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VOL. XVI.--N0. 39.
COLUMBUS, NEB., WEDNESDAY. JAOTAEY 20, 1886.
WHOLE NO. 819.
Three months
Single toples
13TA11 advertisements payable
xonthly.
THE JOURNAL.
ISSUED EVKSY WEDNESDAY,
M. K. TURNER & CO.
Proprietors and Publishers.
mz
mmm
? bbbbMbbbbbbM ' m- g H
6
&e
COLUMBUS
STATE BANK!
COLUMBUS. EB.
CASH CAPITAL, - $75,000
DIUECTOKS:'
1,KA.N1EK GeKKAKD, JVftr".
Gko. W. Hulst, Vice Pres't.
Jumub A. Uked.
l. H. llKNltY.
J. E. Task Eh. Cashier.
it amli of enaalt. Dbwwil
d Excli"Sje.
Collection Promptly Ulnete
mil Point j.
Pay aerewl Tle ee
ItH. 274
HENRY LUERS,
DEALEK IN
WIND MILLS,
AND PUMPS.
Buckeye Mower, combined, Self
Binder, wire or twine.
Poops Repaired on abort notice
J3TOne :nr.r ,veit of Heintz's Drug
Store, 1 IHi -t-'tt, Oolumbua.Nob. 8
HEFRY G-ASS,
1ZN"I RTAXEE !
COFFINS AND METALLIC CASES
AND DKALKK IN
Furniture. Chairs, Bedsteads, Bu-
rcaun. Tables. Safes. Lounges.
&c. Picture Frames and
Mouldings.
tdfiTL'eniiirint; of all kinds of Upholstery
Goods.
fi-tf rOLIJM Ill'S. NEB.
THE BEST
toou ever Watowed uioti ui:n Is perfect
health, mid lhe true way to injure health
to purify your blood with Ayer's Sara
parilla. Mr. Eliza A. Clnugh. S4 Arling
ton '., I o-.vdl. Ma., writes: "Every
winter ami enriiuj my family, including
myself, iw several bottles of Ayer's Sur
aparillti. ExMience has convinced me
that, n u tii'.7erftil
Blood
puriilcr. it is very much superior to any
other preparation of Sarsaparilla. All
jcr."ous of scrofulous or consumptive ten
ik'iicies, ami especially delicate children,
are sine to be greatly benefited by it
u-e.' ,1. V. Starr, Laconia, Iowa, wrlte :
For years 1 was troubled with Scrofu
lous complaints. I tried several different
preparations, which did me little, if any,
good. Two bottles of Avert Sarsapa
rilla effected a complete cure. It is my
opinion th:: this medicine is the best
blood
Purifier
of the day." C. E. Upton, Nashua, X. II.,
write: "For a number of years I
was troubled with a humor in my eyes,
and unable to obtain relief uutil I com
menced usiujj Ayer's Sarsaparilla. I have
taken several bottles, am greatly bene
fited, and believe it to be the best of blood
purifiers." It. Harris, Creel City, Ramsey
Co., Dakota, writes: "I have been an
intense sufferer, with Dyspepsia, for the
past three years. Sis months ago I began
(OUSC
AYER'S
Sarsaparilla
It hr. effected an entire cure, and I am
now :ls well ever."
Soil by all Druggists.
Frice $1: Six bottles, 95.
Preparf-l l" Dr. J. C. Aver & Cc, Lowell,
3Ia:., U. S. A.
FARMER'S HOME.
Tb.is Hou. . recently purchase d by me,
X will be thoroughly refitted. Board
by the day. veek or meal. A few rooms
to let. A '... re of the public patronage
is solicited. Feed stable in connection.
2-y Albert Loth.
ILYON&HEALY
I State stems Si..Cfc!cat.
vm! TnraU u uy lUa tUr
k far I3- rt WK ill) fmillM
HID CATALIM1UE.
!-" '--.. .... I
r iimanik am uf an
Pamnrai. DmIAi Cm I,
Sunoi. Prom Mmir Set&; 4
I liih, z-ualry jiuui 'j-tia. !
MstdfiJs. !- tacu-te laursrttea w4
fcrri a for A alUor nuak. u
(Cm
Tinp Send six cents for
A r n. I , Hi pofctaee.aBd receive
-LX- -- J-uAtixj. tree, a costly box of 1
goods whiec win nelp you to sore Money
right away than anything else in this
world. Ail. of either sex, s'ueceed frost
Irst hour. Tbo broad road to fortune
opens before the workers, absolutely
sure. At once address, Tnua A Co.,
Augusta, liaise.
' A aganssnnnnnnni bVi i T TmBb
L tgvM
L ' . S neaa
HEALTH IN SCHOOLS.
taaltary Vfvesatloas That Shoald sw
Adopt by atl Seheol-Bosrds.
It is a grand and noble thing that, in
so many of our .States the children of
the nation are invited to attend the pub
lic schools free of all expense. But,
surely, it should be. an axiom of such a
gratuity that we must assemble the chil
dren in a way that will not expose them
to any undue risks of health. With the
most of those who attend the schools,
health is to be the working capital. If
this is imperiled to any-great degree, no
ordinary accumulation of knowledge
will compensate for its logs. It gan not
be concealed that far too little attention
is given to the care of the physical edu
cation. Besides what this involves in
the training of the child, is what it de
mands in the care of his surroundings.
