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About The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911 | View Entire Issue (Oct. 3, 1888)
t3V'-"' .-.h -rSP && rv-.-. -. tr- - . wl HOW A SWORD IS MADE. .ROM.tHE CRUDE IRON TO THE .." -11IGH TEMPERED BLADE. : the Finkfced IF. Process of .'Preimrine tan Kmi-im i .."Srind 'MiUM-rGrt Skill of the Grind ;" v-CopletloTB. ;.." -."fiew you axe," he said- "Sob if you cut knock a piece out of the sword oa that stone-"".. t --' ': . I'took tlie handle .in both hands and 'truck the stone with all "my might. But -: to my astonishment a piece flew off the -. stone; while the sword did not show even, the least evidence of the'blow. " "Every one of these weapons has to stand that test," I was informed, "or we do not 'put the mark-of our firm on it, - nor 'do 'we deliver it as a first, class . . weapon. . . -' ... - . . I went all through the .factory, which . " ". employs over 1,000 men exclusively in the manufacture of fine weapons. They 'are ." -now.filling an order for the German gov V' erntnent lor a new bayonet. 'Eight hun- -dred 'thousand are to be mode, and the ".-. firm, delivers 1,500 a day! The weapon is twelvo inches long, and the government pays -six xnarke for each of them when '.". finished " Before a piece of steel is converted into '." .'such an. instrument of war it has to go through quito a process. To show me -" this Mr. Koch' took mo into a large space at one end of the factory, where 1 at once 1. noticed pieces of isteel varying in length from ten to twenty feet, standing all - around the walls, fn the center of the room stood a large machine, where one man and a boy -were occupied. : .- TIIE ItAW MATERIAL. "' "This is where the steel is cut before it has received a stroke yet toward the shape of a sword, so wo might". call this the storeroom for raw .material." Thus my kind informant began Ids explanation. The long pieces of steel, which were about 2 J inches wido.were then put under the machine and by the turning of a crank pieces of abouo twelve inches fell one after the other into a basket. The boy then handed the man another piece of steel, .put an empty basket under the 'machine and carried the short pieces into .-. an adjoining apartment. We followed, and from the number of fires all around I guessed that we must have- arrived at the forges; And so 'it was. Each one of these pieces of steel was put into the fire, and when it was white with heat, a man put it under a steam hammer, which struck tho heated steel in rapid succes sion about twenty times on every particle of its surface. When it was pulled out, the pieces was about eighteen inches long. It was now thrown into a large .barrel filled with water. Now the would be sword had gone through the harden ing process, and a number of boys gathered them again into baskets to carry them to tho rolling -department. In the front of each of theso rolls I had my at tention called to a big coke fire. This fire ' . was stirred up to an enormous heat, and then tho pieces of steel were one by one " 'put into tho fire. There are two men oc cupied at each roll, viz. tho roller and - his helper. As soon as the steel is hot . again it comes under tho roll, from where it emerges about one-eighth of an inch thick, and the eventual shape of .the sword stamped on it. Again the pieces of steel are carried off, and this time they go to the center presses, where they are put under a con trivance which cuts tho margins off the steel, and when they leave here you can ee that tho thing looks like a sword. - Hitherto, however, you have seen noth ing but a dark blue piece of dirty steel, while we now come into the departments where the metal is brightened. There is - at first tho "grind mill." This is a large place which looks like a barn. From one . end of the room to the other I observed trows of immense grindstones, some of them eight feet in -diameter. . - " THE GRECDKR'B SKILL. -In-tbis factory I saw forty stones, and . ' in front of each sat a grinder. He has a " . little wooden seat, wears .a' woolen shirt, no cap and a pair of overalls. But over the latter up to his knees he has wooden "" -. gaiters, made out of four 'pieces of wood. .His feet aro also inclosed in wooden shoes. . .Tho stones aro turned .by steam and :"-. ' watered automatically. In the front of ' -.-" this stono tho man sits from 0 o'clock in - the morning until 12 o'clock at noon. .Then he has on hour for dinner, when he ' aits -down again from 1 o'clock until 0 '- o'clock in the evening. He has a boy who ;"-- .brings him the instruments as he wants -. them. The grinding department is tho -'- " most important in tho entire factory, and .tho grinder has to be veryskillfnL He - '". has to have a keen eye; he must know .. :. - when to press the steel hard against the - stone and when not. A single scraping of the stono too much spoils the whole .. . weapon, and it has to be thrown away. - -. lAost of the other work is mechanical, '" while hero it is intelligence that does the - "work satisfactorily. - - From tho grinding stone the piece of steel comes bright antLsharp. It is now ' .. taken to the burnishing rooms. This part . ' "of the work is chiefly performed by boys, '- who' vary in ago from 12 to 1G years. In - this placo there are a number of wheels, :".- -'out they aro very small. Some of them are of stone, others are covered with . -'leather, which, if the article has to receive . - a polish, is covered with a powder which '-.. . lends tho blade a high polish. The knob and the back of tho handle are nowbrilr ' "--' .liantly burnished, and the weapon is al ready very dangerous. But still it is un- - finished. .The different holes which are "made in the handle, the one which fastens the blade on the gun and several others are now bored. This is 'done, however, - by machinery, and takes but a very short tune. Then the handle is covered with leather, and now that the blade itself is . - - thoroughly completed, it is taken to the. controlling room. In this department we find, as a rule, a number of old men who have been at work, for the firm for long years. They - areubt able to do actual hard work, but still in this department their services are indispensable. Their duty is, in fact, to examine the artido and see whether there is a blemish anywhere. As soon as he detects a flaw he knows where' it was. "'done, whether in the burnishing, the grinding, tho rolling, or any other de partment, tnd the man who is found to have made the mistake has to make it good, or, in other words, -he-has to pay for the damage. Solingen (Germany) Cor. -'.' Pittsburg Dispatch. A LAND OF ROMANCE. - . aLanrtes ef JUTe in Pnmg,anj tfnls ef Beauttfnl ITiaia. .- - Paraguay is surely one of the most favored lands on earth. There no insane love of gold compels the heart to. ques- ... ." tlonable deeds. No political situation ;-.' harasses the mind. 