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About The Columbus journal. (Columbus, Neb.) 1874-1911 | View Entire Issue (Sept. 9, 1885)
41 s I h I MILLING. Tho Varloas Processes by Which Whwrt Grain It Reduced to Flour. How are tho virtues of wheat o locked? First, by the miller; second, by the baker. In'both processes more change and Improvement have taken place within the last twenty years than during the whole previous history of civilized man as a bread-eating animal. It is of these changes and improvements, especially tinder the first-named head, that I will speak. Does my reader suppose, that mill arad millers, in the old significance of these words, still exist? They are not, indeed, quite extinct, and yet both in the Old World.and the New the historic "sound of the grinding is low." Proba bly not more than one bushel of wheat in'six is now ground between millstones; ' a new invention has displaced them in the larger mills. Was Jeremiah's- Erophecy meant, after all; for us, when esaid: "I will take from them the voice of gladness and the sound of the millstones?" For the greater part of tho millstone are gone, and what has re placed them? Before answering this question let ui glance at the growth ana development of the beautiful milling processes nowin use. A hundred years ago the miller cleaned his wheat in a rudo machine consisting of a couple of wire cylin ders, or screens, and an air blast,'1 and ground it between "a pair of millstones running very low that is, close to getherin order- that the greatest amount of flour might be produced at one grinding. The resultant product was then sifted; the superfine flour was thus separated and the tailings re ground (NoftcJ). This process of. low milling," though much improved -in its details by foreign inventors, and by Oliver Evans in our own country, re mained in use as late as the j'car 1870 in this country, its principle being the original one of getting as much flour as possible by one grinding. "High milling" is a modern though not a recent invention. Its pioneer was Ignaz Paur, an Austrian. The difference between high and low milling (as Prof. Horsford tells us in his valuable report on Vienna bread) is that "in high milling the wheat is re duced by a succession of crackings, or of slight and partial crushings, alter nating with sifting and sorting the product, while in low milling the re duction is effected bv a single crush ing." What are the advantages ot these complicated processes? Can it be pos sible, economically speaking, to submit each individual graiu of our enormous wheat crop to repeated and delicate processes of cleaning, peeling, cracking, and comminution, with many intervene ing sittings? Of course we all know how raauy grains of wheat there were in the crop of 1879. bnt I will repeat the figures; it was 800 trillions of course in very round numbers. Wcmay be sure that there are great advantages in this elaborate milling, and that it follows a demand on the part of the consumer, whose demand Is naturally for more varied products aud for cheaper prices. One more thing he generally iusists upon, which is not good for him; he demands the whitest possible bread, made of flour that has been rifled of much of its gluten, and is mainly starch. We shall see why such bread is not the best The process of high milling demauds. first of all, that tho wheat should be freed from foreign substances and thor oughly cleaued. The outer coats of bran, silex, hair, etc., come off readily enough by rubbing; this is done by .passing the graiu betweon brushes. But the brushes can not penetrate the crease of the wheat grain, which in closes a certain amount of quite inacces sible bluish dirt. How can this bo re moved? Bypassing the graiu between corrugated chilled-iron rollqrs, which merely crack it lengthwise along tho crease, thus liberating the bluish or brownish matter which is locked up in the bottom of the crease. This re moved, nothing is left but the nutritive grain. The subsequent processes of milling, as described-'by- a German writer, are substantially as follows: ' If we press grains of wheat gently between millstones which ate at first one-twelfth of an inch apart, then one quarter less, then one-half less, and so on, a successivel- liner and flier prod uct is obtained. The first operation we will call clipping or pointing; by this a part of the shell or outs'de coat is removed, with the brush, and part of the germ. From these the hullrd ker nels are separated by passing them through a cylindrical sieve; then pass ing tho hulled -kernels between the stones brought nearer together, they yield (1) a cracked wheat, (2) groat or fragments .with bran attached, (3) grits -or smaller fragments, and (4) nner particles of flour. All of these are again separated by sifting, and the groats arc rcground; then another sift ing, another grinding, and so on. The grits are treated in the same way. and thus the differentiation is carried out immensely farther than we can follow it, for it is liko tho branching of a family tree. The grain is submitted to six or more "runs, ' or grindings. and the resulting products are very various; it would require a full-page diagram or table to show them completely. The product which most attracts the con sumer is an extremely fine and white flour, called "extract flour; " jt is from this that the original Vienna bread is made. Farina is another part of the iits, finely purified. "Middlings" and "pollards flour" aro other products of these most complicated processes. High milling is thus the second chap ter in this history; and we now come to the third and latest, the parsing away of the millstone. This is tho result of a Hungarian invention which substitutes rollers and a crushing process for the millstone. The wheat being thoroughly freed from admixtures, is split along the crease as just described; this is called the "first break," aud it must not be carried further than, is sufficient to loosen the seam impurities and the germ, for this process disengages a cer tain amount of flour, which must neces sarily be of low grade because mixed with these impurities. The "second break" rids the grain of all impurities; the sifting is repeated: and on the 'third break," with rollers still more finely set, we begin lo get "middlings' The scalping reel, or bolter, separates the finer flour from these; the bran and coarse middlings undergo a "fourth break;" and in like manner a fifth and a sixth break follow, giving us the ex tremely fine white flours that are pre ferred "by most consumers. The roller process is now used in the enormous Western mills, the largest in the world. It has apparently come to stav.in the case of all milling on a large scale; while in small places and ia 'Mountain villages the millstones will remain. The rollers have also displaced u 0axioa3 process of conversion known as the "cold-blast process." This con sisted in charging an immense air-gun, or cylinder, with several bushels at a time of wheat from which the outer iaert coatings of bran and other impuri ties had been removed, and then taring the charge, by air. pressure, at a Mga velocity against a corrugated iron slate. 