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RESIDENT TAFT recently de
¶
clared that this nation ought to
6F build two battleships of the
"Dreadnaught" class every year :
until the Panama canal is com
pleted and open for traffic.
After that water way is com
LA. ' pleted and the Atlantic and
. Pacific coasts of the United
' & 1 States are in effect brought
, nearer together : n a naval
sense-that is , it is made pos-
gh'Iysible for our warships to get
from one coast to the other
more quickly in the event of
cIcit trouble-it might , in the presi-
dent's judgment , be advisable
to slow down in the matter of
battleship building. Perhaps after the canal dig-
: gers have cut the continent in two it will suffice
to build one battleship a year , but for the time
being two a year-and Dreadnaughts at that-
are needed , in the opinion of the administration.
Now "Dreadnaughts" are a comparative novelty
in the United States navy and for all that ; there
are several of these vessels flying the Stars and
V Stripes , and more building , there is a consider-
able share of the public that has never grasped
the significance of these new-style sea warriors.
To put the matter in a nutshell , it may be ex
.plained that a "dreadnaught" differs from the
ordinary battleship principally by being larger
and heavier and carrying an increased number
. .
, of guns of a big caliber. The term "Dreadnaught , "
it will be understood , has come to stand for a
.whole class or family of battleships rather than
tor any individual vessel.
All the same , this new nickname for the lat -
.est fashion in floating fortresses did originate
with one particular vessel-the first of her type.
tThe pioneer "Dreadnaught" was a British prod-
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. net and she blazed a new path in battleship de
sign. Prior to the advent of this ' new-pattern
peacemaker the average battleship , whatever her
nationality , had been armed with 12-inch or 13-
jinch breech-loading rifles and with a variety of
less ' hitters 8-inch 5-inch and
I : powerful , including - , -
'
8-inch guns , and so on down through the whole
jl -catalogue of naval weapons to the one-pounders.
L The British naval architects and shipbuilders
1 rwfcen they produced the original "Dreadnaught , "
pointed ( the way to a new policy. In arming the
iiew style vessel they cut down the number of
nuns of lesser importance-particularly the weap-
. ) ns of intermediate size , such as the 8-inch and
Jhe 5-Inch , and placed almost all the responsi-
bility for offense and defense on guns of the
t argest size.
The whole naval world was immensely im
I
pressed with the naval novelty which John Bull
roduced and all the leading nations , including
: .h e United States , straightway set , about follow-
ing his example by constructing such ships of ,
( rtheir own. Thus . it came about that the name
"Dreadnaught , ' ' which originally applied to only
jone ship , came to stand for the whole family of
fall-big-gun" ships , no matter under what flag
jsuch a vessel might be in service. The United
States : ' now has four battleships of the "Dread-
- 'baught" class in service ; two more will probably
'be ' ready to join the big fleet within a year ;
lanother ; pair are under construction , and yet oth-
ers will be contracted for this winter. It Is cost-
ing a pretty penny , too , -assemble such an ar-
Tay of heavyweight fighters , for each of these
larg ( > ct-size vessels costs complete upward of $12-
jOOO.OOO. . Likewise does it make a big tug at
Uncle Sam's purse-strings to keep these huge
, jiarmor-clads in active service , for each of them
.requires the services of nearly one thousand offi-
.cers and men-half as many again as were re
quired for the largest of the old-style battleships.
The first American "Dreadnaughts , " the bat-
-tleships South Carolina arid Michigan , are yet so
A new that few of the people even in our large sea-
I coast cities have had a peep at them. They are
I , . . sister ships - that is , exact duplicates of one an-
. ' other-and are 450 feet in length and 80 feet
J Tjeam or vidth. Each of these battleships carries
eight of the big 12-inch guns" arranged In pairs in
-turrets. This is just double the number of the
1 big barkers to be found on any of the battleships
that were the accepted thing up to a few years
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NATION'S
DROJDNALGHTS
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ago. Neither battle-
ship has any other
weapons except the
three-inch and three-
pounder guns that are
provided to repel tor
pedo attacks.