We no longer arc in doubt as to what
is the model school-room. Its floors
should be of the smoothest and best ma
terial. The wood should be so prepared
as not to absorb deleterious matters,
and the very cracks of the floor, treated
like those of a hospital, so as not
to be the resting-places for organic mat
ter. The same rule should apply to
every article of wood and to all wood
work in the room. Plain - surfaces,
without crevices, should permit of the
easiest cleansing, by dry or wet rub
bing. The walls should be of the best
hard finish. The relation between the
walls and the outer inclosure should be
such that, by means of porous material
or air spaces, there should be no con
tinuous dampness. It is now possible
so to construct the inclosure that it
shall contribute to dryness, and to a
free, minute circulation of air through
its material. Thus sweet walls protect
from draught, and yet admit valuable
quantities of pure air. The next thing
to be thought of is how to secure a
prevalence of pure air in the school
room. To do this we must see to it
that ire minimize the sources of foul or
incompetent air, and-that we secure an
incoming of such pure air, as will com
pensate for the necessary deterioration.
All the details of cleanliness, as applied
in the school-room, serve to dimin
ish dust and those putrescible or
ganic matters which are wont to float in
the air and to reduce its quality.- In
heating, we are to remember that, be
sides the burning up of oxygen which is
accomplished by alt systems which heat
the air of the room only, we are not
only impoverishing the air, but too often
adding various gases which arc un
friendly to perfect respiration. In
lighting, we are to remember that, un
less it be the electric light, we arc also
consuming the oxygen of the air, and
must see to it that this is not done to an
undue extent, and especially that our
kerosene and gas does not add to the air
some deleterious substance. Imperfect
combustion will of itself do this. As the
presence of each ricrson involves the re
moval from the air of about five per
centum of its oxygen, and the addition
in its place of nearly the same quantity
of carbonic acid, and as with it there is
the transpiration or exhalation of thirty
grains or more of highly putrescible or
ganic matter, we are diligently to inquire
how all this can be neutralized or quickly
and liarmlcssly removed. This can only
be done by adjusting the size of the room
and the modes for the introduction of
pure air to the number of persons in the
room, so that a sufficient supply can be
furnished without undue draught. We
derive our estimate of the amount of air
needed by considering how much air
passes through a lung at each inspira
tion, or in from sixteen to twenty in
spirations per minute, and how far the
consequent impairment of the air is
affected by it. We also have to give con
sideration to the fact that something de
pends upon the relation of position
which one person bears to another, and
to the proportion this floor space bears
to the general area of the room. Even
with these as location, health and
cleanliness of persons, modes of heating,
state of atmosphere, etc., have so much
to do with the circulation 'of air we
have to test results by the other
results of experience of the
senses, and by actual chemical
tests of the amount of carbonic
acid and other material found. The
conclusion from all this has been that,
in the estimate for schools, not less
than two hundred and fifty cubic feet of
space should be allowed to each per
son, of which at least twelve square
feet is represented in floor space, the
ceilings not being reckoned higher than
twelve feet The supply of air neces
sary to keep this in a pure condition,
ami yet to prevent draught being felt
in its admission, must not be less than
one thousand five hundred cubic feet
It is easy to see how far short most
schools come of this requisition. If,
in any particular case, any school
board claims that in the school
building such an allowance is annec
essary, they should' be. able to show
that the'Angus Smith carbonic acid test
showed the amount of carbonic
acid present to be ordinarily with
in limits, and that the ther
mometer, the .hygrometer and the
permanganate test showed a satisfactory
record. This role is: "Keep the room
so that the air contained in a ten-and-a-half
-otwee bottle-of room air shows no
precipitate when shaken with a half
ounce of fresh clear lime -water." Too
often another evidence of the foulness of
the air is afforded by sluggish or irri
table minds, by coughs and colds and
feverishness, and that general state of
uncomfortablcness which does so much
to demoralize some schools-nnd" to di
minish the ability for intellectual .ac
quirement. Other effects are. too often
apparent in headaches, pale faces aud.a
want of that vigorous expression of
healthy happy- boyhood ana girlhood
without which the mind has a casket
too frail. N. Y. ItidependenL
A DELICATE DISTINCTION.
Spokea as a Maa, Bat Not Necessarily as
skXagictnte.
A substitute recently fought in a duel.
He was brought before the authorities
and came out without penalty. I don't
demand condemnation in such a case, I
beg you to believe. But, understand, a
duei is illegal or it is not If illegal,
why tiuV immunity? If it be not illegal,
why thca oblige them to pass before a
sort of disciplinary tribunal?
Yes, I understand. It is illegal with
out being so; that is to say, there is a
law against it, but it is impossible to
apply it
Where was it that I read the following
charming story? In Saintine, I think.
Some sort of a savage, an India, per
haps, came to Paris to live permanently.
He xnado a study of our ways and cus
toms. In a drawing-room he had a discus
sion, and dealt to his opponent such
square logic and common saaie .as'
floored him completely. So much was
the adversary enraged that he slapped
the savage's face. '
"This is farther, roof," said the lat
ter, "that you are not right, for you have
nothing but brate arrumeats left to
you," and. enchanted by this last rk
tory, he looked arouad him with aa air
jpi.triuBaph. la plaee of vkwiaf aaUles,
however, he saw only stupefied faces
and scorafalaa.rIlaaajastoanded
himself when a'gentleman with a rave
air, a face graced with whiakscs,-aad
wearing the red ribbon of the Lsgioa of
Honor, took him by the arm.
"Ton are a stranger, are yoa aot?"
he asked.
"I am."
"I felt sure you were. Toa axe aot
familiar with our customs. After the
outrage you received a maa of the world
would send two friends to 'demand rea
son' from the assailant."
"What reason can I demand from a
maa that has none."
"Reason, saeh as yoa think of, has
nothing to do with it To demand rea
son simply means to propose single com
bat with the sword or pistol."
"Indeed? How strange. I shall con
form with the custom immediately."