'This crashed the grain aad jmxlaced aa. excellent whole-wheat Stair, to which tiJ, same "cold-blast lour" is still circa, though the four itself is aa? Cosh, M, If.,-in && mBf THE ART OF CLOG-DANCING. Bow It May bo Taaat to Hoa or Wowi - America vs. Engl. Dancers, The elog dance, which seemi to have lost its popularity in New- xork, is still a favorite accomplishment in some parts ef the country, while in England it is a standard attraction, the most popular of all the acta of the variety theatre programmes. The professors of the art, in this country still make a good living through giving instructions in this branch of the saltatory art. The roller skaters in perfecting them selves in their exercise are adding terp sichorean accomplishments to their saltatory skill on wheels. A roller ex pert who can not dance a jig on skates doesn't rank first-class now. To learn the steps he has to take lessons, and here is where the professor of the clogs comes in with his big charges. These pupils are male and female. "There is no doubt," said a "profes sor," "that roller-skating is attracting general attention to the education of le lower extremities. 'Store ladies, high ia social circles, and children are learning to dance than ever before. Many of them learn fancy steps, such as jigs, clogs, hornpipes, etc. In teaching a lady to dance a clog-dance," the pro fessor continued, "the very first thing is to teach her to roll her feet, as it is technically called. This is the key of the whole business, and when a dancer can do this" successfully the remainder of the lesson is comparatively easy. Boiling one's foot is merely raising the hip, turning the foot in and striking the toe on the floor. Tho whole motion must be gone through with gracefully and without effort As the right side of tho body is generally more flexible than tho left simph' because it has been used more freely I generally begin rolling the left foot first, in order to counferact the usual tendency in favor of the right . - "The distinguishing characteristic of the clog-dance is the clear. bdl-liko tap of the toe or heel on the floor. Tho slightest shuffling ruins the effect, while in jig-dancing shuttling is the prime merit In the jig the sand is relied on for what may be called the music. whilo in the clog the shoes make tho melody. Jingles are inserted in a great many clogs, and what do you think they are madeof?" Give it up." "In many cases of the old-fashioned copper cent A hole is cut in the heel of the clog, and a cent set in so that its broad side is flush with the surface of the heel. Then it is fastened through the middle with a screw, and is left to play loosely in the socket Other de vices are Of course used to- reach the same effect, but jingles and rattles have seen their day. There was a time when it was necessary to go to England to see tho clog-dancing in its glory. The peo ple over there take muchmore interest in such things than we do, and tho judging between the comparative merits of two dancers is considered a very se rious piece of business. -"The judges generally retire into the cellar, we may call it under tho stage, there to remain until both dancers have separately gone" through with a series of steps. They have no knowledge, of course as to which dancer makes the first exhibition, and as the ringing of the clogs is even more distinct under than abovo tho floor, the merits of the dance can be thus readily judged with out a possibility of the jud;e seeing tho dancers and allowing his decision to bo biased by personal prejudice." Here the Professor grew emphatic and tapped the writer on the chest with his fore-finger. "But let the American dancer go on the English stage, among the English people in a concert hall, and it is dollars to cents that he will break down before he has danced ten minutes." "Why?" "Because they are much more thorough over there than we are. The artist who makes his appearance on a London variety stage must understand his business thoroughly. Supposing he is dancing a hornpipe, the chances are ten to one some voice in the audience will shout: Givo us a reel!' or 'Give us a dead march ! ' and the orchestra will immediately desert the hornpipe and drop into a reel or a doad march with out giving the dancer a moment's warning. Few of our. men can stand that ordeal. They have a repertoire of some half a dozen dances and continue grinding out those dances, with varia tions, to the end of tho chapter." N. Y. Star. - e a A GREAT POINT GAINED. Why the French Dress Well First Selecting- a Pattern aad Thea Buying the Goods. The French woman is acknowledged to have learned the secret of dressing well beyond all of other nationalities. Isolated cases, exceptions to the rule, prove the statement Some. American women are these isolated cases, not alL Foreigners say that Americans are among the most captivating, and often the best dressed women they meet, but this comes of conglomerate circum stances for which the womca as a nation should take little credit We are not yet the best dressed women in the world.. But we are on the road to that distinction. We have learned the se cret of being "bien chasse, bien gante." That is one great point gained. An other rule we are learning slowly, to preserve, the street costume plain, the carriage or visiting toilet elaborate, and all effulgence, so to speak, of costume for the ball or toi lets of high ceremony. These rules are being adhered to