'The very atmosphere .'- ' breathes peace. The air -is soft and '-' -balmy, inviting to repose, and prolific ..nature, throwing about everything her . garment of rich vegetation, supplies man - . - with allhe needs and beautifies ail-that ''.- '..his eyes rest upon. Paraguay is, indeed, . - .'.almost a fairy land' of romance, so beauti- " . ' ' .- f ul are its manifold attractions. -'.. . .The native portion of the population is " a'remnant of the tribe'ofGuarani Indians, '."".- one of the loftiest tribes in the grade of .. . civilization of all the American race. But .nothing astonishes the visitor to Paraguay . "so much as the vast preponderance of .the . female over 'the male-population.' The . proportion is something like, nine to one. . - This is the result of a long and very'fieree; . war, in which the Gnaranmns followed '. -and supported a cruel and ambitious ' ruler through indescribable hardships and ' sufferings' This war ended only with the .-J death of the' man who waged it, and has ;'I .-Teduced'the whole' population to about ' one-sixth of .what it was twenty years ; ago, leaving only womeu and boys.. These -'Women (this 'writer continues) are as - -beautiful and fair to look upon as can-be' -.-.-- found in anv nart of the world. 'They, are of 'medium height, rather. . siigtitanaiitne.witnaneiymoiaea limbs, .'-.small, pretty hands and feet and figures " of matchless grace and "beauty that would serve for models of the sculptor's art, . -Their carriage is so easy and natural as to bealmost the poetry of motion,.for the freedom from high" heeled boots and tight .dothbig has left their step light, supple aad strong. Their dress is of the simplest mi aabort.tunioarioTMuiot alUt.a salrt "tailing 'to below theaneesanaa shoulder covering not unlike a shawl both of pure white and adorned with pretty native lace. They are gracefully worn, and bewitchlnirlv serve to half revesiand half coi-tceaf the form beneath. In the midday siesta they are fond of lying languidly in their hammocks, sip plng their mate and singing In their low, sweet voices, yet sad and with a touch of melancholy, the. "narancaros," or songs of the orange gatherers, or those other strange, weird songs of theirs whose . words are all of love. Indeed, what need to do ought else in a. .land so blessed-as theirs? "' living entirely upon fruits and vege tables that are secured with but little effort, unmoved by the ambitious schemes of the money making Europeans, upon whom they look with questionrngwonder, and possessed of languid, voluptuous natures that are fostered by" the climate, what else should they do save love, and dance.and sing? Dancing is their only 'pastime, and into that they throw the whole spirit of their ioyous nature. Tho slightest excuse is all that- is necessary for getting up a ball, at which the wholo neighborhood at once assembles. The girls and wpmen are dressed only in the robes described. .The -men wear white linen trousers and '.red ponchos. The dances are in quaint, original figures, but nearly always very graceful. Some times the festivities will be' kept up through the entire night, after -which the participants will gayly return to' their occupations, of whatsoever nature, always contented, always happy. Sometimes there will be a grand contribution picnic at some distant point, where the dancing will be kept up the round of a whole twenty-four hours. For truly these people live but to be happy through the livelong day. After reading this one is not surprised to hear that many visiting Europeans, Englishmen among the rest, have settled down in the country. "Who would not rather become a lotus eater among tho lotus-eaters, and settle down upon tho sunny ldllside or shady river banks, amid fragrant and fruitful orange groves, to forget a regretted past and live only in the happy present, waited upon by the simple white robed Indian woman de voted, affectionate and surpassingly fair?" Boston "Transcript. A Balloonist' Big Jaap. "I have made." said Professor E.' D. Hogan. "163 ascensions and three jumps. One jump, made out in Jackson, is the biggest on record 9.800 feet I shot down 400 feet before my parachute opened. The popular impression is that the parachute opens with a snap, but this is not so. First one section opens, then another, and so on by easy degrees, and as I've -watched it opening when it was just above me and was thousands of feet up iu tho air it reminded me of a rose open ing in tho morning. "How did I feel when I made my first jump? Oh, well, rather afraid. I looked down and saw the hills and fields away below me, and the people looked barely a foot high, and the buildings looked tike toy houses. I looked down and shivered when I saw the space between me and tho earth, and then looked at the barometer and found the distance to be almost one and a half miles; but all the same I jumped. ' I leaped into space hanging to the parachute, and down I went like a shot for 200 feet. The parachute then began to open, gradually lessening my velocity. I heard the people's applause very faintly. It rose up to me like the merest suspicion of a sound. I afterward learned they clapped and cheered for all they were worth. The parachute was oscillating somewhat, and I came near being banged against several chimney tops. The buildings are our greatest ter ror. Mauy an aeronaut has been dashed against a building and killed more, in fact, than being dragged over rugged ground. I met with one accident. See here," pointing to a big bulb on his right ankle. "I got that in Nebraska iu Au gust of 1683 by being dragged over a heap of rocks. I never could bend that ankle since can't even stand on that foot alone. "You see a great panorama from a bal loon in mid air," continued the professor, "but, of- course, the landscape is all in miniature and through a slight haze.' New York Evening Sun. ane Child's Voice la Singing;. Frederick S. Law, hi The Voice, dwells at length on some of the dangers of al lowing children to sing In public, par ticularly when under the care of ignorant or irresponsible conductors. One case is mentioned of a girl who was permitted to sing in halls large enough to test the powers of experienced artists, and who, consequently, at the ago of 10, although sho had started out with great promise, had no voice at all left. "It is," says Mr. Law, "as much of an impossibility for a child to produce full and sonorous notes as it would be to load it down with heavy weights and expect it to walk at once. Many who would regard the latter as an act of cruelty will listen with com placency to a child straining every nerve to fill a large room with a voice that from its nature is not intended for such use." Mr. Law concludes: "The instruction of children, as regards the voice, should bo almost entirely negative that is, they do not require teaching what to do so much as what not to do. They may be trusted to form their tones as they please, if they do not sing too loudly nor with any undue effort. If these conditions cannot be secured, they should not be allowed to sing at all. Nothing is more painful than to hear a child struggle to fall a large room with a voice crippled from an attempt to wrest from .nature what is not there. In no way can we find compensation for such an exhibition. The mind receives no pleasure, as there can be no intellectual grasp of the subject, while the ear is tortured by shrill and distorted sounds which awaken a natural anxiety for the child's future welfare. A healthy child possessed of a good ear is the most natural singer in the world, because the most unconscious. It is only when tam pered with by those who should know better that disastrous results are to be feared." Brooklyn Eagle. Description ef m Ttu-kisa Dinner. -Rousseau has said that from the food of a nation you can tell, its characteris tics; if this is true, no better spot for the atudy of ethnology could be found than CfcvaUa. Doubtless, if it.be desired, an opportunity will occur of dining with many nationalities. By all means accept an invitation to dine with a Turkish pasha. I had the pleasure of taking a meal with the governor of Drama, who is passing rich for a Turk, seeing that he rules over the plain where the chief tobacco crops are, and his opportunities for amsmring wealth are many and varied. Silence and expedition are the chief characteristics -of a Turkish meal' The table preparations are few, but the dishes are many; olives, caviare, cheese, etc., axe dotted about, and perhaps as many as ten dishes are handed round on covered brazen dishes, consisting of rice or barley, meat or boiled fish, cakes seasoned with vegeta bles, roast lamb, beans, a species of rissole wrapped up in vine leaves, the in evitable pllaf and fruits, and. as wine is forbidden, an intoxicating substitute is found in liquors and brandy. Each per. son has his class of sherbet by him, and his piece of unleavened bread, for the Turks love half baked dough. It will comfort the European to see every one wash his hands before his meal, for forks 'are unknown, and each is expected to dip his fingers into the savory mersel as it is handed to him. During the whole of the feeding process scarcely four or five words will be uttered, and at the most your' re past will hut 'twenty minutes, but then afterward, with the coffee and the bubble bubble, conversation wfll flow freely.' To the Turk eating is a serious gastro nomic exercise, which will not admit of any conversation being, entered into dur ing its progress. Cornhill Magazine. Clstlt Plant. The French Academy of Sciences and certain experts appointed to investigate the'claims of the grass cloth plant, ornet tlewort, have reported 'that 'the tissues made from it are much superior to cotton goods, both in point -of appearance and lasting qualities. .The discovery of the aaes of the aettlewprt. for textile purposes w creating much exdtesaeat, as the plant grow abundantly both In tho south of Franca aad in the French colonies. Chi acpCOoba. EXPERT ACCOUNTANTS SAY EMPLOYERS LOSE MONEY SIM PLY THROUGH NEGLIGENCE ' All 0feilasUlM for: Tie Kem.Tr Little Car Besatts f Carelc t Keening- Ace ts How to keep trusted clerks from em bezzlement is a secret which every busi ness firm or corporation in Chicago would like to know. There does not pass a day but some peculations are discovered, from the young man who steals a few dollars and is sent to jail to the genius who 'leaves for Canada with a million in his pockets. Expert accountants sav that employers lose money simply through their own-negligence, and that all chances for embezzlement canoe removed through tho exercise of a little care. W. C. Baine says: ."The business of an expert accountant is a new one in the west, and has npt acquired the dignity of a profession. It not only calls for 'a knowledge of bookkeeping in one line 'of business, but it also requires a knowledge of 'every business, contractual rights, and the abilitv to construe the terms of con tracts. But in Chicago, whenever an or dinary bookkeeper is thrown out of employment, he at-once sets himself up as an expert accountant. Of course such men f aiL The keeping of a set of books can be learned La six months as well as in six years, and the bookkeeper does not realize that this Is the smallest part of tho knowledge which an expert account ant should acquire before ho can succeed. In Great Britain a man cannot arrive to the dignity of an expert accountant until he has gone through a course of study in the same manner as a student for the bar. He therefore becomes fitted to answer any call that may be made upon him, and the business becomes a life business. But look at the list of accountants in the Chicago directory. There are very few names which appeared in last year's directory, showing that the business with many has been but a temporary one while the men engaged in it were out of work in their ordinary vocation, that of keep ing books. But the business is bound to grow. Business is done in such a hurry here that mistakes are very liable to occur. In the large majority of cases, where an expert accountant is called to examine a set of books which aro out of balance, it will be found that there has been no thieving, but that carelessness has been the trouble. If a bookkeeper or cashier is trusted sufficiently and has the handling of money it is an easy matter for him to steal, bat it is as much harder for him to conceal his thefts. A very common way is to falsify the items on the debit side of the cash book. The cor rect amounts are generally entered on tho ledger account, and the merchant almost invariably looks at the ledger when he wishes to see whether any ac count has been paid. It is his own care lessness that permits embezzlement,, and if be has not the time to look after his own business ho should have an account ant go over his books three or four times a year." Merritt Brooks, who has been in the business for a number of years, has Lad the opportunity of watching the courso taken by a number of embezzlers, and the means used by them to make their books apparently balance, so that at a casual glance their peculations cannot be dis covered. "The way I happened to enter into the business was this," he said;' "I had been engaged as a bookkeeper in Buf falo, and was employed to examine into the accounts of the county treasurer of Erie county. It was found that through a careless system of keeping accounts the treasurer was short In his cash $19,000. This discovery led to an investigation into the accounts of the city of Buffalo from the time when the charter was originally granted. The sum of f 164,000 was discovered, the accumulation of email amounts of overcharges on special assessments, which tho city had no knowledge it possessed. "It is difficult for a man who keeps an upright set of books to steal his employ er's money without detection. 