r I' , .
" - _ . ' _ - - - - - - . , . - : ' . . - ; - . - . . ; : " ' : : - . - .t - . . : . : . - , ' ' ' . - - .
\ ANw i i
l IUPoDD *
I y nfl wi ' - - , ( - . Ir _ -
6
. . ONTENEGRO - whose reigning
prince , Nicholas I. , by way of cele
. ' II1IJI ! ( ) brating the jubilee of his accession '
z has proclaimed himself king and
I'llvIIftcI ' his principality a kingdom-is one
of the. storm centers of the near
east. Its influence on Balkan pol-
itics is not to be measured by its
, .
- - ' size , for this Land of the Black
. ft Mountains , as the Venetians
, named it long ago , is actually the
smallest monarchy in all Europe.
When , a few weeks ago , Nicholas
assumed the title of king , his wife
became Queen Milena Nicholas also declared
. _ .
that Montenegro shall be known henceforth as
, Zeta , that being the ancient name of the country.
The territory subject to the rule of King NIch-
olas is just one-fourteenth of the area of Rou-
mania , a tenth of Bulgaria , a seventh of Greece ,
And a fifth of Servi Yet Greece has long been
an Independent state , Roumania a monarchy since
1881 , Servia a kingdom since 1882 , while Bulga-
ria exchanged the rank of a suzerain principality
lor that of an independent kingdom only two
years ago. Ever since that dramatically precipi
tate action on the part of Bulgaria and the assim-
ilation by Austria of the neighboring provinces
of Bosnia and Herzegovina the Montenegrin
prince and people have been ambitious to assert
their sovereign dignity.
And if there be any satisfaction In this eleva
1 tion of their national status the Montenegrins are
assuredly as entitled to it as their neighbors of
: Servia and Bulgaria , for Montenegro can boast a
i record unrivaled by any other state in the whole
,
Balkan peninsula. Alone of all the Balkan
, . peoples these hardy mountaineers have never
I . . Icnown the harsh hand of a conqueror. Secure in
their wild mountain fastnesses , almost impreg-
I , nable in their Inaccessibility , the Montenegrins
j have retained their national life and political in-
dependence through centuries of strife and Sla
I vonic dismemberment Dynasties have fallen and
; kingdoms crumbled on either hand , but this one
tiny state has preserved its freedom from alien
control. Even when the Turkish hordes threat-
" ened to overrun Europe and in their triumphant
t
: , )
- . . .
a
4.
.
. . , .
- - -
1 .
_ _ _ _ -
, .
. . . . : . . - . 3'
. ' , . " . . . . . J' . F Ipi
. . . . -
n. . . . J J . ' . . . . . , . , ; . 1.1 . , . ; . Ji . . . , . . . - . : ( : t " ' ? : ' y
. , , . , 'x ' : < . , . . . . ' " , .y. . , . J . ' : , '
' " , ' " : : "X'
.0z.0" " : d. < ' : ; " ' ' , : . ' > ; ' : ; . .J ; 7" : . . , . % . . -
. .
: ; : ; : . , :7. : , .
. ,
U ; % : ' ' ' . ' ' . , . . : : " , , ' . ' . : . " ' . - . % . . . , " , , , " , ' ,
' ' ' : ( . . L- ' ;
: -
: X
$ -
: 'o < ' : : ; ' , : : ; . .
; ; ; . . . " ' :
/ry/ : : >
. . / . . , "b/ ; ; ' ' < < . < - "
. . / . . - : : ; . ? ; : $ ' " ; .
; : ; : : >
. f5' . , . ' , , ' . , , : . . , , ' . ; .
. : : .
. ' : " ' *
: r-- .
; " : . i > ' . . . , : , / . ' .
! : . : : "f ; : . . I
. . "
. , . .z , ' / F'
" , , , " ' ; , : . . . . : > ' . 'I > ; . : < . : < "J . < : . . ; : ; / ' '
"
"I' , :6'X'/ < " < : ' . ' " , , ' : "
, ' : : ' . ' J '
:
' :
;
< ! : : > "
. " ' - : ' ,
' j'j-:1i ;
{ HV' , : ,
. : , t ' : " " , < ! : . $1 ; " . "
'
ffi/ ; ( ' ?
. - I - -
' , , ; : . - x _ .
'
1 . .
' / )
a
. . t . ,
- t ' ) + : : '
-
C5OLDJEI4C5
I . jI : : .
I I W r9 ' , ' _ J 1 J + + '
I I ( ' , : : i >
I ' I . . . . .
. . .i : : .
I . . % ' . ; ; { - '
/ '
i ' .c 7i I " ir r , , \ .
