to correct error of
treasurer Cheyenne county 5,735.00
Interest on saline lands leas
ed, warrants '.P1.44
Interest on state deposits .. 4,358.17
Peddlers' license 105.00
Total amount ..
$300,S16.6;
8. J. Weeks, register, and R. H. Jen
ness. receiver of the United States land
office in O'Neill, left for Fort Hartsuff,
twelve miles northwest of Ord, for the
purpose of selling the residue of land
belonging to the old Fo:t Hartsuff mil
itary reservation. Only 280 acres out
of the 700 were sold, Judge Post cf
York baying 120 acres for the ap
praised price of $279, and G. R. Bea
champ 160 acres for $800.
It is easier for some girls to win ad
mirers than it is to capture a husband.
The scorcher evidently believes in
putting his shoulder to tae wheel;
NEWS SUMMARY.
8atarda7, December 17. ., . ..
Grant C. Gillett. the cattle plunger,
has gone to Vera Cruz to take a steam
er for South America.
Advices received from Lapaz, capital
of Bolivia, announce that the revolu
tionists have formally proclaimed a
federation.
A guerrilla who landed at Santiago
from Baracoa was recognlze'd by the
Cubans, set upon and shot He ii
likely to die.
The funeral services of ex-Senator
fealvin 6: Brice will be held at New
York Coday in, the Fifth Avende Pres
byterian church:
F6ur companies of the Tenth, infan
try .and 125 recruits for the Eighth in
fantry boarded thfc. steamship Saratoga
at Charleston, 3. C.. for Havana.
The opinion given at Brdokvllle;
Ont, is "that a marriage ceremony per
formed in Canada by a minister resi
dent In the United States is not legal."
Lady Stratbcona and her daughter,
Hon. Mrs. Howard of Montreal, have
each donated to McGill college $50,000.
Lord Strathcona himself has donated
in all up to this time $1,485,712.
The house judiciary committee today
gave a hearing on the Gillett bill to
prohibit the use of the telegraph and
telephone lines for the purpose of lot
tery and horse race gambling.
Representative Rixey of Virginia in
troduced a bill in the house for the ad
mission of confederate, as well as Ud
ion soldiers, to all soldiers' homes and
government institutions maintained by
the government.
The St- Louis Republic says: Th'e
bar famine has become so serious that
the entire grain trade of St. Louis is
crippled and exporters find it almost
impossible to obtain cars to carry their
grain to the seaboard.
The Pall Mall Gazette says Lionell
E. Carden, British consul at ihe City
of Mexico, has betn appointed British
consul general at Havana. Mr. Carderi
occupied the. same post in Cuba fifteen
years ago, where lie married an Amer
ican woman.
Acting Secretary Meiklejohn of the
war department has Issued an order by
direction of the president, designat
ing Trinidad. Santa Cruz. Zaza and
Batabano as subporis of entry in Cuba,
in addition to those designated in a
former order.
Tho Rome correspondent of the Daily
Chronicle says: In response to the
Vatican's inquiry on the subject, Pres
ident McKinley has sent an assurance
that the Catholics in Cuba and ihe
Philippines will enjoy the sanw aniplj
liberty as the Catholics in America.
Monday. December 10.
It is believed that the senate will
pass upon the treaty this session with
slight opposition.
Senor Montero Rios and the other
members of the Spanish Pence com
mission reached Madrid.
Edward G. Mason, one of Chicago's
most prominent and successful law
yers, died at his home yesterday.
The steamer Werra which sailei
from Havana on. December 6 with
about 2,000 Spanish soldiers has ar
rived at Malaga.
A cablegram at the navy depart
ment from Captain Barker announces
the arrival of the battleship Oreaon
and Iowa at Valparaiso, Chili.
J. Facenella, a wea..ay saloon man
of Rock Springs, Wyo., shot and
killed George Petero this morning be
cause cf alleged overfamiliarity with
Mrs. Facenella.