A raaatimm ana kd niaanla twUav
chosen. The Indian, who was accus
tomed to hunt the tiger in his native
jungle, promptly inserted a ballet be
tween the two eyes of his antagonist,
and killed him as dead as Moses.
Shortly afterward he was summoned
to answer for it. A gentleman in an
official robe of red, wearing the cross of
the Legion of Honor, demanded the
infliction of severe punishment on the
ground that it is time to do away with
usages worthy of the barbarous ages.
The poor devil turned his head to see
this terrible accuser, and uttered' an ex
clamation of surprise.
"Why," he cried, "you're the very
man that told me I must fight or be
disgraced."
"Silence!" exclaimed the President of
the court Tho prisoner was condemned
to six days of imprisonment and a fine
of forty dollars. When all wsa over
he called upon the Advocate-General and
said:
0 "What sort of a joker are yoa? It
was you who told me that I mast
fight''
The amiable Magistrate shook him by
me hand smilingly:
"Of course; when I spoke to you in
that way it was as a man of the world;
in court I spoke as a Magistrate. Do
you grasp the shading?"
"Faith, I don't"
"Well, you will, by and by. You are
not quite used to our ways as yet."
'.-" "' "5 ' .-
Fans Faper.
A NATURAL GAS FORGE.
Aa Invention likely to KavelatloBla the
Smelting of Iron aad Glass.
The Petroleum Age thus describes a
recent trial at Kendall, Pa., of Dr. Ben
ninghofFs patent process of smelting
iron, steel and glass with natural gas.
Iron and steel were quickly raised to a
white heat in a well controlled flame,
which came from mixing natural gas
with air, and the metals were easily and
thoroughly welded.
The invention seems likely to revolu
tionize the smelting of iron, steel and glass
in the United States. The forge is built
of brick, about thirty-three inches square
at the base and thirty inches in height
The firepot is located at the central
Eint, and near the top of the forge,
ch air pipes coming from the fan or
blower are connected to three-quarter
inch gas pipes iust outside and on op
posite sides of the forge. At the T the
gas and air are mixed, and then pass
into the forge through the same pipe.
The two pipes from opposite sides are in
a horizontal line with one another, and
have their open ends in the forge di
rectly opposite and sixteen inches apart
When they are lighted, the two flames
strike against each other. An air pipe
in a vertical position from the bottom of
the forge has its open end about eigh
teen inches below the horizontal line be
tween the pipes containing gas and air.
The intense neat is obtained near the
intersection point of the air current and
the mixed ones of air and gas.
The top of the forge is nearly dosed,
with the exception of an aperture large
enough to admit the piece of iron or
steel to be welded. When the two gas
jets are first lighted, the flame rises to a
height proportionate to the flow of gas.
But when the air is forced into the air
pipes and mingles with the gas, the
flame changes from a yellow to a lam
bent blue color, as it settles into the
firebox in the forge. Why the jet of
flame sinks instead of rises is something
as yet unexplained by those who have
brought about the valuable results. Dr.
Benninghoff describes his invention as a
process in which gas is mixed with air
under pressure, so as to make it in the
highest degree combustible. He also
says, the oxygen in the air being the im
portant factor of combustion, all that is
necessary is to supply a sufficient
amount of air to get the required
amount of oxygen to perfectly consume
the gas. Gas burning in an ordinary
Jet for the purpose of light gives that
light because it is not all consumed.
Where combustion is perfect, there is no
blaze or flame to be seen. In order that
the air supply naty not interfere with
the heat supply, the gas is mingled with
the air before it is introduced into
the firebox. In arranging a forge
it may also be necessary to add extra
air blasts to the fire for the purpose of
locating the heating place, and for sup
plying oxygen in case there be any non
oxygenized gas present Scientific
Anxrican.
ess
FOREIGN FUN.
Hear Hoagsrisa Festivals Are
Marre.
A Hungarian festival requires no
preparation. Waea.two or three young
people happen to meet on the onacing
ground it would go strangely against
their uature to withstand the inviting
sound of the fiddle .and keep their lithe
some limbs from rbymical motion. But
when there is a crowd, the .entertain
ment soon takes the character of a
fest, which in any other country would
takt weeks of planning and preparation,
without, perhaps, coming off in the
same thoroughly enoceewdi manner.
We need not say that the company thus
thrown together by chance is often
mixed up of very different elements;
nor will the reader be .astonished by our
confession that .not infrequently, es
pecially in times when.for one reason
or another, the. National blood is up,
these social gatherings come to a dis
astrous ending'. Bat 'this only adds to
the'zest of the enjoyment Atyoty.
Twelve life. prisoners in the
tncifrPeaitimtiary wgdp at ehafay mak
jng. 'Ifotoafebltfemn is7anblxftet
ialteight fiefen.ol tiiarex-on-federate
soldiers. They are alliamaetrW
ous, obedient, sebmamve aa4 .unco
OUH SOLDIERS.
a Vaeta Abeac Mm
Aratfe
thaOatuestasss.
There are a little over M,000 men in
the United States army. This number
dees not include osscers and cadets at
the West Point Military Academy. The
highest officer in the army is Lieutenant
General Phil Sheridan. He is the com-mandcr-in-generaL
' There are three
Major-GeneraJs and six Brigadier-Generals
in the army, which consists of tea
regiments of cavalry, five of artillery
and twenty-five regiments of infantry.