more and more with us, but. withal, we need that ap pearance of the "fitness" of things that is never absent from the toilet of the French woman of fashion. And here is the secret an open one to all. The American woman sees a material, is caught by its beauty, its colors, its heavy folds, its fil.ny lightness, any of its attributes that please the eye, and she buys it Then she looks "up the styles, hunts for patterns, consults the modiste and gets it made often withont knowing for what occasion she will need it The French woman is too wise for this. She has made the sub ject of dress too serious a matter of study. She notes and analyzes the different kinds of treatment given by artists to drapery on (he female forms of their canvas. She studies her own height shape, color, carriage and nat ural movements. She keeps a list of the probable and possible times and oc casions which she thinks she will need preparation for, and when the time ar rives for her to have a new costume made she has its general appearance and minor details all familiar to her mind, even to color aud cost Then, and not till then, she goes to the mart and selects the material that comes the nearest she can find or afford to realize the conception of the costume she wants, xu other words, the Ameri can wodmc purchases her goods, then finds her pattern; the French woman, selects her pattern; then buys her goods. Let some of our lady readers who have sever tested this matter see if our idea is not correct If this French plan were oftener followed there would be fewer magnificent and beautiful fabrics spoiled in the making, by no fault of the dress maker. The incongruity in the effect of many of the most magnificent toilets is due to the fact that the "fitness of things has been lost sight oH" Cleve land Leader. The potato, introduced into iCa gUadin 1600. was' first eatem as a sweet-Mat, stewed ia aack-wiae aad COCK-FIGHTING. Aa Amusement Which Delights the na tive of Sumatra. . Sumatra, of all places in the world, is the greatest for cock-fighting. It'a the national snort A Sumatra father thinks more of his game cock than ha does of his first-born. They pray to tee pods for success in their cock battles. Cock-fighting is called kyabung, and the pit galanggan. It is a large inclos ure. some twenty feet square, railed in by stakes twelve to fourteen feet high. far enough apart to enable those outside to see all that is going on within. The cocks about to fight were handed over to the' care of two officials who direct the affairs of the ring. They attached mith on-pat o.&ro Ion?, donbie-edcred. steel spurs, sharp as lances. When the sound ot tne Deuoog announceu mat the arena was to be occupied, all other sports were iustantly deserted. The cocks were brought into the ring by the proper official, each holding his bird carefully, with his leg armatures sheathed. No one but officials, owners and a favored few aro admitted into tho inclosure. The two cocks are held up before each other by the gu longs, who ruffle for them their neck feathers, tug their combs, pat them on their breast and sides, and shake them with a sort of tremulous, instigating motion, which they perform with a knack and neatness that indicates a pro fessional hand. The maneuvers, whose execution are the envy of the on-look-ers, are imitated by the children who fight cockerels before they can speak. When the fowls have been thus excited they arc allowed to have one dig at each other, just to put them on their mettle, and with their terrible armatures bared they were set facing each other a few feet apart; then came the charge. I' shall never forget, for I was utterly un prepared for it from the stolid Malay theyell and deafening shout of savage delight and excitement that arose from the up to that moment mute and eager, but to all appearances unexcited, crowd as the combatants rushed-at each other, and which was kept up while the con flict lasted, nor how the gulongs- fol lowed on hands and knees, each close behind his fowl, watching every move ment in silence with a glaring and ex cited eye the rules of. the ring prohib iting them from touching or reinsta ting the cocks during the continuance of a round like nothing I can think of so much as the intense motion of a pointer close behind a warm scent, aud at every onset jthey scanned their bird from side to side to see if it had sus tained any injury. In the first contest I saw both cocks were badly wounded in the first round, and even faint ed away. The seconds and support ers carried each their bird aside to apply restoratives, if possibly they might continue the contest to a final issue. They bathed its head in cold water, aud administered some with a feather down its throat A cloth was held over it to keep oil' the sun, and smoking pieces of wood held under its nostrils and over its comb. For a time it seemed as if the worst wounded would have to be declared vanquished, as it was unable to enter the lists, but his spirit came again on instigating him with a strange cock for a few minutes. After tho same preliminary patting and forcing and the solitary dig, they were again allowed to rush at each other; but after a few skirmishes, the badly wounded bird turned tail and was de clared the loser. Though the Govern ment prohibits cock-lighting, yet, on special occasion, permission is given for a certain number of days for a chief to hold a tournament He charges five per cent, on all transactions, and a fee from all stake-holders as a sort of recompense for directing the affair and keeping order. With this percentage the Pongeron is enabled to provide a buffalo at a little cost, which is slain on the last day of this Vanity Fair, fol lowed by a general gormandizing. One hundred and fifty dollars to two hun dred dollars often change hands, and as high as $750 has been known to be on the issue of the fight Dr. Forbes, in Cincinnati Enquirer. RUBENSTEIN. The Eccentricities or the Distinguished Musician His Lore of His Mother. . Rubenstein, as a player, is visible to his admirers in three aspects the "formal-pathetic," as he sits down to his instrument in the concert room, clad in full evening dress, with a dozen or so of miniature decorations displayed upon his broad chest; the "comfortable" in dressing-gown and slippers, when he is in his own