The Copennagon correspondent of
the Daily Mail (London) says that
King Oscar II. of Sweden and Norway
nas been snd-l: .iy taken ill and is
now confined to his bed.
The Bank of Spain for the week end
ing December 17 shows in its renort:
Gold in hand, unchanged; silver, in
crease, 7,235,000 pezetas; notes in cir
culation, decrease. 10.530,000 pezetas.
The house gave Saturday to the In
dian appropriation bill, passing it sub
stantially as reported. This is the
third of the appropriation bills to pass
and it clears the calendar of the big
supply bills.
By direction of the president Brig
adier General M. V. Sheridan, United
States volunteers, has been assigned
to temporary command of the depart
ment of the lakes, relieving Brigadier
General Bacon.
Senator Morgan said that he meant
to press the Nicaragua bill as vigor
ously as possible and ne expressed the
hope that he might net a vote before
next Wednesday, the probable date for
the Christmas adjournment.
The Baldwin locomotive works has
in the last few 4lays received orders
for fifty-six locomotives, of which six
teen are for the Imperial railway of
China, making the second order re
ceived from that country vIthin ten
months.
Tuesday. December so
The senate will make return in kind
for German trade discriminations.
Congressman Greene of Nebraska to
day introduced a bill granting a pen
sion to Cyrus McCardan at the rate
of $75 a month.
Senator Hanna introduced in the
senate and Representative Payne in
the house a bill to grant subsidies for
American shipping.
Theodore N. Hearne. the artM who
caricatured Emperor William's trip to
the holy land, has been sentenced to
six months' imprisonment for so do
ins. The Hawaiian bill was further con
sidered by the house sub-committee on
territories and protrress was made
which takes the committee up to sec
tion 15.
News was received In London of the
death at Florence. Italy, of Francis
Napier, tenth baron of Napier and Et
trick, the minister to the United States
from Great Britain in 1857. "He was
born in 1819 and entered the diplomat
ic service in 1840.
The president and his party reached
Macon promptly on time and were re
ceived by the largest crowd which h3s
gathered in Macon since the last visit
of Jefferson Davis to the city.
In the executive session of the sen
ate Senator Caffery of Louisiana mov
ed to recommit the nomination of Au
gustus T. Wimberly to be collector of
customs at New Orleans. Mr. Caffery
says there are charges against Wim
berly and he asks for more careful con
sideration than they have received at
the hands of the committee.
The New York financiers refuse to
float the Russian bonds.
Colonel Canos Garcia said: "I wish
to extend my thanks to the president
and to the people of this country for
their kindness since my father's death.
I appreciate it highly, as do all my
family."
The Colorado Southern Railway
company, owner of the reorganized
Gulf and South Park lines, has been
incorporated.. The capital stock of the
new company is $48,000,000 and the in
corporators are E. E. Whitted; AIexi3
D. Parker. John S. MacBath, Thomas
F. Dunawar and B. L. WincKell. The
incorforatien fee amounted to $7ilM.
fcOLfcMBiJk IEMASfcA. WESAY. DECEMBER 28, 1898
, The senate coalmen' these seisltna
tioas: W. G.llallin, to b agent of
the Indians qf the Sac and Fox agency
in Iowa; C Jtoede,' lowjLtobe Inspect.
tor (Irrigation engineers. Also a vim
ber of army and navy promotions.
Wodaosday Dcceashr tl.
Congress has decided to adjourn
from December 21 to January 4 ,
News has been received of a slide oa
the Chilkoot pass, In which six people
were killed.
The Southern Railway company has
declared a dividend of 1 per cent on
the preferred stock.
Loud's bill for the amendment of the
laws relating to second-class mall mat
ter will be favorably reported by the
committed
Congressman Corliss of Michinn
has introduced A bill in the boueA to
facilitate, the construction of a Pacific
cable to Mawaii.
A cdurt of inquiry has commenced
work at .Newport; R; l., to determine
the cause t .trie late, explosion in a
tl 1lA mtlfitH VtlflA eyAVaf - -
". mvm UIU otww, c TO.