'When a cashier of a bank wants to steal money outright, and with such a sum as he can take at once and leave for parts unknown, there is no necessity for him to try to cover up the theft by false entries in. his books. But the defaulter who takes money from time to time is forced to mako his books appear balanced. He makes false entries which can be discovered easily by an expert accountant. The systematic embezzler simply relies upon no examina tion being made. In order to commit systematic robbery he must be' trusted not only with the cash, but also with the books. It is then a very easy matter to enter items or false footings in the cash book so that the figures will appear cor rect. Unless the employer goes beneath the surface the fraud will never be dis covered. "The honest bookkeeper wouldjnot feel offended or Insulted if ids books were ex amined, and if ho is dishonest, the sooner his work is looked over the better. Book keepers would, be more careful and the books would be better kept. A cashier in a largo establishment should not be al lowed to have full charge of the books, and the bookkeeper should be the one to keep the record of all the cashier's receipts and expenditures. In this way embezzle ment is impossible unless the two act in collusion. The accounts of the cashier can then be examined by the bookkeeper's records only. Few defalcations are found in the accounts of railroad corporations, where large sums of money are handled every year. This is because of the system of auditing accounts. The agent who handles money for the company does not know what moment the traveling auditor may come in and demand an immediate inspection of his accounts. Examinations made in this way affect the market value of stock in corporations. If investors could be satisfied that the condition of the fi""" of any corporation was ex actly what it is given out to be by the officers they would have greater confi dence in investing and the market value of the stocks would increase." Chicago Times. Eznorts nC Since fresh meat is now transported by thousands of tons from North and South America and Australia to England and France, It .is interesting to examine tho ingenious processes adopted on the ocean steamers engaged hi this business to keep the meat at a low temperature during the voyage. The means' by 'which this low temperature Is maintained now consists, according to a French authority, of ma chines for "blowing cold sir into tile meat storerooms in the hold of the vessel, the air being cooled simply by expansion. As every one knows, the old fashioned freezing machines employed the expan sion of condensed ammonia gas as a re frigerating agent, conveying the cold current to the place where it was to be used by means of glycerine, or some other liquid not subject to freezing at ordinary temperatures. By the new method, the sir Is cooled -by its own ex pansion, and then forced directly into the rooms' The air is first drawn into a con densing cylinder, where it is compressed under a pressure of about fifty pounds to the square inch. This greatly reduces its volume and raises its temperature to nearly 800 degs. F. . The next step to carry off the surplus heat, which is done by means of a current, of sea water, circulating around the con denser, or rather around a series of tubes, into which the air passes from the con denser.' To cool it still more, and cause the deposits of the, watery vapor con tained in it,the air next passes into an other series of tubes, which are exposed to the current of cold air returning from the meat storeroom, and Is then drawn Into the expansion cylinder. "On being allowed to expand here; the temperature of the air falls immediately to about 70 degs. below aero, F., and the last traces of moisture are deposited as snow. Wooden tubes then convey the chilled sir to the storerooms, which it reaches at a temperature of about 'sero, F., and after circulating about the rooms is drawn back byan aspirating shaft to the refrigerat ing laachlne. The Ciermoiater la the storerooms ever rises to the framing paint of water. so tba mass la leapt eontui thaaax of. its ililssaejii iitoiai it TBa-MS fne ExerelM a i s System Melbourne or tne maYiata'nver.-mam rb arrival in the London docks, where it . is found to be indistinguishable from the best fresh beef and mutton. The tore rooms are protected against the entrance of heat by conduction from the outside by means of double walls and ioors, packed with powdered charcoal Boston Budget. Vast Moaner ef "Saltan, Taking into consideration, the vast number' of Smiths extant In the world, there can be no doubt that the name but seldom implies relationship. Of straight "Smiths" alone, there are 1,503 mentioned in the Directory of. 1888; these are all adults, and it is reasonably certain that there is fully an equivalent number of children and youths of the same name, not mentioned. This would mako a total ef 8.016 "Smiths." . Then this is still aug mented by the variations of the name Schmidt, Smyth, Schniit. etc., until it is probable 'that there are 6,000 of that ubiquitous family in St. Louis alone. The population of St. Louis being 400,000, it is evident that about one sixty-sixth of St. Tifiiayng are Smiths. The peculiar part lies- in the fact that it is but extremely seldom, if ever, that a man and woman bearing that universal name are married. I have noticed this for years, and watched carefully, but I cannot remember, ever having seen the names coupled together in the item-of marriage licenses in tho newspapers, nor have. I ever heard of a couple, both of whom bore that name, being united hi wedlock. They certainly marry some body, for the rarest old maid and old bachelor is one bearing the widespread name. It will ever ba a 'mystery why Smiths do not intermarry. At the pres ent rate it is but a question of time when the name will have conquered the world, and everybody will bo named "Smith." Globe-Democrat. Difference Between- Wool nad Heir. The difference between wool and hair is not so great as might be supposed, sine very fine hair bears a strong resemblance to very coarse wool; but when the micro scope is brought into operation a marked differentiation may be observed. The surface of the hair will appear' to be per fectly smooth, as though it were polished, while the surface of a fiber of wool Is Im bricated, as though the trunk were cov ered with infinitely small scales. A hair is therefore seen