It was only a few
months ago that the
second pair of "Dread-
naughts , " twins , made
their appearance in
navy. There are the
Delaware and North Dakota. Each vessel is 510
feet in length and 85 feet beam , and they go
their predecessors one better in the matter of
"shooting irons , " for each has five turrets in-
'stead of four and carries a total of ten instead
of eight of the 12-inch grt. Moreover , the Dela-
ware and the North Dako ' 1. have each a powerful
secondary battery made up of fourteen of the ef
fective 5-inch guns. Next year will see another
brace of "Dreadnaughts , " the Utah and Florida ,
take their places among the ships of the line.
They are almost Identical in size with the Dela-
ware and North Dakota. After them will come
the Arkansas and Wyoming-each 554 feet In
c length and 93 feet beam and carrying a full dozen
of the 12-inch guns , but it will be several years
ere these record-breakers . are ready to report for
duty.
duty.Next
Next to the importance of providing fighting
ships for Uncle Sam's navy is the task of prepar-
ing the ships and the men who handle them for
the work they are intended for-fighting the bat-
tles of the country , should the dread specter at
any time descend upon us. The thrilling experi
ences on board big ships playing at war are In-
terestingly described in the following account
written by one who witnessed the recent naval
evolutions.
"
The plain red pennant for "commence firing"
was hanging like a stain from all yards. "Load ! "
from the ordnance officer. The stains glide down ,
to the shrill peals of the stand-by bells. Never
stood men so braced and rigid as those spotters ,
staring through the soft rubber eyepieces of their
binoculars , as the ordnance officer gravely syl
labled the final range and deflection , as he got
them from the substation prophet , who had been
advised by the performance of the ranging shots :
"The range is 10,500 ; deflection 47. "
It is the last suspense. Slowly , far below , the
moving turrets begin to nose upward their guns
like intelligent creatures. The big fo'castle deck
is an empty , slim , flat , cigar-shaped finger , lazily
dealing forward slippery ruffs of whiteness. Foam
oozes up complacent around the anchor chains ,
and your eyes rest unwittingly on a four-masted
schooner , a passenger steamship . with a red fun-
nel , astern the waiting targets. Every living
sinew scattered on our faraway decks Is trans-
fixed - on the bridge screen the skipper's arms ,
bright with their four gold stripes , the mldshlp-
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man on watch with the nickeled stadimeter at his
eyes , the white bluejackets in boats on the super-
structure , some with cameras poised-all leveled
to the same trenchant awe. Vague murmurs : , not
quite a shouting , rise ; the rumble of a belated
loading hoist , the hoarse hiss of air blasts clear-
ing the bores. The nerve-racking tsung of a
primer discharged in some breech , with the bra :
vado of utter preparedness. Choking smoke
clouds vomit up ' . over us from the crater of the
forward smoke pipe , with the heat of a Turkish
bath.
"Fire ! " - and all around on the rails of our
cage snarl out the buzzers.
All the sea to starboard goes ribbed and scit-
tering , as if under the first blow of a tornado.
"Knots ten right. " ( Deflection. ) "Down 600. "
( Range. ) "Knots six left. " "Down 300. " "Salvo ! "
You miss , or cannot remember after , the exact
shouts of the spotters , the key to the actual
marksmanship , cried out as the geyser-gardens
rise , and , transformed , as they echo in the sub-
station , into the craft that guides the great spurts
to bloom out where we all hunger for them to
be-bunched together and hiding the target with
their spray.
"The Georgia's shooting at our screen. "
That last one winged her. " You catch such fever-
ish comments between times , slowly grasping ,
too , that the yards and angles of range and de
flection keep dwindling in size , as shouted. "Hit ! "
\ comes , now and then , in the climax like a ham-
Iner blow ; and as the four-minute eternity ends
on the long alarm bell for cease firing , you hear ,
like a man coming out of a trance , the ordnance
officer calmly observing that the deflection wasn't
a knot out all the time , but d-n that forward
turret for hanging fire so that those poison fumes
hid the splashes. You are coughing , in a first
remembrance of their strange , acrid , burning
strangulation.
The run is over , the spectacle and the human
burden of it delivered , as the order Is passed
to call up all divisional officers to report any
misfires. .