They are located at the different posts
throughout the country, most of them
being beyond the Missaissippi. The De
partment of the East and the only bulk
of soldiers located in i the
Bast are on Governor's Island,
New York, with Major-General Win
field S. Hancock in command. Only
the troops located on the frontier .see
any service nowadays, and but a small
proportion sec any active service at all,
however, they must be located some
where, and are distributed at points con
venient for call in the event there should
be need for them. The army is cut ap
at all times into departments. Thero
are ten of these departments the De
partment of the East, with headquarters
at Governor's Island, N. Y. ; the Depart
ment of the Platte, with headquarters
at Omaha, Neb.; the Department of
Dakota, with headquarters at Fort
Snclling, Minn,; the Department of the
Missouri, with headquarters at Fort
Leavenworth, Kan.; the Department of
Texas, with headquarters at Sau Anto
nio; the Department of California, head
quarters at San Francisco; the Depart
ment of Arizona, headquarters at Whip
ple Barracks, A. T. ; the Department of
the Columbia, headquarters at Vancou
ver Barracks, W. T. Each of these de
partments are cut up into forts. There
are about eight or ten forts in each de
partment, and they are commanded by
Colonels, Lieutenant-Colonels, Majors
or Captains. Each department is com
manded by a Brigadier or Major-Gen-eral.
It is a mistaken idea generally enter
tained by people not well informed upon
the details of army matters, that all the
officers in the standing armies are grad
uates of West Point There are less
than half of the high officers of the
army, I am told, who are West
Pointers. Licutenanteies and most of
the Captaincies are filled by grad
uates of the United States Military
Academy, bnt the higher officers, in
very many instances, are men who
came up from the ranks, and who won
their spurs in tho late war. There is no
prejudice against a man because he is
not a graduate of the Military Academy,
except among those who are graduates.
In time, of course, the Military Acad
emy will have supplanted about all the
officers of the array, because there are
few men who enter the army now from
civil life who aspire to become officers.
There are armories, arsenals and ord
nance depots for supplying the army
with everything needed while it is pass
ing from one part of the country to the
other. This is to save the trouble of
transportation, and to have whatever is
needed on hands at almost any point
where an emergency may arise.
The pav of the General of the army is
$13,500 a" year, or $1,135 a month. Tho
salary of th Lieutenant-General is $11.
000 a year; Major-General, 7,500: Britj-aSier-General,
$5,500; Colonel, $3,500;
Lieutenant-Coloiiel, $3,000; Major, $2,
500; Captain, mounted, 2,000; Cti)taiii,
not mounted, $1,800; regimental Adju
tant and regimental Quartermaster,
$1,800 each; First Lieutenant, mounted,
$1,600; First Lieutenant, not mounted,
$1,400; Chaplain, $1,500. All officers
of the rank of Colonel, and below, re
ceive ten per cent increase above their
salaries here mentioned after live years
of service, twenty per cent after teu
years of service and forty per cent af
ter twenty years of service. The office rs
are allowed mileage when traveling
on official business and commutation
of quarters as follows: Gen
eral, $125 per month; lieutenant
general, $100 per month, etc.
Privates receive on first enlistment $13
per month: third year, $14; fourth year,
$15, and fifth year, $16 a month. On
first re-enlistment they receive $18 per
month, and as they re-enlist for other
periods of five years they receive in
creased pay in proportion. Musicians
receive from $22 to $30 a month; veter
inary surgeons from $75 to $100; cor
porals, sergeants, saddlers and me
chanics receive from 10 to 25 per cent
above the salaries paid privates. Wash
ington Cor. Indianapolis Journal.
m
SUPPLYING MOURNERS.
Dtsttagalsaed Looklaa- Geatlemea Wha
Are Hired Oat for Funeral Purpose.
I stepped into an undertaker's office
the other day and made bold to ask the
young man in charge if there was any
thing new in the funeral business. Hav
ing satisfied him that my mission was
not one of idle curiosity simply, he re
plied: "If you won't mention this firm's
name I will tell you. The latest thing
is to provide a certain class of people
with mourners. You know or if you
don't I can tell you it is true there are
some people whose circle of acquaint
ances is limited and yet they make des
perateefibrts to keep up appearances ia
that particular. They are always tell
ing about Mr. and Mrs. So-and-So hav
ing called, or how they called on Judgo
So-and-So. They make the impression
that they have a big acquaintance.
Well, one of the family dies. It is
necessary to have a big funeral. They
know then that the sham is at an end
unless they can do something. We
have undertaken to supply this some
thing. "We have some of the mournfulcst
looking costumes here that you ever
saw. We have arrangements made
with a number of young men who are
oat of business by which thoy call here
once a day for their orders. When an
order comes in for a casket and car
riages, we ask: 'How manv mnnmon
shall we send?' If the person is of the
class I tell you he generally orders ac
cording to his circumstance. Some
times we send out as many as eight or
ten. We pay them one dollar apiece to
take a look at the departed, and where
.they take on to any great extent we pay
them fifty cents extra. It has never
failed to work. We've got one chap
here who looks like Judge Lvman
Trumbull for the world. Reporters
often mistake him for Trumbull at a
funeral and print it so. The old scoun
drel has got on to the racket and won't
bodge for less than two dollars and a
half. Every now and then he threatens
to strike, but we keep him down 1
threatening to have him arrested o
vagrancy. Come around some time
ndgo to one of these funerals with
me,' Chicago Herald.
The Turks say that a knife's wound
nee the tonjreVs never.
IR1T
National Bank!
X7a Iff:
Altkerisei Capital,
Paid Ii Capita,
Strain aid Profits,
$250,000
60,000
- 13,000
OFFICERS AMD DIKKCTOBS.
A. ANDERSON, Prtt't.
SAM'L C. SMITH, Vice Preset.
O. T. ROEX, Cashier.
.1. W. EARLY,
HERMAN OEHLKICH.