to bean entirely different thing from a fiber of wool, and a further variation is noticed hi the fact that hair never curls hi the way wool does, for hair when it is curly at all curls in long, wavy lines, and wool in short, half circles, which almost return intothemselves. The texture of wool is also varied by fine lines, from 2,000 to 4,000 in the inch, so, by means of the microscopo, wool may be easily known from cotton or any other animal or vegetable fiber. Every kind of hair has its own fiber, but fine human hair most nearly resembles the wool of the sheep, having the same Imbricated appear ance as that of wooL Babbit fur is most widely different from wool, and a deer hair Is almost equally so, microscopic examination showing it to be composed throughout of small calls, extremely pecu liar both In form and arrangement. Globe-Democrat.' Tan Kewsboya of Mexico. Our contemporaries are making many suggestions as to the material of which the clothes of the newsboys should be made. Some think leather suits would be advisable in view of the short time the striped suits presented by the city gov ernment lasted, while others urge tin as the best material. This discussion en ables newspaper men to air their wit, but it really seems unnecessary. Tho city government presented & given number of newsboys with uniforms, with the under standing that tho boys would replace them at their own expense when worn out. Those suits have long since served their timo and been discarded, and not a single one has been replaced by its owner. Unless the city government intends to clothe outright the urchins who sell papers in the streets, our contemporaries are wasting their time in discussing the kind of material that should be used for their uniforms, for there is no legal way of compelling the boys to buy the clothes that may be designated as proper for them by the authorities. To deprive -a boy of the right to earn an honest living because he cannot or will not dress hi a prescribed manner is not practicable in a free coun try. Mexico Two Republics. Tne Tramp' to Hit Pnrd. There is residing In the suburbs a gen tleman who Is the owner of a very large amount of real estate, but who is one of the most negligent of persons in regard to dress, his clothing being almost invaria bly of the shabbiest description. This negligence is an eccentricity, and is not due to penuriousness, for he is generous and of a warm and genial nature. Not many days ago, a tramp called at his house during the owner's absence, and, as it was the noon hour, the hitter's wife, a very sympathetic and kind hearted woman, gave the nomad a good dinner. Having finished tho meal and thanked the giver of the same, the tramp started off, but just as he got to the gate he met the owner of the premises, and judging by bis dress that they were of tho same frater nity, the wanderer said: "Look here, para, it's a leetle rough for two o' us to work the same house durin the same hour. Jist try some other place this time, for yenders too good a woman to have to feed the both o us ' today." Bos ton Budget. can Tour Boy Swim? Can your boy swim? No? Then do not trust him in any sort of boat until he has learned the art, and feels as much at home in the water as upon dry land. You might just as well send him out alone into a crowded street before he had learned to walk. He might possibly creep along all right, and reach home alive, or some body might pick him up and caro for him, but the chances would not' be in his favor. So in boating, the boy who cannot swim may get along very comfortably for a while, and not suffer from this defect in his education, but the time will assuredly come when he will have cause to bitterly regret.it. It is one of the simplest things in the world, too, and can be learned ur three or four intelligently directed lessons, such as can be had in any city swimming school or from the experts in any country village. By all means talk swim to your boy before you talk boat, and stipulate as one of the conditions of his having a boat that he shall first be able to swim a quar ter of a mile without resting. Harper's Young People. Tho tough is a product peculiar to American city- life. In other countries, of course, you will find the rough and the cad and the brutal coster, but it is only in an American city that you will and the tough. In other lands the'-man who comes nearest to the tough is but a sub ject, and a very poor one at that, and he is constantly more or less in dread of a superior governing power. In America the tough is a citizen, or at least claims to be one, and he feels not only the equal of everybody else, but the superior of everybody else, and. he has a profound scorn and contempt for all processes of law. The tough is a terror, and there is no reason why he should escape whipping. Arrest or imprisonment he fears not, but a good dose of the cat-o'-nine-tails might bring him to reflect on the error "of "his ways. Boston Home JoumsL.. , The Edneatiea f Children. Children in Kentucky are 'precocious, fond of study, and brighter far than'the much to. be. pitied boys and girls 'of the ncrth, whose parents are-more desirous of their learning French than 'English, and who inculcate in their infant minds a contempt for their country and history, with a corresponding admiration for everything foreign. . I know of two boys in Washington both pf whose parents are native Americans who have had thfeir sons taught German from their infancy and who speak only German to each other and to their mammas. They are tb be more thoroughly Germanized when they are old enough to be educated at Heidel berg. Cor. Cpurier-JournaL Interesting News fc A Russian chemist .thinks ha has dis covered a plan for solidifying petroleum sotbatitcan-beusediaaaanksor blocks far faaL Chicago Globe. HANDLING OF FREIGHT. GOME POINTS WHICH ARE OF IN ' TEREST TO THE PEOPLfL U Handle nrtaomaV i saili TTiiili WaHieila mi -J-g Wetni and SeUling Claim 'Described In BrleC Sending n "Tracer. The manner of making up through rates, that is, rates between points neces sitating transportation over twdor more roads, is now comparatively simple. Prior to the passage of the interstate commerce act. certain agreed rates prevailed at all junction or common points (prevailed until some one road felt inclined to cut)j and points local to one road were fixed at as high rates as were considered necessary by'the road reaching them. Now. how ever, the majority, of the roads have thrown their local territory open by tak ing common points as basing points, and making tho rates to intermediate local 'territory the same as those in effect at the next farthest basing, point. - In other words, dividing the road into groups, each group taking certain fixed rates. The through rates are divided between the roads