Swinging out now to the targets , hungrily
searching them for shell holes , the throng of
officers on the quarterdeck vent their relaxed ten-
sion - "Our dispersal was good , but the range-
finder read 500 yards over. That's always. the
fault. And half the time it figures under. " Or
you hear , "A difference of 30 per cent. in range
makes a difference of 300 per cent. in the diffi-
culty of spotting. " One learns that the forward
twelves hung fire because water splashed the
sights. We discern three hits | in our target-
none in any of the other three , glory be-pick- !
ing them reluctantly from rents made by the
seas ; as the repair boats , putting out from each
ship of us , set their half-naked crews struggling
with the mast and screens , herding the precious
canvases aboard the flagship , for judgment by alf
umpires assembled. / . "
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What a time some poultry keepers
. have trying to get rid of scaly legs
among their fowls. All kinds of "dope"
is recommended , even to catching the
hens and applying salves and other
things from one to half a dozen times.
An old can with a little kerosene in it
will do the business. A little old :
grease may be added. One dipping
of : the affected bird's legs in this will
end the scales.
-
The early hatched pullets will begin
laying eggs soon and as they are ex
pected to furnish the bv1 : of the
winter eggs , prepare ample quarters
for all the young stock. To prevent
crooked breast bones the young fowls
should have poles about three inches
around or flat rails or lath three or
four inches wide.
Those who expect to make their
young chickens grow vigorously and
their hens lay well must forget that
they require an abundance of mineral
foods and supply them with all they :
need. It is cheaper than any other
feeds , but just as * essential.
There Is no excuse for not having
perfectly well-ventilated poultry
houses because they are inexpensive
and require not much time to baild
them. Warmth in the poultry houbes ! :
should be sacrificed for ventilation if
that is necessary.
The number of eggs ihat a goose
will lay and the fertility of those eggs
is largely determined by the care
given the breeding birds during the
winter months. If they receive prop-
er care the reward of the caretaker
is sure.
The farmer who takes reasonable
pains to show the hired man the best
methods of working will not only ; be
the gainer himself , but will be giving
help to a fellow man who will prob-
ably remember it all his days.
If nothing better can be had , milk
may be aerated by placing the cans in
a trough of cold water and dipping
the milk with a long-handled dipper
and pouring it back into the can un-
til it is thoroughly cool.
For the past two or three years the
earliest chicks have been somewhat
difficult to raise. Hatches have also
been poor , but with all these uncer-
tainties It pays to get them just as
early as you can.
Dzt , . . . . . - ' winter over a lot of old ens.
One yeir olds do the best laying , al
though two-year-old hens often do
very well. Kill off all the hens this
fall that were hatched previous to
1909.
- 4
Plowing Is very much more effective
when the soil is moist enough to pul
verize well than when it Is too dry.
Turning hard clods of earth upside
down really does very little good.
. - %
The most expensive manurial sub-
stance the farmer has to purchase Is
the commercial fertilizer which .
con
tains nitrogen , such as nitrate of soda ,
guano , tankage , etc.
Don't buy a heavy colony with few
bees ; buy a colony that has honey
enough to last until the honey flow
sets in , and see that the colony has
plenty of bees.
Do not omit cleansing the separator
every time after using ; neglect in this
will impair the efficiency of the ma-
chine and damage the quality of the
cream.
- -
Pekin ducks are creamy white in
color and should have orange yellow
colored beaks ; deep blue eyes , with
orange colored shanks and toes.
A good way to make artificial shade
is to drive four stakes In the ground j
and rip a burlap sack and stretch It ]
and fasten corners to stakes.
The oil can , properly used , is one of
the greatest money makers , or rather ,
money savers , on the farm. Keep the
machinery well oiled.
See that 4the cow's udder Is thor- ,
oughly clean before beginning to (
milk. < <
4
-
The way to get the largest returns
from the hens Is to give them the best
care , especially the most careful feed-
ing.
The best known remedy for gumbo
soil Is to put onto it an abundance of I
strawy manure.
When sows are raising two litters
of pigs a year , tneir pigs also require
special care.