sanctum, composingor prac ticing; and the "conventional," as he appears in private -drawing-rooms at evening parties. He dislikes official re ceptions, at which he feels himself "on show," and nothing annoys him more violently than to be trotted round aa a haute nouveaute. One night, after an experience of this latter description at Vienna, he dropped into a cafe which he was in the habit of frequenting late at night, looking o disheveled that one of his friends asked him why his hair was so rumpled and his white choker all awry. "No wonder." he replied; "to-night I have not only been handed around, but carved into slices." In the houses of his intimate friends he prefers playing at cards" to playing on the piano. Although generally ab rupt and overbearing in his manner, he can, when it pleases him, be as courtly as a lord high chamberlain, for in stance, if he happens to be placed next to an extremely pretty woman at table, the taciturn, frowning lion at once be comes talkative and smiling. If per mitted to smoke a cigarette between the courses his amiability knows no bounds and there is nothing his fair neighbor can ask that he will not grant Indeed. Rubenstein without his cigar ette is an impossible creature the vis ion of a distracted brain. There is only one person living who can keep him from smoking Turkish tobacco; his ven erable mothor. When, at any of his concerts in'thc Russian capital, he hap pens to play a few wrong notes, being out of health or temper, it is not his audience, or even the critics, of whom he stands in dread, but the old lady in question (she is nearly eighty), who scolds him with a wealth of highly-' flavored vindictive until he shakes in shoes. No matter who may be present, she bullies him to her heart's content The while he stands speechless before her. hanging his head like a shame stricken and repentant child. Keynote An Anecdote of Wagner. In a notice of Wagner, recently pub lished in Germany, the following anec dote is related of one of his. visits to Cologne. At the hotel where he was staying, the best suite of rooms were occupied by a Prussian General, who had arrived on a tour of inspection. Oae evening while at work in his solitary chamber, the sound of music immedi ately under his window struck the com poser's ear. It was doubtless a sere nade in his honor, and he naturally felt gratified by the . flattering attention. When it was over he opened the win dow, and was beginning to express his thanks to the performers in well chosen terms when, to his surprise and confu sion, his harangue was interrupted by a voice from below rudely bidding him hold his tongue, and intimating, amid roars of laughter from the assembled .spectators, that the compliment was not liaieaaedforhhm, bvtfor the GeaeraL A BRIGHT LIGHT DIMMED. Why 111 Perkins Became aa Iaasate at . a Lunatic Asylasa. What ruined me and got me into an Idiot Asylum was this: J used to have a strong contempt for lawyer. I thought their long cross-exaiumati-.tn were brainless dialogues for no purpose. But ever since Lawyer Johnson had me as a wituess in a wood case I have had a better opinion of the lawyer's skill In my direct testimony I had sworn truthfully that John Hall bad cut ten cords of wood in three days. Then Johnson sharpened his pencil and com menced, examining me. Now, Mr. Perkins," he began, "how much wood do vou say was cut by Mr. Hall?" "Just ten cords, sir," I answered, boldly. "I measured it." "That's vour impression?" "Yes. sir." "Well, we don't want impressions, sir. What we want is facts before, this jury f-a-c-t-s, sir, facts!" "The witness will please state facts hereafter." said the Judge, while the crimson came to my face. "Now, sir." continued Johnson, pointing his finger at me. "will you swear that it was more than nine cords?" "Yes sir. It was ten eordt just " "There! never ni.nd," interrupted Johnson. "Now, how much less than twelve cords were there?" "Two cords, s'r." "How do you know there were just two cords less, s'r? Did vou measure these two cords, sir?" asked Johnson, savagely. -No sir. I " "There, that will do! You did not measure it. Just as I expected. Al! guess-work. Now didn't you swear s moment ago that you measured this wood?" "Yes sir, but " "Stop, sir! The jury will note this discrepancy." "Now. sir." continued Johnson, slow ly, as he pointed his linger almost down my throat. "Now. sir. on your oath, will you swear that there were not ten cords and a half?" "Yes. air," I answered, meekly. "Well now, Mr. Peirkins, I demand a straight answer a ttuthful answer, sir: How much wood was there?" T T Ten c-c cords," I answered, hesitatingly. "You swoar it?" "I I-d-d-do." "Now," continued Johnson, as he smiled satirically, "do you know the penalty of perjury, sir?" "Yes. sir. I think " 'On your oath, on your s-o-l-e-m-n oath, w.'th no evasion, are you willing to perjure yourself by .solemnly swear ing there were more than nine cords of woodF' Yin. st. I " "Alia Yes sir. You are willing to perjure yoiu-Milf the i? Just as I thought (tiiiuMig to the Judge); you see. our lion-.t. that th's w t::ess is prevaricat ing. He is not will ug to swear that them were more than nine cords ot wood. It is infamous, gentlemen oi tho jury, such testimony as this." The jury nodded assent aud smiled sarcasti cally at me. "Now." said Johnson, "I will ask this perjured wituess just oao more question." "X ask you, sir do you know doyou roalfcc, sir. what an awful a-w-f-u-1 thing it is to tell a lie?" "Yes. sir," I said, my voice trembling. "And, knowing this, you swear ou your solemn oath that there wero about nine cords of wood?" "No. sir, I don't do anything of " "Hold on, sir! Now how do you know there were just nine cords?" "I don't know any such thing, sir! "Aha! you don't know then? Jost as I expected. And y et you swore you did know. Swore you measured it. In famous! Gentlemen of the Jury, what shall we do with this perjurer?" "But I " "Not a word, sir. hush! This Jury shall not be insulted by a perjurer! "Call the next witness!" This is why I am now keeping books in a Lunatic 'Asylum. Eli Perkins. . CHEAP MONEY. The Woman Who Mistook the Character of a llrokcr's Shop. She pushed her way through the little crowd of ex-capitalists that was con gregated about the "ticker" and set her shopping-bag down upon the counter with a slam. "1 toe" by the papers that money is cheap." sho began. "Never so cheap as at present,' re plied the broker, affably. "How are you selling tens?" sho con tinued. "Tens, madam?" said the broker in surprise. "Yes. ten-dollar bills. Where do you keep them? This doesn't look at all like a bankrupt .