Congressman Mercer presented. a
petition from Afro-American's' Of
J Omaha, asking congress to act in be
half of the colored people in the south.
Senator Butler of North Carolina
gave notice of an amendment he will
introduce to the pension appropriation
bill, pensioning ex-con fedate soldiers.
Admiral Sampson, who has sailed
from Havana for New York, will rest
for two weeks In the United States.
He will probably not return to
Havana,
Representatives Lacey of Iowa,
Landis of Indiana; and Pearce of Mis
souri lft Washington to. spend the
holiday recess of congress in Cuba and
Porto Ricd.
The president will shortly nominate
Captain W. A- Mercer, a veteran in the
Indian service, to be" Indian agent iri
charge of the new Leech Lake reser
vation, Minnesota.
The Duckworth club of Cincinnati
has taken steps to secure the presence
of Colonel William J. Bryan on Janu
ary 8 to deliver an address, at the
Jackson i an banquet. An invitation
has been sent hini.
To annex or not to annex was the
leading question debated in both
branches of congress yesterday. In
the senate Mr. Teller made an argu
ment In favor of expansion and in the
house the first speech on the opposite
side of the question was delivered by
Mr. Williams of Mississippi.
Tharsday. December 12.
Fifty thousand additonal troops -tie
to be mustered out.
General Miles has left Washington
for a short visit to Cincinnati;
A wave of la grippe is moving over
Ohio and Michigan. In Louisville ten
thousand people are afflicted.
The president sent to the senate a
large number of recess nominations of
postmasters and army appointments.
Sam May and a companion, both
revenue officers, were killed by moon
shiners at Flat Top, Letcher county,
Ky.
London has no confirmation of the
report that an explosion of a powder
magazine at Hang Chow killed 3,000
soldiers:
The Bell Telephone company has de
clared a dividend of 3 per cent. An
extra dividend of 1 per cent was also
declared
Secretary Alger is authority for the
statement that there is no truth in the
report of a change for the head of the
navy department.
The Drake & Stratton company of
Pittsburg has received a contract from
the war department for building a
large dock at Havana.
The Merritt & Chapman company
has made a contract with the eovera
ment for the raising of the Spanish
warship Reina Mercedes.
It is announced on Wall street that
the Chicago & Alton railway has been
sold to the Union Pacific Missouri
Pacific and Baltimore & Ohio interests.
It is reported that the president
offered the position of secretary of the
interior, resigned by Secretary Bliss,
to Senator John C. Spooner, who de
clined the honon
The Yachting World confirms the re
port that Sir Tho'mas Lipton has en
trusted the building of the Shamrock,
challenger for the America's cup to
the Thorneycrof ts.
The state department at Washing
ton will aemand from Canada the ex
tradition of Peg Leg Brown, a mulatto4
who was inveigled on Canadian soil
and there arrested for murder
A special meeting of the western
passenger agents will bejield January
10 to consider the draft' of a new as
sociation agreement. This has been
prepared by a special committee.
Chairman Henderson, of 'the judi
ciary committee (house) says the in
quiry into the right of a member to
hold two offices ordered by the house
will not be taken up until after the
holidays.
Secretary Alger said that General
Otis had rendered most satisfactory
service to the Philippines and would
be retained in command. Whether or
not he would be appointed governor
general of the archipelago depends on
future events.
Friday. December S3.
Congressman William Sulzer of New
York has accepted an invitation to ad
dress the Jacksonian club of Omaha
on January 7 next.
General Henry, commanding at San
Juan de Porto Rico, reports the dea'Ii
of Private Joseph C. Quill, Eleventh
infantry, from a gunshot wound, pro
bably suicide.
Colonel Roosevelt talked to nearly
400 .little Italians yesterday in the
Children's Aid Society school in Sulli
van street. New York, where he went
by special invitation.