forming.tho line, on a mileage basis that is, each road receives a percentage of the through rate' as great as' the dis tance traversed over its rails bears to the entire distance from point of shipment to destination. The numerous cases if delavs and loss of property in transit are in a large mesa- ure duo to careless or improper marking of merchandise by the consignor. If afi packages -were, properly and plainly marked these annoying occurrences would be reduced to a minimum. As it is, how ever, the systematic methods of handling freight in practice by all roads render it almost impossible for anything to be car ried to a wrong destination, although some errors in routing occur which, In. the case of perishable freight, are equiva lent to actual loss. When a shipment fails to arrive on time a "tracer" is sent after it. These "tracers" are in the shape of .a request upon forwarding agent to follow up the shipment by means of his way bill, car number, train number, date and seals, all of which aro kept in his station rec ords. The "tracer" is sent along the line traversed by the shipment, and each agent In turn notes thereon date of arrival and departure, whether transferred into an other car; and seal record, and forwards to next junction point. In this manner freight is always ultimately discovered, though sometimes it takes considerable time. In urgent cases .this is done by telegraph. The great bone of contention between shippers and railroads is the time con sumed In adjusting claims. When a claim is paid the mass of correspondence that has accumulated is usually detached from the claimant's original papers, and ho cannot, therefore, understand (jwhy it could not liavo been paid sooner. Claims are never purposely delayed, and if shippers but knew the amount of labor involved, even in tho simplest cases, com plaints on this score would be less fre quent. Tho larger business houses are gifted with more patience in this respect than the country merchants. It is also true, as claimed by these smaller dealers, that the large shipper has his claim "put through" in much less time. There are several reasons for this; the constant shipper, in presenting a claim, accompa nies it with all necessary documents; and gives a clear and concise statement of the case, whereas the country merchant writes a rambling sort of letter, threatening to g'vo all his shipments to the A., B. and road, and to do various other terriblo things in the event of non-payment of his claim, and studiously avoids giving par ticulars, thus, in some eases, forcing the; railroad to make out a case against itself. A mistake the country merchant fre quently makes is to send his claim to the shippers, asking them to push it through for him. This course of procedure always causes delay. A claim presented by tho owner of the property if bill of lading or receipt, and paid freight bill, together with a letter of explanation, is submitted to the delivering road will be handled with dispatch, be the claimant a huge or small shipper. As a general rule overcharge claims are the most quickly disposed of. If 'occa sioned by an error of one road in a line such road usually stands the amount, and if the claim be based on a rate hi force by a competing route all roads interested, willingly reduce to that figure upon pre sentation of proof. The loss and damage claims are more difficult to handle. In the investigation of these matters, particularly damage chums, each road attempts to disprove any liability, and endeavors to shift the responsibility upon another, and it is this discussion between the roads which causes the delays complained of most frequently. The method of investigating claims of this nature is simple enough. The shipment is traced through from point of shipment, and the road on whose line shipment checks damaged or short Eiys the damage. It often happens, owever, that the loss or damage cannot be located. It is then that correspond ence accumulates, and the claimant's hair turns gray while waiting for his voucher. In cases where it is utterly impossible to locate the damage or loss it is the custom for all roads participating in the haul to join in payment of the damages. Several roads have recently adopted the plan of paying just claims as soon as presented, looking to their connections to "chip in"' afterward. Chicago JonrnaL The f nccewfta Man's The clever person Is always practical, always adaptable, always and unchang ingly clever. He never misses his chance. Like Coleridge's raven, who "picked up the acorn and buried it straight" and came back and dwelt there when "the acorn was grown to a tall oak tree," the clever man lets no opportunity escape. Men who do net see the acorn or do not heed it are left to grumble in old age be cause there is no tree to cover them. There are hundreds of chances In a man's life, and clever people grasp them at ones and turn them into substantial Uesaings. Genius too often mimes its chance, and Is sublime, but a failure. But the man of tact misses nothing, quarrels with none, enjoys life to Its latest breath, and, per haps because of bis success, leaves a sweet remembrance to blossom after him. This is what most people call luck. Grant saw bis chance In the lata war and' grasped it; Lincoln saw his opportunity in tne great debate with Douglas ana seized upon it, and the world, looking upon their early struggles and drawbacks, are apt .to call them lucky. Mien who heard the first faint sigh for mustard, cod' liver oil, pickles. BTTrhirmenninas or hair wash have enriched themselves by their-practical adaptability to the needs of mankind. Talent and genius are "usu ally mighty uncomfortable to live with, but cleverness goes with the stream and gives us what wa like best and what we want. It comes in a white flannel suit In summer and muffled up in furs and on skates in winter. This is the kind of people and the only kind to invite to your house to bring their trunks and anend a week or a year. Berkeley In New xork'Mercury. rennlarlty ef What win be the result of the popular ization of the picture? -Will harm or good follow, from an artistic standpoiat? It seems reasonable to assume that good must come. The newspaper cat Is laid before the eyes of thousands daily, who would otherwise take no interest in pict ures of sny kind. -Inthecelumnaof their daily paper or their weekly journal- these than sands nyist In time grow to look upon a picture with .increased interest, .and to value It as arpreialiig anldmva aentimant, mora clearly aad forcibly than types can do this. The child,' famllla Ised daily with pictures, must grow to be an adult to whom a picture la a necessity. Asaconeequenee ha Tbeeeasesaladge of pictures and a patron of art, though it' may be an humble way. Iatimeraalart MtbabsneaVfarr. The entering