W. A. MCALLISTER,
G ANDERSON,
P. ANDERSON.
foreign and Inland Exchange, Passage
Tickets, and Real Estate Loans.
29-vo!-13-lr
" " BXTBIJEBS C1M)8.
D.T. Martvn, M. D. F. J. ScnuG, M.D.
Drs. XARTYff & SCHTJO,
U. S. Examining Surgeons,
Local Surgeons. Union Pacific, O., N.
& B. H. and I. A M. R. R's.
Consultations iu German aud English.
Telephones at office and residences.
pTOffice on Olive street, next to Brod
feuhrer's Jewelrv Store.
COLUMBUS,
NEBRA8KA.
42-y
W.
M. COKNKLIUS,
LAW AND COLLECTION OFFICE.
Upstairs Ernst building 11th street.
G
1. EVANS, 91. .,
PHYSICIAN AND SURGEON.
E3T0Qice and rooms, Gluek huilding.
11th street. Telephone cnmmu n cation.
Wy
TTA.lIIIVrOHI 91EADE,M. .,
PI1YS1 CI AN AND SUA GEON,
Platte Center, Nebraska. 9-y
F. F. RUNNER, M. !
HOMCEOPATHIST.
Chronic Diseases and Diseases of
Children a Speoialty.
ISrOffice on Olive street, three doors
north of First National Bank. 2-ly
H.
I. UIJU90H,
NOTARY PUBLIC.
2th Street, 2 doors wt of Hamatoad Moass,
Columbus, Neb 491-T
J 3. REEDEK,
ATTORNEY AT LAW,
Onice on Olive St., Columbus, Nebraska
2-tf
MONEY TO L04N.
Five years' time, on imprced farms
with at least one-fourth the acreage under
cultivation, in sums representing one
third the fair value of the homestead.
Correspondence tolicited. Address,
M.K.TURNER,
r0-v Columbus, Nebr.
M
cAIIlSTER hros.,
A TTORNE YS AT LAW,
Office iip-stairs iu McAllister's build
ing, 11th St. A. McAllister, Notary
Public.
JOHN TIMOTHY,
NOTARY PUBLIC AND CONVEYANCER.
Keeps a full line of stationery aud school
supplies, and all kinds of legal forms.
Iusures against fire, lightning, cyclone
and tornadoes. Office in Powell's Block,
Platte Centei. 19-x
J. M. MACFARLAND, B. K. COWPBRY,
Attertiy "i Hotsry Pair e. Csllsetw.
LAW AND COLLECTION OFFICE
OF
MACFARliAND & COWDBR7,
Columbus, : : : Nebraska.
J. J. MAVCSI1AN,
Justice, County Surveyor, Notary,
Land and Collection Agent.
ISTParties desiring surveying done can
notify me by mail at Platte Centre, Neb.
51.6m
JOHN n. IIIGGINS. C. J. GARLOW,
Collection Attorxcy.
HIGGINS & GAKL0W,
ATTORNEYS-AT-LAW,
Specialty madej of Collections by C. J.
Garlowl 34-3m
T H.RUSCHE,
llth St., opposite Lindeil Hotel.
Sells Harness, Saddles, Collars, "Whips,
Blankets, Curry Combs, Brushes, trunks,
valises, buggy tops, cushions, carriage
trimmings, &c, at the lowest possible
prices. Repairs promptly attended to.
TAMES SALMON,
CONTRACTOR AND BUILDER.
Plans and estimates supplied for either
frame or brick buildings. Good work
guaranteed. Shop on 13th Street, near
St. Paul Lumber Yard, Columbus, Ne
braska. 52 6mc.
-jTOTICE TO TEACHERS.
J. B. Moncrief, Co. Supt.,
Will be in his office at the Court Home
on the third Saturday of each
mouth for the purpose of examining
applicants for teacher's certificates, and
fortbe transactton of any other business
pertaining to schools. 667-y
JS. MURDOCH k SON,
Carpenters and Contractors.
Have had an extended experience, and
will guarantee satisfaction in work.
All kinds of repairing done on short
notice. Our motto is, Good work and
fair prices. Call and give us an oppor
tunitytoestimateforyou. H"f Shop on
2?th Stone door west of Friedbof ft
wo's. store, Columbus, Nebr. 483-v
R. O. BOYD,
MANUFACTURER OF
Tin and Sheet-Iron Ware !
Job-Work, Hoofing and Gutter
ing a Specialty.
EBTShop on Olive Street, 2 doors
north of brodfeubrer's Jewelry Store.
32-tf
HOW TYPE IS MADE.
What a asescter Daw la a Walk
a Tyaa VaaaarT.
"It may not be generally known,
said the type-founder, "that the first
quarto Bible printed in America was
the work of Christopher Saner, otGer
mantown. who there, in 1735. estab
lished a type foundry; bnt it is to see
how type is made that yon come.
"Let us begia with the metal 10003.'
About the place where the amalgam of
which type is made were piled hun
dreds of ban. of tho metaL At the
curtherend of the room, a master
workman throw into the great kettle
fertain proportions of copper, anti
mony, lead and tin. This is the amal
gam, the exact proportions of which
produce the useful metal that most be
hard without being brittle, ductile and
tough, flowing freely and hardening;
rapidly. A bar was broken in two, ana
the beautiful, sparkling grain of the
metal shown. About the apartment
were casks of glittering antimony,
bars of yellow copper, dull bricks
of lead and blocks of tin. As
the composition melted, the man
at tho kettle stirred tne molten mass
and when the proper degree of heat was
reached, ladled it out on the moulds
that lny on the brick floor at his feet,
Above tho metal room the bars were
fitted for the printer's use. Before a
machine known as a punch cutter sat a
man surrounded by a bewildering array
of delicate tools and gauges. "Thero
are very few men of note ' for this part
of the work in the United States." whis
pered the reporter's companion. "It
requires a delicacy of touch and per
ception that is not easily acquired."