W. S. Allen, one of the largest fnr
niture dealers in Los Angeles. Ha:.,
has made, an assignment to J. J.
president of the Citizens bank,
bilities. $55,000; assets. $70,000.
Secretary Bliss stated that
Fay.
Li?.-
Mr.
Hitchcock, his successor in the cabi
net, would sail for this country on
January 6, and that the change of of
fice would take place just prior to
February 1.
John W. Kelley, a veteran of the civ
II war. received notice from the pen
sion bureau that his pension of $12
per month, issued for general disabil
ity, had been stopped because he did
service in the war with Spain.
The New York Mail and Exnress
l says it is announced that George L.
Bradley, vice president and general
! manager of the Lake Erie & Weste-n
railway, will succeed to the presidency
of that road, made vacant by the death
of Calvin S. Brice.
The Cubans will celebrate American
occupation of Havana January 1 by
tremendous, rejoicings. The junta, va
rious patriotic clubs and anrexecutive
committee in each district, have ap
pointed a general committee to make
arrangements and raise funds for the
purpose. The festivities will last fiv
days and will be of the most Varied
character.
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CALENDAB changes.
MOW BEGINNING OF NEW YEAR
HA9 "LEAPED."
Frost Deceiiibe iti March and from
j&mrSh to junnary A fabfo tVhlcb
Gives MncK. Valuable fdformdtlont
About Days dad Dates;
ECESSITY fiVer
has and always
will be the mother
of invention. it
is evident that pre
vious to the latter
part of the ix
teehth century the
nations of the old
world were differ
ing widely in their
opinions as to
which was the proper date to recognize
as the beginning of the year. This
naturally would cause more or less dif
ficulty in arriving at the proper time
for settlement of accounts, renewing
their obligations arid determining the
dates for holidays, feists, etc., which
were strictly observed by various klrids
of religi6us and other organizations.
In order to more clearly illustrate' the
state of affairs and the possibilities of
what could arise from such a condi
tion from which they were obliged to
base their calculations a momentary
glance at history will be necessary. In
those ancient days, the friction of
thought relating to these conditions
well served its purpose In bringing
about a much needed reform. How
ever, like most other Innovations on
methods which have become stereotyp
ed on the minds of the people by cus
tom and long usage, It required cen
turies before the change was univer
sally adopted and used as it is at the
present day. The uncertainty of ac
curacy In the Julian or old style meth
od of computation of the year had long
been noticed by ancient astronomers,
consequently in October, 15S2, Pope
Gregory XIII. undertook to reform the
Roman calendar. The. alteration made
by him created what is commonly
termed the new style, which recognizes
January first as the beginning of the
year in nearly all civilized countries.
After great consideration that pontiff
published his calendar, by which he
ordered that ten days should be de
ducted from the year 1582, by calling
what, according to the old calendar,
would have been the fifth of October,
the fifteenth of October. 1582.
Previous to this Spain had commenc
'ed the year for a time on March 25th,
then Dec. 25th, but since 15S2 on Janu
ary 1st. In Portugal the new style
calendar was adopted in 1582, but pre
viously the new year came, first on
March 25th, then Dec. 25tb. Some
provinces in Holland commenced the
year at Christmas, but in others It be
gan at Easter. In 1575 the duke of
Requesens, governor cf the Low Coun
tries, ordered that it should begin Jan
uary 1st. In Denmark the year began
January 1st, after having sometimes
commenced on Christmas, and on Aug.
12th, which was the date of the feast
of St. Tiburce. In Switzerland, in the
fourteenth century the year began Jan
uary 1st. It was later changed to
March 25th, which continued until the
adoption of the Gregorian calendar.
In the greater part of Italy, during the
fourteenth, fifteenth and sixteenth cen
turies the year began at Christmas. In
1751 the Gregorian calendar was adopt
ed. In Germany, Christmas was gen
erally considered the beginning of the
year, but this was not universal. At
some places it began at Easter. The
University of Cologne considered
March 25th as the first of the year. The
new style was adopted by the Catho
lics in 1584 and by the Protestants in
1700. In France, it was the custom
about the ninth century to commence
the year with Christmas. From the
end of the eleventh century to the year
1563 it began at Easter, or rather on
Holy Saturday (Easter eve). The
Gregorian calendar was- adopted in
1582. England and Ireland had been
commencing the year on March 25th,
but in 1751 it was enacted'that the first
of January, 1752, should be the begin
ning of that year, and all future years.