-ale. 1 expected to find them in little baskets ticketed: 'Any thing in this ba-tket $5,' aud so on. Have you any remnants quarters, halves and all that at a great sacri fice? What is the cause of this fearful reduction, anyhow? Must you clo-e out your entire stock of money within the next thirty days, regardless of cost, to make room for fresh goods? Or is your stock damaged by lire?" "We haw some stocks that are dam aged by water that we can let you have at a very low figure," said tho broker. "Yes? By the way, you didn't tell me what you get for the ten-dollar bills." "O. wine atid cigars and theater tickets." said the broker, absent mind edly. "I mean, how much do you sell them for?" "Ten dollars." "Do you call that cheap?" "Yes! I do," growled the financier. "I've seen the time when I bad to pay $15 for the use of ten on my personal note at thirty days, and "it was dirt cheap, too. considering the security. What did you expect to pay?" "O. not more than live. I'm look ing for bargains. Good morning." Detroit Free Press. A stately naval official, glorying In the glittering trappings of his place, jumps onto the front platform of Charleston car. The abstracted leathor merchant, without taking h's eyes from the ijuotatious of the evening paper, but seeing by a quick corner glance that a iu.i with brass buttons stands beside him. mechanically pulls a nickel from his pocket aud shoves it under the upturned nose of the haughty and hor rified patr.diuan of the seas "Huh!" snaps the oceanic policeman. "The leather merchant's eyes are taken from the figures and turned to his compan ion.' The former indulges in a mild Oh!" aud the latter gives him his back to size up. Boston Globe. If walking alone is adopted as the means to counteract the effect of too much sitting, then care should be taken that system enters into the walk. A slow, desultory sort of walk is of no earthly use: it simply tires one without any beneficial result The walking should be brisk, with the head up ana the chest thrown forward. The breath ing should be regular and as free as the swing of the limbs. The distance is optional, of eourae. bnt two miles ought to be no task for the man who-waats to improve his health. The distance caa be Increased as the pede?Uiaa begins to feel the benefit of the walaiaa Jf. I Btmr. KEEPING MUM. Carlofcs Speculation on the Origin of the Common l'hr.nr. In the fifty-third chapter of "Don Quixote" tho Barber says: "l'or mi. doy la palabra bara dclanto dcDios dc no decir lauo vcuftra mcrocd d'xero a rey ao a roque." Literally: "As for me, I give my word" before Go l not to tell what your Worship shall tell me to king nor to rook." which latter clause is-a Spanish phrase meaning nobody. Shel ton, the first English translator! in 1652, has 'rendered it, "neither to king nor to kaiser" (emperor). 'The French translators say. "a roi ni a roc." The Dutch have, rendered it. "I shall tell it to neither cat nor king." Yet none, not even Cervaiae- himself, qnoted the proverb corr. ctly, wh'ch should be rendered. -I'et'.jre God and vour Worship. I'll tell nether king, kn-ght or rooKs." I ascribe its origin to S-icchetti's pleasant novel of the Curate of Valdipea, who often. played at chess w th a gentle man of his neighborhood whom he used to checkmate live times out of six. not withstanding which the gentleman would not only allow it. hut often boasted of his score with the curate. One day it happened that the curate checkmated him in the middle of the chess board with nothing but a knight and two rooks. This the gentleman, ashamed and displeased, would not allow, which the curate perceiving, ran to the bells, which he began to ring. 'The peasant., hcvinjr the alarm ran toward lum :i - :- and wanted to knowjwhat Ue .natter. Said the curate'to then. ! want you to see and bear witness that I have given him checkmate in tiie middle o: the board with a knight and two rooks!" Tho. clowns began to laugh, saying, "Mattel curate, you make us loso our time," and went away. This the curate re peated so often that the peasants at last paid no attention to tho ringing of the alarm bell. At length the curate's house took fire and the peasauts. hear ing the bell, said one to another, "The curate is again playing chess; let him ring; he had better mind his prayers." And so the house burned down. The' next day the peasants apologized, say ing, "We thought you were playing ar chess;" to which the curate answered, "I was playing at chess with the lire, which has given me checkmate and ruined me." From this incident, doubtless, arose the common proverb, "Non e tempo da giuocar 'a scacchi quando la casa brussia;" or in English, "It is a time to leave off chess when a man's house is on fire." The former proverb must have had its origin in the exclamation of the de feated friend of the curate: "Explain the secret of mating in the middle oi the board with only a kn'giit and two rooks, and :w for me. I give my word before God not to -ell what o-ir Wor ship shall show inc. not even to king, kipght or rooks." It ss.r:nge that this a:iccdot;i. with a ciU'Ou-i problem involved, should I aw been cr t c -cd in xil la-imiages and ft stood the te-t of centuries b.