wedge to this state of aaatrs Is the newspaper cut. PittaburgBalktin. "nvmiwwnamwnnm mow has atveral Umm half. " "nw wmm Tirmflta varied aeras ear To Save Life Freqaeatiy requires prompt action. Aa Vsuav'a rlstlav wraittna, fa thjt Arvtnr " mj s .. .. ea aneaaea win sertoos coaseqaeaces. especially ia cases of Croup, Faeamoaia. aad other' throat aad lang troubles. Heace, ao family should be without a bottle of Ayert Cherry Pectoral, which has proved itself, ia' thousands of cases, the best Emergency Medicine ever discovered. It gives prompt relief aad prepares the way for a thorough cure, which is certain to be effected by r its continued use. 8. H. Latimer, 51. D., ML Vernon, Ga., says: " Jf have found Aycr's Cherry Pectoral a perfect care for Croup ia all eases. I have known the worst cases relieved ia a very short time by its use; aad I advise all families to use it in sud den emergencies, for coughs, croup, &c." A. J. Eidson, M. D.. Middletown, Tean., says: "I have used Ayer's . Cherry Pectoral with the best effect in my practice. This wonderful prepara tion oBce saved my life. I had a con-' stant cough, night sweats, was greatly reduced in fiesli, and 'given up by my physician. One bottle and a half of the Pectoral cured me." "I cannot say enough in. praise of Ayer's Cherry Pectoral," writes E. Bragdon,. of Palestine, Texas, "believ ing as I do that, hnt for iu use, I should long since have died." Ayer's Cherry Pectoral, rSSTABBD BT .Dr. J. C. Ayer St Co., Lowed, Mass. . eldkyaUDraggku. Price SI ; sU bottles,!. The B. k M. B. R have arranged to run several Harvest excursions from the east to Nebraska points, including Co lumbus. ' Any persons desirous of advis ing' friends in the east of these excur jaionscan have them advised from our Omaha office by addressing J. Francis, Genl Passenger AgL, or by advising C. E. Barrell, AgL, Columbus, Neb. He that brings good news knocks hard. Set good against evil. English Spavin Liniment removes all hard, soft or calloused lumps and bletn iahea from horses; blood spavin, curbs, splints, sweeney, ring-bone, stifles, sprains, sll swolen throats, coughs, etc. Save $50 by use of one bottle. Warranted. Sold by C. B. Stillman, druggist, Co umbus. 6-ly Hunger makes dinners, pastime sup pers. The Passenger Department of the Union Pacific, The Overland Boute," has issued a neat little pamphlet, pocket tA-a. ontU1wl HValiAiial Dlai'nnn llivrklr M4A V7UVAV4VU MVUU AMiUVtUI JAIVM, containing the democratic, republican and prohibition platforms, together with the addresses of acceptance of Grover Cleveland, Benjamin Harrison and Clin ton B. Fisk; also tabulated tables show ing the plurality vote, the electoral vote and an analysis of the vote as cast for Cleveland and Blaine in 1884. This book is just what is needed at this time and should be in the hands of every voter. It plainly seta forth what each party has to offer and every reader can draw his own comparisons. Sent to any address on application. Address, J. S. Tebbets, Genl Passenger Ag't, Union Pacific By, Omaha, Neb. Of a little thingr a little displeaseth. Eareka. The motto of California means, I have found it. Only in that land of sunshine, where the orange, lemon, olive, fig and grape bloom and ripen, and attain their highest perfection in mid-winter, are the herbs and gums found, that are used in that pleasant remedy for all throat and lung troubles. SANTA ABIE the ruler of coughs, asthma and consumption. Messrs. Dowty k Becher have been appointed agents for this valuable California remedy, and sell it under a guarantee at SI a bottle. Three for $2.50. Try CALIFORNIA CAT-R-CURE, the only guaranteed oure for catarrh. 81, by mail, 1.10. He warms too hear that burns. Aa Aeselate Care. The ORIGINALABIETINE OINT MENT is only put up in large two-ounce tin boxes, and is an absolute cure for old sores, burns, wounds, chapped hands and all kinds of slrin eruptions. Will positively cure all kinds of piles. Ask for the ORIGINAL ABITINE OINTMENT Sold by Dowty k Becher at 25 cents per box by mail 30 cents. marTy War is death's feasL In a long journey straws weigh. The Commercial Travelers Protective Association of the United States, has membership of over 'sixteen thousand and is probably the strongest association of the kind in the world. Mr. John R Stone, their national secretary and treas urer, 79 Dearbona street, Chicago, in a letter states that he has been severely troubled at times, for the past twenty veers, with cramp and bilious colic which would compel him to take to; his bed from three to six days while in SL Louis at their last annual meeting he procured a bottle of Chamberlain's Colic, Cholera and Diarrhoea Remedy and has ednoeused it with the best results. It is the only remedy he ever found, that ef fected a rapid and complete cure. No one can safely travel without it Sold by Dowty k Becher. All are not merry that dance lightly. Courtesy on one .side only lifts not long. Wine councils seldom prosper. Tker is ne Care tat-Jfarrinae. -' How many a pompous old fraud, with an M. D. attached to hislname, has of fered this time-dishonored prescription to a pale haggerd girL suffering from the ilia of womanhood? How many a wretched hell onTearth has thus been started! for no' marriage can be blessed, either to husband or wife, which is tak en as a pill. Oat upon such quackery! There is a cure for suffering women a cure that will make marriage, the great est of .earthly blessings, and home the sweetest of- Edens. Its name is Dr. Pierce's Favorite Prescription. Just try it, and see the. black clouds of- life roll away before the glowing sunshine of re turning health and vigor. It'is the only medicine-for woman, sold by druggists,' under a positive, guarantee from the manufacturers, that it will give satisfac tion in every case-'or money refunded. See.wrapper.around bottle. Dr. Pierce's .Pellets'the original and only genuine Iittie-Liver Pills.' 25 cents a vial; on a doss.' CleiT me triVX for This is the Top of the Genuine Peari Top Lamp Chimney. Allothersi similar are imitalion.- :is exact Label is on each Pearl Top Chimney. A dealer may say and think he-has others as good, BUT HE HAS NOT. Insist upon the Exact Label and Top. RS SAL EttEVWritEE. HAatCKlT.BY SEO. A. MACBETH h CO., PSitstsrgl, Pa. Contains also full and complete lives of both HARBISON &M0RT0N tbecicMstuttift! bearers. lI!sM.w!th nctnrrotistupcibpor tntts. Anions the author? will Ur found the names of Sena tors Fnre.Oundler. iUoler. IncaMs. Jclin J). Lour, popula ex-coT-ofliW. McKinJey of Ohio, writes on theTarlS. Hciiy Cabot Lotfee. and a number of ctl,mtf alite prom tMtJi.at.Ktf. Com. Don't l iiuiuc ! t v;t any other. Dis tance ho hinderanc as we pay all frn:nt charges. Send SB v. wuip vow oamc inn r me BTf. in -& Bold, or ""uiZ-vriZAtt"Lll'lelS"l vw., ". opiinnntia, n; 600O Book Agents wanted to sell TH Xir AND ttTBUC SE&VICXS or Grover Cleveland Tn tmt Midi. fiat al. bmluMd to a! nomination ! 