There Is no animal on the farm that
will add to It like sheep. ,
. ,
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'
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- > -
| Blackhead , In whatever species of ]
. brd ! ' it may be found , presents three' ' ! '
symptoms which are Invariable - first ,
diarrhoea , at some stage of the dls-
sease ; second , a condition of Increas
ing languor or stupor , together wlthr
isolation from companions in the
flock ; third , loss of appetite and more
or less prolonged emaciation. The
presence of these symptoms In his
birds suggest to the poultryman who
is on his guard that the disease has
entered his flock.
-
More than one-half of the com
plaints regarding dairy cattle coming
through the winter in a poor , thin ,
emaciated condition is due directly to
their being kept out too long ! In the
pasture and fields and then changing
them suddenly by putting them in
their winter quarters and feeding
them a ration of hay , dry forage and
fodders.
Methods of treating poultry diseases
do not , at the present time , rest upon
very secure foundations ; and , even
if certain measures for treatment are
known to be effective , the average
poultryman does not have the time to
undertake treating his birds in the .
manner that Is required.
It Is safe to say that never has
there been such interest taken In Jer-
seys throughout the entire country
as has characterized the past twelve
months. In some sections in the west
I breeders and importers have not been
; able to meet the demands for the
breed.
A vigorous male will serve weTS
about sixty does , although some breed
ers allow seventy-five ; or even more.
The breeding season should be in
November and up to the middle of
December , as this will bring the kids
along in March and April.
Fowls that are confined In limited
quarters must be watched carefully or
the ground will become contaminated
and filthy. Frequent spadings are
good but changing yards and seeding
to rape or some thick growing crop
is better. . .
- is
By good care and proper feeding
several dollars may be added to the
value of any calf during the first
year. , The total increase by this
means would amount to millions of
dollars to the dairy farmers jof the
state.
It certainy will pay to keep a COTF
that is in full flow of milk In a cool ,
dark stable in the daytime during the
hot season , when flies seem to wear
the very life out of her ; then attend
to feeding and watering her.
Every dairyman should raise th * '
heifer calves of his best cows and not
depend on anybody's offerings to re
plenish his herd. It is absurd to sup-
pose that he can buy cows as reason-
able as he can raise them.
Far too many sheep owners follow .
the practise of securing a ram of fair
appearence but with little pretentions
to good breeding , because such a ram
can always be picked up cheaply in
almost any community.
It is not necessary to have a large
farm and running water for ducks to
swim in. They will do well if they
have plenty of water to drink. A
' \
low marshy place is the ducks' para-
dise , however.
Success will not come the first
year. In fact , It takes two or more
years to get started In the poultry
business , and then you must keep
everlastingly at it to make a suc
cess.
cess.The
The farmer who says that hens are
a nuisance generally speaks the truth
as far as his individual experience
goes. His method , or lack of method ,
makes them a veritable nuisance.
Cats are quite fond of little chicks ,
I
and once they get the habit they can
destroy and devour as many chicks as
any other animal that preys on the
feather tribe.
If you keep cross bred or mongrel
hens buy a well built , vigorous male
and see how much bigger better lay-
ing , more "uniform : the chicks will be
next summer.
*
Brood sows will nose through three
inches of snow to get the green bite .
and will range about on their feet for
hours , which is In fact the main ob
ject
The returns from a farm-the
amount of money one can make per
acre-depends as much upon the mas.
himself as upon other conditions.
A sudden change In the way of .
feeding or in the care of chickens will'
materially affect the egg yield. Usual-
ly it will cause a decrease.
-
Equal parts of boiled corn , oats and
wheat , with now and then the addition )
) f table scraps , makes a good egg pro- ,
ducing ration.
The fundamental principle In the
preservation of green forage when. }
placed in a silo , is the exclusion of j
air. :
At this writing bees are gathering !
honey ! from : the second crop of the !
alfalfa bloom. 1
Lice will eat into your profits byj
stopping the egg supply and killing/ : ] /
he : chicks.
Don't harvest and etore : .ftltt " . ot
reed seed thlv winter. ' " _ -
1:1 : S . . _ . - - j"
'II