Subjoined is a calendar from which can
he determined the day of the week for
any date from Jan. 1st, 1700. to Jan.
1st, 2100.
To find the day of the week for any
date. Look under the columns for
years, and locate the given year; then,
in the same line to the right, in the
column under the desired century, you
will find the index number. Then lo
cate the desired date. If it is in Jan
nary or February, leap year, or other
wise, always be careful to look in the
column under the right month. After
having found your date, look in the
mm
for days of the week, and in the col
umn which is headed with your index
number you will find the desired day
of the week. Example: What was the
day of the week January 1, 189S? Un
der column for years we find 93; then
to the right, under 1800, we find index
number 2; then to the right of January
1st, In column headed with 2, we find
Saturday.
G. W. CUNNINGHAM.
ON NEW YEAR'S EVE.
The festal scene is at its height with
in, The myriad lights their radiance
shed around.
And tripping feet and blithe and happy
hearts
Are keeping time to music's sweetest
sound. N
Darkness without holds his unbending
where the twinkling stars shine
6tlt above.
WITHOUT.
On child of poverty as child of wealth.
Upon the outcast too, with eyes of
love.
Little think they within the portals
grand
Of her who stands without the state
ly gate;
Little they uream what weary weight
of woe
One tithe of all their riches could
abate;
Poor wanderer, crouching at the rich
man's door,
Watching with longing eyes the
scene of mirth,
Thy worn and pallid face a story tells,
Sorrow has been thy dreary lot on
earth.
From early morn till midnight hour
rings out
The same old tale of poverty and
grief.
Fierce hunger gnawing at the aching
heart;
b
c
2
c
T.
i.
5 a
5
o
A c
-liiiiiff
ipipii
u
c-
0
1
2
3
2SJ
29
ST.
5G
41
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
2-1
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
57
58
59
85
86
87
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
26
29
30
31
30
31
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
!
32
0098
6
33
34
35
fel
89
90
91
6
7
8(
9
10
11
62
63
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
20
30
31
36
64
92
37
65
66
93
94
38
39
67
95
12
40
;68
96
13
14
15
41
42
43
109
97
98
70
71
99
16
44
MAhI
a
17
18
19
45
46
73
74
75
47
20
48TC6
21
22
-23
49
77
50
51
8
79
9A
52
80H
25
26
27
53
81
54
82
83
55
XeapYkaks
Axe Masked With
asteklsk.
2
5 7
4 6
3 5
2 4
7 2
6 1
5 7
4 6
2 4
1 3
7 2
6 1
4 6
3 5
2 4
1 3
6 1
5 7
4 6
3 5
1 3
7 2
6 1
5 7
3 5
2 4
1 3
7 2
She oft has prayed grim death to
send relief. "
O. ye within the pale of wealth and
power,
Forget not those who cower at yeur
gate.
Mayhap the wretch who humbly begs
her bread, v
In days long since gone by. was, like
thee, great.
Think, stately belle, before whose
- sway all bow,
Mayhap the wretched woman gazing
there
Was once the worshiped of a lofty
home.
Of fairest forms was once most fair.
None knoweth what thy future lot may
be;
Perfcaps the beggar crouching .at thy
door
May give to thee the longed-for crust
-of-bread?o-, -.- - - ..
The balm of hope into thy heart may
pour.
And ye within your stately dwellings
here,
Forget not those who stand without
the pale.
And you with all the joys of home and
friends.
Remember those without the pleas
ant vale.
For one above looks kindly down on
all.