8C Lenta, wttk fenonat nnnlmin, Ineld.nta ant anKdottn. rrrwry BhMiattd with atetl portraits aad wd ncrnlaca. Tk took aha Mtain. aaniMrb rorttnlt nad a full aad raU JJTM OF UBS. CIXVELAND. thrr wUa a Mntatt Maniayb' ' AIAaOT O. THUBJtAN. Tala talk endn anatavattnZdjh. Doo W Indnead to r. any tW. Taara wtO anaaarya naaataerlatd IJm. tat thin U la rlfksaae. DU naatn no aHiirai ri. aa nay all trnanportatioa eaarwa. Base M eatte la la. ntaanpn aad la an ta tao arid, aad taaa rase . (aldaa kamat. Writs for Ml pataiaia sad Sfjclal Tana, aaat fraa to alL Asdrt, WINTER A CO., Sprlnajtleid. Maes Thoroughly cleanse the MoaLwateh tatke fountain of health, by using- Dr. Perce's Gold en Medical Discovery, 'SoddigeatJoB, a fair BnUnTbuoyant spirits, and bodily health and vigor will be established. Ooiosn Medical Discovery cures all humors, from the common pimple, blotch, or eruption, to the worst Scrofula, or blood-poison. Bs nsdallv has it proven Its efficacy in curing Slt-rbeum or Tetter. Eczema, KirsfpebM. Fever-sort. Hip-Joint DJffss& AsaatoM Sores and Swellings. Enlarged. Glands. Qot tre or Thick Neck, and Eating Sons or Ulcers. Golden Medical Discovery cures Consump tion (which is Scrofula of the Lungs), by Ks wonderful hlood - purifying, fgoratiag. ad nutritive properties. fJa-Smf For Weak Lung .Spitting pf Blood. Short ness of BresAhTCatarrh In the Hea Bron chitis. Severe Coughs. Asthma, and lundred affections. It Is a sovereign remedy, is aa anequaled remedy. Sold by druggists. Price $1.00, or six bottles for f&W. rb?tlinLL wnsBwsssi' .ll ,- .M , , it .Is Ssmws Siiliaislaistaanaaarenaiywt-s) wj. mm . i "7- RIP.UI Y KEWASDED are those' Iwim tmuT thin and thm act: rvT - -.r- z they will find honorable. llUllnVa I nrnrmmit that will not take them .from their nomea andrfctniliea. Tbe prof are large and- rare for every uvlaetrioos and- rare for every uviastnona sve made and arcf now making person,! many nave maoet ana e now rnaamaj hnndred dollars a month. It ia easy for one to make S3 and upwards per day, who ia in to work. ratnereexiToaag or ow; capi tal aof- needed: we start yoo. Everything new. No-special ability required; jou, reader, cafl do it as well as any one. Write to as at oneafor fall particulars, which we mail free. Address frjtiauoa A Co.; Portland, ate. dec3ay "V Nstare'sOwaTrae Laxative. . The delicious flavor and healthy prop; erties of sound, ripe fruit sro'well known, and seeing the need of an agreed able and effective laxative, the Califor nia Fig Syonp Company commenced a few years ago to manufacture a concen-. Crated Syrup of Figs, which has given such general' satisfaction-that'it'is rap-, idly superfleding'the bitter, drastie:liver. medicines and. cathartics hitherto in use. .If costive or bilious,' try. it For., sale only bj-Dowty .k Bseher. . --. mC """j"'- '-"" 9am ?' at. tgwjx - SjSmy - SnVr i '"'" UnanamY .nmnn:1Hr .mwSVPSlPaim lliBiiriyw rBmBvmVvBnnnnnmWBmBmBvmVvBaBi m'm'Bm'm'Bm'm'Bm'mBm'm'Bm'm'Bm'm'm'Bm'm'Bm'r'fJm'iHnTBm'm'Bm'm'Bm'mk promptly cures uw sejerea n .... IHLmtmmStS aHamnnnmnnatu taUl rnnsniSjnmmmnanmkassr. WarrwaliC assy Smnnnmnnnml"JilaBslnm Ssth ladtaa-aad snaaalalasa tafaBamnnnmnC942nn7wrlh nrora an eaaaa at " "SaannmnnnnB ' '"T T T aii ulLU timinwIiHainil onwr,asadtnws aeCja rasra"ainiiililiiwliMlaloeaW MawBaB7 snaaraa SMSM ) mmmmm tn tmdafrsaa MM """- - --yTTV . woadertal Sar SsTfwi waasrTlUaasaileaansryoaBssiiTw SaSeereraTtaee.wnynonara -- - ssretsn. sad anas- iseaf a wai aa) awai anisns. asTsBUaasTsfl am ail la to world aadear lares Hasaf u . CoUe Lite Co. nsnna . - . -. :era:Bis;K-A-v FAMILY : JOURNAL; . A Weekly Newspaper iggie4 every . Weiaesjay. 32 Celius tf veaiiag jaatter, eta-. . ristiaj-rtf Nebraska State News Itejaa, Seleetei Stsries aid Miscellaiy. KdVtJMnpie copfee Mat frte to any wMtvml" Subscription -" price, -.. .. SI a fiat, It UvMct. Address: M. K..TubrCo., ' - Colnmbua, ' "' . '. - Platte Co., NebV; LOUIS SCHREIBER. BlacKsiitli ai. Wagoi Halir. AH kjads ef Remtirii - Shert Nstke. Bin-iei, Wag- as, ete., sate nr- eraer, aid all, wark 6aar- aateetl. Alas sail t warld-taantsis Wallsr Ac. Iiwm..lNMn, Cass itm- ea aacaiasj.. Harri .VIA Mf.kiBsmTatfc EsTShoo opaeslte tka Tattersall,'" oa Olive St., COLUMBUS. . '.. DSHENOERSON .0$ a r. st, gSMSA cirr, m. Vm on frsrtsMjr .! Uto Of la .)sly GnOaUtiictor. Oetr JOum' Pract. 13 yton i Chicago. racaJCST m m. urn lmctjt Ltana. ,SN Aatborlynd by the Sun to treat WamV Chndlc.Nenromaa4BBwlalIMav- ' M3 X " Seminal Weak neas- (ittM amnnanVz iBtoaW9jrjal Debility ilouoftemaL Annamm JwPor)t Nervous Debility, PDMoaed ftmmnnamtf Moad.UIceraaadBwf llintaof evarr P kind. Urinary Dtesa. India fact.. fBBBBBBV-ajl trouble or diseases la- eltbr najawnF-- male or female, carte gnarasteed or money refunded. Charges low. Thousand of curea. expemace important au aaeai- dace are guaranteed to be pure and eBKactoua. acinar commanded In. nr. imfecUr appointed laboratory, and are farnlaaed ready for usv. Jto running- to drag alarm to Save uncertain pra acTtpUoaa Sued. No mercury or Injurious medl clnesuaed. NOdtentloafromboslnae. Patience at a distance treated by letter and eipreas. medi cines sent everywhere free from gase or break-, age. State your case and send for terms. Con sultation free and coaftlenUaU.-personally or. by letter. A M page lltfVYtr afar Beth Sexesv sent Illustrated SUVa sealed In plain envelop for 6c In stamps. Every, male, from the age of IS to 45, ahould read this book. RHEUMATISM TK sWTTMsOSa MESUTK CUE. A POSITIVE CCBK Ot RHKUMATIHM. I Sao jraayass this treauaaat (kiln tal tore or help. i;restst dlsssTtry la aaaala I cfaudkina. One aoaefl-relief ; Ksr dosrs reaMTts nm and pata In Joists ; Care cMaalsM la 5 to I data, grad nsle-1 ratnl of east wllfe naatp tit CUcuIara. I Call.oraddrrw. I Or.MCNOCR8XHIlsaW.tm8A.irMtmC.Me, PAUIILK A HUADSHAW.. . (i'lMrre-woJ-H to Fautj'.e t itu-ihell), i - BRICK VrAKERi r-0rttr.ictorH nniit Imildfrs will" find our brick iitst-cIunH iiml t.flVntL at reanunablo rata. Wean" hio :ri.-.rnl :6 do -nil kindH'of brick work. . IrtiuajSm irirv.KLXP-TrtST: - oTjtTucouGtia A imBniS .snAAWv'eS fe ."-tf.S-T.; T32'j&&Z m ,fl vl I 1Y - V to H l' fJ) XJiAM ScricT for cci-c-rar.i rfiliilferar:' ttmmrMWmmmcAut YbTaTnLUrrSa' Vul ? ,,A .! s,o a fjTV rfl task . w mmmw-zmr -. .. n m y fsiiiY mC-mtH?Vcuz- ran S ' 'a r'--Pr' 7 Mmm a, an) a ra ! tjaaX UtCcAB . af-g I MIA HV.KH nHIFTlMFMrnflVbRflVliJXaiJ imiKHF' xayynrs sc txeciser Unw&Tel1 iliswhy the H. T. Cubs Dave' Co.. taMim-iy. - amT-11 lrL same .TsnsVTm-r?, n ar i V r- i . ..- :- Mi - -lv.v-W - .-- mff BJ s " .'-" "- f "v:.r-:-' '. ". - - a "it -. al f! -: .".-"" " - . . -v,- - ?;, . a,; 1 '--, . ,-- X e :-- 1" .