-fore a'iy oue thought of the .simple a-d coni-iuo:i-e s. plan of ut ! .ing the cl:ea hoard an fmilinir out how !o he lc:ii:t':e the blu k k'n ' in the middle of t e board with only a knight ami two rooks. It is a pretty little problem, the solution of which (Iocs much toward explaining the exuberant spirit of tht victorous curato. Chessman, in N. Y Telegram. HUDSON, N. Y. A City TVIilch Is to ail Intents ami Fur. po4e4 a Ithoile Inland Colony. It is not generally known that the city of Hudson, New York, was founded by a colony consisting of several respected residents of Providence, belonging to famileist.il descrvodly prominent in our local history. The two most active iu the work of settlement, about 100 years ago. were Thomas and Seth Jenkins, and the object of the voluntary exile, as we learn from au interesting contribu tion in the Hudson Ueyislcr, was to seek a site for commercial purposes on the North, or Hudson River.' A grand daughter of Seth Jenkins, now dead, has left a letter, iu which she statev. "While visiting Nantucket some years ago. I found an old paper among ' the archives of that c.ty. giving this account of the pioneer enterpr.se to Hudson: Seth aud Thomas Jenkins, of Nan tucket, sa led from Providence to New York to find a place of settlement on the Hudson River.' On their arrival at the City of New York they called upon Colonel Rutgers, an old friend of my grandfather, to whom they unfolded their plans, whereupon Colonel Rutgers proposed that they should buy his farm. They talked ov-r the matter, and finally concluded to make him au offer, which they did. After some day's negotiation they came wi'hiu $200 of striking a bar gain, but at this point no voncessious being mado on either side (both were vhstlna'e). an I as .neither would yield further, the tridefcll through, and'they started up th-' Hudon. recounoltcring all the way it. unt.l they came to Clav eraek Laiidi v. where they finally purchased and settled." The two merchants appear to have scanned the ground carefully and taken note as to where on the river they could find the moit advantageous site for commerce. They foresaw, with a sa gacity not frcpient in that day and generation, that in the vicinity of New York would center the traflie of the continent, a id that the wharves of the East would in time be deserted for the superior fac bt es offered by tho great river which inad': Manhattan an island It was not by any chance that they s-'t tied upon the site of Hudson. Accord ing to Winterbotham's history, tjiey found the stream up to that spot navi gable for vessels of any size, and per haps they dreamed that they were found ing a city that would attract the com merce of Eurone and of the Indies. Their dream, if such it was, has not been realized; but Providence has no reason to be ashamed of her thrifty and flourishing colony which constituted one of the most subst'antial communities iu the Empire State of New York. The njayoralty of the new city, which was incorporated in 1785. was held for many years in the Jenkins family. Seth held the office until his death, in 17u3 and was succeeded by his brother, Thomas, who also held the pomton until his death consecutively for Uteen years. Robert Jenkins, son of Sib, succeeded Thomas, and, with a laps-; of two years, was Mayor until his death in 18191 Like their kinsmen in Rhode Island, they embarked early in do mestic manufactures, Robert and his brother Seth ami John F. Jenkins establishing the first manufactory of cotton fabrics iu the State of New York-. at Coluuibiaville. They also owned vessels winch earned their goods to the principal markets. Under the enter- S rising direction of the Jenkins family, udson rapidly grew in peoserity. until it became the third city in the State". While it has since been out stripped by some other municipalities, it has never lost the sound' and sv'.id character impressed by its founders. Providence ft. .) Journal. - "If you are innocent." said a lawyer te his client, an old darkey, who was charged with stealing a ham. "we Ought to be able to prove an alibi." "I don't "spects we kin," the darkey repliei doubtfully. "At what time was the ham stolen?" "'Bout lebben o'clock, dey say." -"WeU, where were you between eleven o'clock and midnight fn bed?" No. sab; Iwaa aidiaeVhaia." Text Biftimgs. SCHOOL AND CHURCH. Three of the six star graduates at the United States -Naval Academy recently are Pt;niiyivan:ans. Bowdoin College will expond SDO.OdO on her gymnasium, and tho University of Pennsylvania $7,000 ou her new ath letic field. Protestant meetings at Gratz. Aus tria, are tolerated by the police and are .well attended, but' no children under fourteen years of age are allowed to be present Sixteen years ago there were in the Stato of Kansas forty-three Presbyterian churches and 1.453 members. Now thre are in that State 321 churches and 14,289 members. Chicago Times. The total receipts of the Board if Foreign Missions of the Southern Bap tist Church the past year were f81. 299.59. of which the women raised about $18,000.- Tho year closed with a bal ance of $1,000 m the treasury. & Y. Tribune. The cities of Boston and New York pay more for school education, in pro portion to- population, than any other cities in the country. In the former the schools receive twelve and one-half per cent, of the city's annual expenditure. Chicago Current.- In Teheran. Persia, the tea houses are all open to the public, and even the schools are exposed like the shops, often having: shops on each side. The boys sit on their heels in rows and rer peat tho lesson after the master, ap- Earently undisturbed by the continual ubbub going on around them. The entire missionary debt of the Presbyterian Societies is $196,000. Of this amount the Home Board, with the Woman's Executive Committee, owes $139,000. the Foreign Board $57,000. The General Assembly adopted a reso lution recommending that every church 'take a special collection, or adopt such other measures as shall seem bost in each case to cancel the debts." xV. Y. Examiner. The spirit of conservatism which is supposed to obtain so firmly in Euro pean educational institutions has yielded to tho popular demand for the education of women to such a degree that they are now admitted to many of the leading universitios of Russia. Ger many. France and Belgium. The influ ence of these examples will certainly have-great weight in America. Cur rent. The organ in the Stewart Cathedral at Garden-City 1s. it Is said, the largest in tho woeld. being in fact five organs in one--the great, the swell, the choir, the solo, thu.echo and the pedal organs. There aro four manuals. 115 speak' ng stops. 7.2J- pines, and 43 couplers, me chanical accessories and. pedals, with a sw.tch counc'iing the chimes with the organ, so that bot.i niav be operated from one key-board. .. '. Sun. The S.-otch PresbytArlan Church of Jersey C tv h.is lvcentlf- been relieved oi a b'.trdcJ-ioniu di-t. which thrat eied tho hm of their houso of worship Mr. George R. Mc!vcn.ie. who pa"d or! the indebtedness, in a modest conimti ircat'oa to tiie church declaring h's in tentio l. simply asked in return that it should co.