On the end of a piece of steel tho work
man at the punch-cutter was forming a
letter, lie worked rapidly, yet with
caution, frequently testing with his
Sauges until tho letter was complete,
'hen other letters of tho alphabet were
formed, finishing the series. One
by one tho dies were placed in
a stamping machine, an oblong piece
of copper put under them, and thon
the great lever was brought down. The
imprcs lion was left deep in the copper.
This oblong bit of copper is termed the
matrix. From the punch-cutter the
matrices were carried to an adjoining
room, where the greatest care s exer
cised in their fitting in the mould. Tho
slightest variation or irregularity was
said to bo fatal to tho appearance of
the type cast in them. Perhaps tho
most interesting things about the foun
dry are the tiny casting machines that
pour out an endless stream of type as
long as they are at work. "These snug
little fellows," said the type-founder.
patting with his hand the odd liltlo
niiiss of machinery before which ho
stood, "can throw out more type in one
day than a man, working ten hours a
day, can count in a month. The metal
is kept fluid by a little furnace under
neath the machine, and b projected into
the mold by a pump. The mold is mov
able and at every revolution of the crank
is brought to the spout, where it re
ceives a fresh charge of the metal.
A spring in front of the mould holds
closo to it a copper matrix, and the
stamp of the letter on the matrix is
directly opposite the aperture in tho
mould which meets the spout of tho
pump. In boxes, the new-made type
is carried to the dressing-room, whero
around large stones boys are kept
busy rubbing away the rough edges on
the type. The lads wear glove-lingers
for protection. As tho types are rubbed
smooth, each letter is set up in long
lines. From the nimble-fingered boys
tho lines of type pas3 into the hands of
tho dresser, who has besido him a
powerful magnifying glass. Tho dresser
deftly slips a line of type into a long
stick,similar in shape to that used by
printers, face downward, screws them
up tight, and with two rapid
movements of a planing tool,
cuts the groove in the bottom
of the type. This operation is
known as giving the type legs. "They
must have something to stand on,
said the good-natured looking dresser.
After that, with the magnifying glass,
the face of the typo line is critically in
spected, and imperfect one3 thrown
asido, to be returned to the meltiiig
pot. "This operation practically ends
the making of the type," said the
founder. "Afterward tho different
letters are put np in what wo call
'pages,' and arc hll ready to be sent
out." The matt-ice and moulds, of
which the foundryfjbas a collection
numbering many thousands. are
kept, when not in use, in a fire-proof
vault. Thoy are very valuable, repre
senting as they do, the collection of many
years of labor. Philadelphia limes.
THE MOON'S VELOCITY.
Laaa's Rapid Movements Observed by a
Scientist.
We can faintly picture, says Prof.
Langley, how it would seem if we were
placed at a station in space near the
lunar orbit, and could seo the moon, a
moving world, rush by us with a ve
locity greater than that of a cannon
ball in its swiftest flight. This feeling
may be almost realized, in fact, by
witnessing from some high mountain,
the shadow of the moon as it passes
swiftly by during an eclipse. On such
an occasion its shadow actually trav
els along the earth with the same speed
of its flight in spaco. The observer
Upon some lofty point, from which
his vision reaches many miles to the
west, can easily discern "and follow the
approaching shadow, and witness the
actual velocity of a heavenly body, as
it were, brought down to him. Such a
sight was once witnessed by some
one from an elevated point on
the Sierras. The reader who has
ever ascended the Superga.
at Turin, will recall the magnificent
view, and ba able to understand the good
fortune of an observer (Forbes) who
once had the opportunity to witness
thence this phenomenon, and under a
nearly cloudless sky. "I porceived.'
he says, "in the southwest a black
shadow, like that of a storm about to
break, which obscured the Alps. It was
the lune.: shadow coming toward us. I
confess is was the most terrifying sight
I ever saw. As always happens in cases
of sudihn, silent, unexpected move
ments, the spectator confounds the real
and relative motions. 1 felt almost
giddy for a moment, as though the mas
sive building under me bowed on the
side of the .coming eclipse.' Another
witness, who had been looking at some
bright clouds just before, says: "The
bright cloud I saw distinctly put out
like a candle. The rapidity of the
shadow and the intensity produced
feeling that something material was
sweeping over the earth at a speed per
fectly frightful. I involuntarily listened
for the rushing noise of a mighty wind."
Popular Science News.
At Big Horn City. M. T., they spear
three-and-a-balf-pound trout with pitch
forks ia the ditch which rune throngs)
tee town.
A RUSSIAN LOOGING-HOUSE;
Tae Ffaasaras lifts Onto sa Dwellers ta
at. ratctaaartr Aaartsaaats.