On rich and poor alike, where'er they
be;
And He who bids ua give to those who
ask i
WITHIN.
thy giving
Will make
to thee.
doubly blest
Cannon Made of leather.
According to one account, cannon'
were built of the most hardened leath
er, girt about with hoops of iron and
brass, the honor of having invented
this make being a matter of dispute
between Sweden and Scotland. Ac
cording to another, they had a core of
tin, and were bound round with cord
age. In neither case could they be ex
pected to last long, though we are told
that they could be "brought to dis
charge" as often as ten times in suc
cession; but when we reflect how few
are the rounds that can be fired from
the monster guns of our own day with
out renewal of the inner tube we can
hot afford to sneer at the shortness of
their life. They were, at any rate, mo
bile, for they could be carried on a
pony's back or stacked together by the
half dozen in "barricades of wood
borne on wheels."
'-..
Asking Papa.
Society Item. A well-known English
lord is note in America passing th3
holidays with the intention of taking
back an American heiress.
R
B
Days of the Week
z
and
a
3
-" te
Index Ncmbees.
a
3
A
a
6
Su
Sa
Su
Fr
Th
W
Tu
M
IM
Sa
Fr
Th
W
Tu
1
2
3
4
C
G
.
4
8
9
10
11
13
13.
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
Tu
M
Su
Sa
Su
M
8
Sa
Su
Th
W
W
Tu
M
Fr
Th
Fr
Th
Fr
Sa
Su
W
Tu
6a
Su
M
1
O
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16,
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
iTh
W
Tu
M
Sa
Fr
Th
Fr
W
(Tu
ISu
Sa
Su
Th
W
Tu
M
M
Sa
Su
Fr
Th
W
Th
Fr
iTu
Tu
M
3a
Su
Fr
Sa
W
Th
i
8
9
10
11
VS
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
W
Tu
W
M
Th
Fr
Tu
M
Tu
W
Th
Fr
Sa
Su
M
Tu
W
Th
Su
Sa
Su
Fr
Th
W
M
Sa
Su
Sa
Fr
Sa
Su
M
Tu
iTh
Tu
W
Th
M
su
Fr
Tu
W
M
M
Sa
Su
M
Tu
W
Th
Tu
Tu
Fr
Th
W
W
Sa
Su
M
Tu
W
Fr
Th
Th
W
Sa
Su
Fr
Th
Fr
?a
au
M
Tu
W
Th
Sa
Su
M
Tu
W
Sa
Su
M
Fr
iTu
M
Sa
Su
tL
Thmr
Tu
Fr
Th
W
M
Su
M
Tu
W
SaffT
Th
,Th
Tu
au
3a
Su
Fr
Sa
Fr
W
Th
M
Sa
Su
Fr
Tu
M
Tu
W
Su
Sa
Fr
Th
W
M
Tu
W
Th
Fr
3a
M
Tu
W
Su
Sa
Fr
Sa
Su
M
Tu
W
iTh
M
Su
M
Tu
W
Th
Fr
Fr
Th
Tu
Sa
Su
V
(Th
!Fr
Sa
W
Th
Fr
sa
Su
M
Tu
M Su
Su
Sa
Su
Th
W
Tu
M
M
Sa
Fr
Th
LW
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WHOLE NUMBER 1,494.
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font Staotfbb, V?Jfc Bucbhl
The Columbus Journal.
A Weekly Newspaper devoted to tho'
best interests of
CollMllS,
Tto County of Platte,
Till Stati of Nebraska,
The United States,
-AND TI1E-
REST OF MANKIND,
THE UNIT OF MEASURE WITIL US
IS
$1.50 a Year,
If Paid in Advance.
But our limit of usefulness is not cir
cumscribed by dollars and cents.
Naval Copies sent free to any aI!res
HENRY GASS,
UNDERTAKER !
Ctflu : ui : Metallic : Casei I
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Ui CQLXKMVn.VmUXAr
Columbus Journal
m iw to mmi
BSQUIBaVOVA
PRINTING OFFICE.
PEST PAPE19
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