-it uuu to bj called by its old name, "the Scotch Presbyterian Church." aad that the music should be that of the human voice alone. A'. 1' Times. PUNGENT PARAGRAPH R. An Illinois society is about to wrestle with the question: "Which goes the fastest after being brokeu, a cott or a five-dollar bill ?rt Chicago Journal. "I'm afraid this deiiress'ou in to bacco will ruin me." "Indeed, why. I thought you were engaged in raising cabbages?" "I am. and that's why I'm kicking." Boston Post. A Keep Street old maid who keeps four cats liuds a scut ftcful of coal iu her backyard every morning. By strict economy she only buys a half ton of coal a year. Brooklyn Times. Dr. Hammond says that "love and poetry go hand in hand." Shouldn't wouder a bit It is well known that tho course of true love never did ruu smooth, and the same is true of ama teur poetry. Lowell Citizen. "1 wish I bad eyes in the back of my head,-" said a young lady the other ev'euiug. "Why? ' asked a devoted ad mirer, breathlessly. "So that 1 could see what was going on without the trouble of turning my head." "You can turn my head without any trouble." respouded the youth with a gloomy, s'gn. What one letter will do. Tbero is a word of ptumt number, A too to peaco and tranu.l b I umber. . Now any word yob choosu to tuke, II.- udtllnir ' will plural make; nut ir iu acid an s to tins. Str.in.o is the metamorphosis! Plural will plural be no mure, Aud sweet what bitter was bufore. Answer: To cares add aa "s," and it wiil make it caress. A little child was besieging her fa ther to take her to visit her grandmoth er, who lived at a d.stauce. To get r.d of her he said: "It costs ten dollars every tiiuo we go to see grandma. Plor ence, and ten dollars doesu't grow on every bush." "Neither do grandmas' grow on every bush." answered the lit tle g'rl promptly, and her loio was convincing. They went Chicago In terior. Is there a bird called Richoi3' " asked Jack of Jill. "No." said Jill. "Why!" "Because I have heard you say. 'Kichcs have w.ngs.' and 1 thought that if they have wings they mut be bird or ducks or geese." "You little goose!' cried Jill, as Jack started to run. The very next moment Jack fell down, and Jill tumbled after him, as the reader probably has heard once or twice before. Golden Days. Uncle Mow met a very dandified darkey, who said in a very dignified manner: "How doyou enjoy dis balmy weddor. sah?" "I don't know yet-, sah. You has me at a disadvantage," re sponded Mose. "You cussed ole bow legged, lantern-jawed gorilla, yer is de samo ole mutton-headed baboon yer .alters was." "Now I knows yer. As soon as yer quit talkin' like a gem man I knoweil yer right oil." And they embraced like Blueher and Wellington on the field of Waterloo. Texas Sil ings. "I asked for strawberry cream, "said the lady, eyeing the refreshment askance. "You've got it mum." replied the wait er. "But what makes it look so pale?" "Cochineal's riz. mum way up; can't afford to make 'em any pootier for the money." "Mercy!" exclaimed the lady, "you don't mean to say that you color your strawberry cream with cochineal r At the fashionable places where I am used to going they never use anything but auil.ne dye. It's expensive, of course, but then it is so lovely!" Bos' ton Transcript. "On Approval." la Germany, says the Academy, it is the custom for booksellers to send to their customers parcels of new books "on approval." it being understood that the books not returned are accepted, aud will be paid for. Relying upon this custom, a boookseller at Worms con tinued year after year to send books to a person living in the town. None of the books were returned and none were paid for. At'last the bookseller sent in his bill, which the other party declined to pay. but offered to return the books. This did not suit the bookseller, for the Cbltshers would no longer take the ks back from him. Accordingly he Brought his action for the price; but ha has been defeated in the Court of First Instance, and also on appeal, oa the frouaoY apparently, that there was aa THE BEST botui rvrr belowcd ukh man U perfect health, and the true way to injure health , U to purify your blood wilh A; it's Sara-. parilki. Sir. Eliza A. Clou-h. fA A rli:i--ton st., Lowell. Ma3.. writ-: "Kvrry winter and .;iriii!r my family, hicludini; myself, UMi several bottle of Ayrr Sar raparilla. Exucritmc has eouviuccd me that. a a powerful Blood I'tirifier, it is very much uu-rot to any other tn.'itimtiou of Saruarilia. All ierous of scrofulous or coiwin;.!ive ten dencies, aud especially dUicute t-hiUhvn. are sure to be greatly beiiwiti'd !y- it um?. J. W. Starr, Laconia, luu:i, writes: For year I was troubled whh crofti (ous complaints. I tried several difiVn-nl preparations whloh did me little, if an. good. Two bottles of Avert Sar-ama-rilla cflVctcd a complete cure. It Is niy opinion tht. this medicine is the lct blood Purifier of the day." C E. Upton, Nashua. X. II., writes: "For a musiJkt of years I Has troubled with a Janitor iu my eyes, and unable to obtain relief until I com menced ujiui; Avert Sai:ip:irIIla. I hue taken several bottles, am greatly bcue dted, aud believe it -to be the ln-t of blood puritier." It. Harris, Creel City. I:imey Co., Dakota, write: "I h:ie been an intense kuifcrrr, with Iy.siepl:i, for the pat three ycare. Six mouths aijo I b;.'un ton.c ATER'S Sarsaparilla It Ii:in effected an entire cure, and I am now as well as ever." Sold by all Drufl,'lits. Price $1 ; Six bottles, $5. Prepared by Dr. J".C. Aver ,fc Co., Lowell, Mass., U. S. A. FAIX TERM OF THE FREMONT NORMAL AND BUSINESS COLLEGE, At Fremont, TVelralcn, Will begin SEPT. 1st, 1885.t UNUSUAL ADVANTAC.ES WILL BK AFFOKDED l'FKSONS WISHING To TEACH. THE BIISINESS.DEPAKTMENT affords every opportunity for improve ment, Penmanship, Business Aritbmetie, Book-keeping, Commercial Correspond ence, and imitation of actual business. Music, We can speak with the utmost confi dence of the instruction given iu our Music Department. Miss l'ose Conrad, instructor of the Piano Forte, a graduate or the Cornell Conservatory of Music, is not only 'a brilliant performer, but a pains-Ukinx and superior teacher. The instructors in Vocal Culture, Note-reading and Singing are thorough and suc cessful. Expenses. Tuition for ten weeks, $10 to $12 ir paid strictly in advance. This in cludes admission to Normal and Business classes. Music, $12 for twenty lessons. Short-band, $12 for twenty lessons. Type writing with use r instrument, $10 lor twelve weeks, uoou uay ooaru can oe obtained in the College Home at $2.2T per week. Booms 50 cts. to 75 cts. per stud ent. W. 1. .lONIM, A. M. President of "Normal College, Fremont, Neb. Denver to Chicago. Denver to Kansas City, Denver to Omaha, Omaha to Chicago, Kansas City to Chicago, Omaha to St. Louis, BEST LINE FROM WEST TO EAST! SURE CONNECTIONS LOW RATES BAGGAGE CHECKED THUOUCH. Through tickets over the Burling ton Route mrm for sale by the Union Paolflc, Denver A Rio Crande and all other principal railways, and by all agenta of the "Burlington Route." For further Information, apply to any agent, or to P. S. EUSTIS,Genl-rk'tAft, OMAJL.N'EB. A book of 100 paS The best book for aa advertiser to con sult, be be expert- gv QMb 0MS ,.; v. vm. ...