Let as try to reanee for a moment
what life in St. Petersburg is, not to the
easy-minded traveler, whose hosse is iar
away and who may leave Bossta at any
moment, bat to the native resident,
whose family ties and general interests
to say nothing of patriotism bind him
to the country even more firmly than he
may chance to be attached to it by the
arbitrariness of the police. The lodg-ing-honse,
under circumstances like
these, wears an aspect strikingly sug
gestive of the jail. Exigencies of state
turn the communal dwelling-place and
its picturesque survivals into an aggrega
tion of colls, watched over by a nouse
ptnterin the pay of the police. This
functionary is a very Hcimdal in sharp
ness of senses; he hears the faintest
sounds, and sees without aay light
whatevor; while his omnipresence when
not wanted is far. more complete man
any magic earpet ef Arabian tale could
make it. This personage it is who
mounts guard at the porte-cochere to
watch entries and exits; it is he who
sees that all new lodgers are promptly
nunioereu ana pigcon-noica ac pouco
headquarters; he who keeps a record of
the personal habits, companions and
resorts of every man, woman and child
under his charge; he, too, who reports
regularly to the authorities any "sus
picious circumstances" which may come
under his notice. If a christening, a
wedding or a funeral is to bring togeth
er a few friends, it is the house porter
who facilitates the intrusion of police
spies, ready to snatch at any scrap of
colloquial "sedition" capable of conver
sion into roubles or advancement. If a
student's "literary evening" or social
gathering is to be swelled into an assem
bly of conspirators seeking to under
mine the foundations of law and order,
it is again the house-porter who, figura
tively speaking, supplies the gendarmes
with their magnifying glasses. And il
some unfortunate youth is to pay the
penalty of his liberalism by being drag
ged from his bed ai. mid-night to the
fortress of Peter and Paul, nobody is
more eager to lead the way to the sleep
ing suspect than this treacherous janitor
of many households, nightly consum
mating in the garb of the watch-dog
his unholy compact with the wolves.
To go in constant feu oi the paid de
nunciator; never to "talk olitics" save
with relatives, or intimates incapable of
treachery; to have your local newspaper
turned by the censor into mere record
of foreign events, and yourforeign jour
nal sub-edited for you by a policeman.
who carefully clips from it or erases
everything of "dangerous" tendency;
not to know the moment when an
enemy may thrust some seditious publi
cation in your letter-bo, and so time
h3 disclosure to the police as to have
you surprised with the forbidden matter
in your possession; to be kept by a
silent press in a state of complete igno
rance as to serious events occurring
around you; and to feel in regard
to your own personal safety
and that of your faniHy and
friends, an uncertainty truly Oriental
all this is no more that a mere sugges
tion of what life is to thousands of per
sons bora to Russian citizenship in St.
Petersburg. And when to the elements
of the general discontent, to the hitter
emptiness of existence, to the longing
for a life of nobler activities, you add
the pangs of poverty and the sense of
personal wrong, it can not seem .strange
that in many of thse lodging-houses
sensitive humanity should find its lat
aud only safeguard against voluntary
extinction in the hope . the idealism and
the self-sacrifice of a political religion.
Edmund Noble, in Atlantic.
A MURDEROUS ENGINE.
Kacaat Improvement in the Method
ol
Loading and Firing- the Gating- Gaa.
An improvement recently made by
Colonel Bufliugton and L. F. Bruce, of
the United States armory, in the method
of loading and firing the Gatling gun is
destined to make a serious impression
in military circles. The improvement
lies in the invention and perfection of a
new loading case, and an improved
mouth-piece to the gun itself, in which
the cartridges fall, to be subsequently
shoved into each of the ten cylinders.
Until now the charging of the cylinders
was accomplished Dy means of a tin
case, a crude and very unhandy combi
nation. The objection to this case was
that in order to insure the fall of the
cartridge properly into the mouth-piece,
each had to be placed in position sin
gly, requiring thus a most unnecessary
delay. This objection is done away
with in the new case, which is made of
hammered brass, strong and substan
tial. It is built, as Mr. Bruce 4ays, on
exactly the principle of main track and
switch. The lower part has but a sin
gle track, nearly to the middle, where
the case widens sufficiently to hold two
rows of cartridges. A slide, supported
by a pivot, here separates the two rows.
Snch an inclination is given that only a
certain number of cartridges can " be
held in that position in a double row;
the slightest increase of pressure pre
cipitates the cartridges down the single
row.
The holding capacity of this new case
is forty cartridges. The ease, simplicity
and rapidity with which the gun can be
loaded is marvelous. Box after box of
cartridges need only be placed above the
case and allowed to drop, the automatic
movement of the slide and ifeperf ect oper
ation preventing any clog or hitch what
ever. The month-piece receives them, and
here the new arrangement comes into
play. A small wheel has been intro
duced with three grooves in the rim, the
sides tapering to a certain angle, arid
only in one direction. As the cartridge
falls into the mouth-pi ce it lies in one
of the grooves, and t ie mechanism is
such that it is impossible to have it fall
otherwise than hoiizontally. The
springs shove the cartridge into the cyl
inder and it is shut. The only thing
now to prevent the ahuost infinite firing
of these cartridges is the man-power
limitation. The operator turns the
crank; the rapidity of discharge of
course follows the rapidity of his motion.
From eight hundred t- one thousand is
the average discharge r minute. With this
new invention in the loading, the Gatling
gun becomes one of the most murderous
engines of modern warfare. Both kinds
of cartridges can be used, the long with
the forty-five-calibre, 2.8 inches and the
short 2.55 inches. Springfield, Mass.,
Ripubliean.
There arc 256 packs of stag and
fox hounds in England and Ireland.
The seventy-five couples constituting
the Duke of Beaufort's pack of hounds
at Badminton consume about forty tons
of meat, three tons of biscuits, aad MO
aorsee annually.
PERSONAL AND LITEIUrtY.
King Oscar, of Sweden, is writing
a history of Europe from 184 to 187
A German clergyman and an En
glish girl with romantic ideas 'were
married on an. iceberg in the Arctic
Ocean recently.
Mr. Fclton, one of the California
Congressmen, says that John W.
Mackay, is worth $25,000,000 and
doesn't owe a dollar.
Mrs. Sally Tinker, of Tremont,
Me., is ninety-nine years old, walks two
miles to church on Sunday, and reads
without spectacles. Boston Journal.
The following are the singular
Barnes of men who live in Surrey Coun
ty, North Carolina: Bird Snow, Ice
Snow, Hail Snow, Frost Snow, Peep
Snow and More Snow.
The death of Lord Strathrain re
duced tho number of British Field Mar
shals to four the Duke of Cambridge,
tho Prince of Wales, Lord Napier of
Magdala and Sir P. Grant.
Oliver Wendell Holmes lives in a
bright yellow house with green blinds,
and some of thoso people who look for
special motives in insignificant acts
wonder what profoundly scientific no
tion is responsible. Boston Herald.
Clarenco Seward, William H. Sow
ard's son, is said, with his fierce, gray
mustache and long, gray hair, wTiicn
falls picturesquely behind his cars from
underneath his silk hat, to look mora
like a cavalier soldier affecting the
dress of the civilian than an astute,
plodding lawyer. N. Y. Telegram.
The senior living ex-Congressman
from Massachusetts is Henry Williams,
of Taunton, who took his seat in the
National House of Representatives De
cember 2, 1839. Robert C. Winthrop
entered the House Decomber 7, 1840;
Julius Rockwell February 2, 1844, and
N. P. Banks December 5, 1853. Boston
Globe.
A clerk in the Pension Offlce died
at Washington tho other day, and it
was then discovered that he was en-
gaged to two prominent society ladies,
tae was a Washington heiress, from
whom he had borrowed money without
giving notes. He willed all his propor
ty to the other girl. Washington Star.
When Rubcnstein was in this coun
try "Josh Billings was introduced to
him, and the pianist iu conversation
presently endeavored to impress upon
the Yankee an idea of his high family
rank. "Indeed," ho said, "I have as
certained that my ancestors were
prominent meu in the Crusades, and
one of them accompanied the ISmporor
Barbarossa.' "On the piano, I sup
pose," said Josh. Chicago Inter Ocean.
Lord Salisbury's rapid rallvin?
after a severe surgical operation is
greatly due to his splendid physical de
velopment. Son of one of the richest
and proudest houses of England, from
childhood to jaanhood he was inured
to privation and hardship until he be
gan to regard hunger, cold, toil and
pain as tritles too light for serious con
sideration, and sickness became a
stranger to his athletic frame.
Librarians the country over have
been seeking to discover volume 21 of
the Christian Observer, and Bowdoin
College is said to have been specially
persistent in its search for the missing
book. After looking for it for ten
years it occurred to Librarian Poole,
of Chicago, to examine his set, when
he made ll discovery that there had
never been ny volume 21, that volume
20 closed with December, 1821, and
volume 22 began with January, 1822,
the change being made thai the volume
might correspond with the year of the
century. A'. Y. Sun.
HUMOROUS.
Where was time raised? In the
lapse of ages.
The world has been called a bub
ble. This is probably because it takC3
a good deal of soap to run it.
"I suppose you heard we've lost
our son?" "What! Is he dead?" "Oh,
no; he's married." Chicago Ledger.
The race-horse Obcrmeyer has been
named Schoolmaster. Ho ought to be
able to beat his competitors now. Mil
waukee Sun.
No man appreciates more the irre
sistible power of the press than the un
lucky wretch who has just got his fin
ger caught in the machinery. Somer
ville Joflrnal.
It is harrowing to the soul of a
dude, who thinks he is the center of at
traction at a street corner, to find that
it is a pumpkin in the window behind
him. Merchant Traveler.
John Kemblc was performing one of
his favorite parts at a country theater,
and was interrupted from time to time
by the squalling of a child in the gallery,
until at length he walked with solemn
steps to-the front of the stage, and ad
dressing the audience in the most tragic
tones said: "Ladies and gentlemen,
unless the play is stopped the child can
not possibly go on."
A young married woman in tho
upper part of the city wa3 very much
worried during the storm one afternoon
recently. Her husband had just bought
a cow and put it in the barn. As soon
as it commenced to thunder the lady
rushed wildly to the kitchen and cried
to her cook: "Run, Mary, and shut
that stable door. If that cow hears that
thunder it will turn her milk sour."
N. Y. Ledger.
"I should think Pope Leo XLTI.
would be a very unhappy man," said
Dr. ioonover, who is a Texas humor
ist. "Why so?" asked Jude Penny
bunker. "I should think he would be
troubled with dreadful forebodings."
continued the Doctor. "Why so?
"Bccauac he can never sit down to tho
table without being the thirteenth, Leo
XHT., see?'" Texas Silings.
Soprano and basso.
" I am soprano," said she.
' And whenever I go up tp C,
The gallery srods. the best crJUcs by odds.
Shout: 'Ah. there! now star there! 3 mi."
"hm tasio." said he.
An vrhen-rer I go down to Q,
The orchestra shakes, the 'rcKenJuia
quakes.
And the gallery yells 'Whiskers' at me."
Chicago Tribune.
Josh Billings was asked: "How
fast does sound travel?" His idea
is that it depends a good deal upon
the noise you are talking about. "The '
sound of a dinner horn, for instance,
travels half a mile in a second; while
an invitation tew get ap in the morn
ing I have known to be three-quartere-of
an hour goin' up two pair of stairs,
and then not hov strength enuffleft to
be heard."
"Yes," said the Colonel,"! was on
a vary in California once. It was a
murder trial. I didn't want the fellow
hung, and so stuck .out against the
other eleven for nine days, locked up
in the jury-room, when they gave in.
and we brought in a verdict of 'Not
guilty.' And then I was the maddest
man in the State." "Whv, what were
you mad about. Colonel?'1 "Cause tha
mob had huug the prisoner the firs
day we were looked up!" N Y. Sum.