- JICOQUUU9 lists OI PC wajwucia iin con...... iinhaanrfAfailnrtldlivThpllllTprtUCrVbO wants to spend one dollar. inU In It the ta sonaatlonbe requires, while fprbimwhp will Uvcat one hundred thousand dollars In ad vertlslBS. a scheme Is indicated which .will teet bis every Teqalrement, or " to4oaobgtligUdtanaata6warrittiatbteor. nsjnwrffwrr ia edition have been lamed. Sent, post-paid, toaay addreM tor 10 cents. Write to 3EO. P. ROWIXX CO., XEW8PAPEK ADVEKTI3CJG BUBKAU. Q9inMBt.rTtM.ttB3Bamueq.'), Sew Tor. ' .aalBBaBBHBwIaBflBSBft elBflaHsBek ! aaaflpjlHlRl ' HHvTaGvHS i eSSfKay&aHeWlNeB I THE YpgPAtlR wvERmiNe GO TO A. & . TURNER'S BOOK AND MUSIC STORE -FOR TIIE- BEST sx GOODS -AT- The Lowest Prices! CONSULT THE FOLLOWING ALPHA BETICAL LIST. Al.tWiVlM, Arithmctu-s, Arnold's Ink (genuine). Algebra., Autograph Al bums, Alphabet B ocks. Author's Cards, Arks, Aceordeons, Abstract Legal Cap. RRDMHEW. Ba.skets.Babv Tovs, Hooks, . Bibles, Bells Tor boys. Blank Books, Birthday Cards, Basket Buggies, bov's Tool-chests, Balls, Banker's Cases, boy's Wngonf Sleds and Wheelbar rows, Butcher Books, Brass-edged Ru lers, Bill -books. Book Straps, Base Balls aud Bats. CANIJ 1KM, Cards. Calling Cards, Card Caes Combs. Comb Cases. Cigar C se. Checker Board. Children's Chairs, Cups and Saucers v fancy) Circulating Library, Collar and Cull Boxes, Copy Books, Christmas Cards, Chinese Toys', Crayons, Checkers. Chess-men, Croque) sets. DONKNTIC Sewing Machines, Draw ing Paper, Dressing Cases, Drums, Diaries, Drafts in books, Dolls, Dressed Dolls, Dominoes, Drawing books. KVKLOPILi, Elementary school books, Erasers (blackboard). Erasers (rubber). F1CTIO Books, Floral Albums, Fur niture polish. VKAMMAK-s), Geographies, OeOme tries.filove boxes, toy Uuns,G roseopes (to illustrate the laws of motion). UAKPI'arK Keaders. handsome Holi day gifts, HanU-glasses, Hobby-horses, Hand-satchels, Histories. liK"4, (all good kinds and colors). Ink stands (common and f.iuey). JEWKIj Cases, .lews harps. Hi:Gi of ink, Kitchen sets. l.l:U2EK'i, Ledger paper. Legal cap. Lunch baskets, Lookingglasses. MtNOi X- Hamlin Organs, .Magnets, Music boxo, Magazines, MiMUi-hc flips. Mouth organs. Memorandums, "ftusie books. Music holders, Machine oil. Mats, Moderator's records. Muci lage. Microscopes. "r'"rl"L"Hil for sewing machines, Nutu paper. OK(';l.HM, Oil for sewing m:n bines, t;rg.iu sttiols. Organ seats. PKK10llAl.!. l'ictiire. I'lizzie Mocks, Presents, I'wturrbou'.s, 1'iaiios. Pens, I'apetries. lVneiU, Purses, Pol ish for furniture. P.implilet i-cs. Paper cutters, P.tper fasteners. Picture pu zles, Picture frames. I'm-kel books, lVrluuiery aud Perluuierv eases, Paper racks, Pencil holders. KKWAKI) cards, Bubber halls, Rub ber dolls. 54CHOOI. books, Sewing stands. School Satchels. Slates, Stereoscopes and pic tures, Scrap books. Scrap pictures. Sewing machine needles. Scholar's com panions. Specie purses. Singing toy canaries, Sleds for boys, Shawl straps, Shell goods. T'I.KM4:OI'K.H. Toys of all kinds, children's Trunks, Thermometers, Tooth brushes (folding), Tea sets for girls, loot chests Tor boys, Teu-piu sets for boys. Tooth picks, Tin toys. lT10"Lir4 and strings, Vases. WOOOBRIIM: Organs. Work bas kets, AVaste baskets, Whips (with case), Webster's dictionaries, Weather glasses. Work boxes. Whips for boys, Wagons for boys, What-nots, Woollen tooth picks. 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Price $1.00 per box, six boxes $..00. "We Guarantee a Cure, or agree to re fund double the money paid. Certificate in eaeh box. This guarantee applies to each of our five Specifics. Sent by mail to any address, secure from observation, ou receipt of price. Be careful to mention the number of Specific wanted. Our Specifics are only recommended for spe cific diseases. Beware of remedies war ranted to cure all these diseases with one medicine. To avoid counterfeits and al ways secure to genuine, order only from dowti Jc cHir-jrv, DRUGGISTS, 19-1 Columbus, Neb. Health is Wealth! Da K C Wests Krava avj Bauw Tat- .. a u:c eVi. TT-t.tiai IitBft. SisssT Convulsions. Fits. Nervous. Nsaralaia. HMdseho. Nervous Prostration .caused by the nsa or alcohol oriooacco. nunuu.es. mu.. -nmnon.Hoftifca-of the Brain resulting in in sanity and leading to misery, decay and desta, trentaturo OraAg. Barrenness. Loss of powsi in eithor sex. InToluntary Losses anaBpenaae. orrhoea caused by oTer-exortionot tho bnun.seUT abossor over-indulgence. Each, box contaiaa one month's treatment. fl-Oa box. or six boxes tor 5.Cu. sent nymnil prepaid on receipt ot price. WE CtTAiAXTEE SIX BOXES To can any case. With each order received bywj for six boxes, accompanied with 13X0, w will Will lliiiiiiin nsiirrrmr written guarantee to re (and tho money if tho tneimentdoeanotassca acare. Guarantees issued only by JOHN a WEST & CO, tt W. MADISON ST., CHICAGO, ILLS., Bale Prop's West's Liver Pills. S50O REWARD! wai-f9tte(tevfmf4 mr eMM IJwCBihfc PjiHH.BhlhSMWtlaii.CMillTtl'CoUTMifr w unrt on whs Wars YaoMkWLIn rUIa. wbm ut On. toMW mhalf ttrnfUti S. TfcMran!rnftUM,Ma' MmM ttT1kfrali SMCa)6. tiff ain.cw " fOKMaalk Htslbymnjin, Bmnol mar m4 tBSaOcM. Tk it iwhwirt aalr tr torn c. wara co, mi a iuw. mo s, . TTTTTVT more money tbap at anything Iff I l else by taking an agency for Tl -a.-".' tbe beat sellise book out. Be ginners succeed grandly. 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