, . I I ( , V . * : ; i , 4. ; _ _ _ : . ' > + , , > , , > . . . ) , , . ,
.1 I ( + . . . . . . . . ) ' ' Y ' . . . S)4
F \ /4 ! ; : Ir1 > : , \ ;
\
.
\ p . , . .
. , . : : :
' ' : : : . : . , . ' ' ; ; : ( , ,4 % i
?
t ? -
lit rTREEiT . . . 7- - - " ' . /70/YTE/YECR//Y.5 AT C'ETT7/YOE .
I . (3 TREEiT C'JYL7
-H
111 march swept away the medieval Servian empire
j this warlike mountain race kept its passes by
ceaseless watching night and day and submis
sion to Turkish authority was of a nominal na
ture. And when their ancient capital was threat
ened they abandoned It as ruthlessly as those
other Slavs of the northland burned and aban
don ed- Moscow in the face of the advancing foe
and betaking themselves high ' up Into the moun-
tains founded a secure seat of government within
I the rocky walls of Cettinje ;
A wonderful people these Montenegrins , with
a wonderful history. If ever a Servian empire
"be re-established , if ever the Balkan states be-
come united in a powerful confederation that
would wholly change the political complexion of
the near east and its problems , it will be largely
due to the patriotism and pluck of this little pa-
, triarchal state. To this day the men wear an
edging of black in their scarlet caps-thIs in
,
, f I mourning for a lost Slav empire-and with all
E the passion of a primitive people they hold to
that national Idea which would accomplish the
union of all the Serb states.
Early in the sixteenth century the ruler of the
Montenegrins , being a pious prince , who much
loved the church , handed executive authority to
the metropolitan bishop , who henceforth bore the
' title of "vladlka , " or prince bishop. For three
and a half centuries spiritual and temporal
h power lay in one man's hands , the vladika being
I a little Balkan pope. In 1696 the Petrovic Njegos
I family entered into possession of this princely
' power , and this dynasty rules in Montenegro still.
, . In 1851 Danilo I. renounced the title of vladika
1 in favor of that of hospodar , at the same time
L severing the temporal authority from the spirit-
Tial oversight of the people. In 1853 Danilp II.
ordered the enrollment in arms of all Montene-
grin males capable of service. The tribal system
still obtained , chieftains of clans being directly
responsible to their prince. On August 13 , 1860 ,
the present ruler acceded to power and during
I the fifty years of a notable reign Prince ! Nicholas
. bas done much to civilize and modernize : this
I primitive mountain land while at the same time
he has been careful to keep national habits in
: all their simplicity : and to foster a lofty : national-
Ism of spirit and sentiment among his people.
. - Of all the states in Europe Montenegro is per-
ftaps the least known to , the least visited by , the
L1dJ average traveled man , while to the untraveled }
/ the very nar.e is a ' blank. The proclamation
I' ' of a new king in Europe is a reminder however ,
, of the value which the Montenegrins sat upon
their own importance an importance which Is
by no means to be underestimated when Balkan
questions : . ar ; ? * tp disturb ! the currents of high
-
-
- .
.
S.
!
. . - '
. .
,
, p x' ) N
.
_
s4 < x' 'S
. . - - - ' ' .5 'S ' )5 , 4 , 5 . , . ; ' 5
Sc 4 .
-S
;
C . , ' : 5'S _ _ _ S
<
-S
( .
5' . - 'S
5'i' - 5- .5 , S.
S
,
' ,
'S
'S
) ) . '
S ' _ 5 *
:
. .
' , , . . ' : ; ' , . : (
) : ' 'P. . _ _ _ _
' ' 4 Sc .
, . _ '
. ; )5S
. . . .
S ' ; ' . C' . '
, _ t'
: : . _ :3 : : ' :
5 ,
'
: . '
.C ' -.5 >
; C > 5
: >
) , _ S'
5 ,
> ( ,
I S
.4 ) ,
' )
.
I1 , . ' c
> . '
5.
5. -
diplomacy. Packed within an area which Is at
most a hundred miles long and eighty miles wide
is a population of about a quarter of a million
people , the sturdiest , bravest and most warlike
people anywhere to be found. The Montenegrins
are a fighting race , among whom personal bra-
very is accounted the highest virtue in man. By
a national decree the men all carry loaded pis- ! :
-1
tols at their belts , and these they are prone to Z .
use on small provocation. Theyhave no regard " -
for the value of human life , and family anlmosl- J , '
'J
ties are pursued through generations after the 4
JO
fashion of the Corsican vendetta. Nicholas I. has T
for years steadfastly discouraged these blood " 3
feuds , which are a bane of Montenegrin life ; but g
racial instincts die hard , and these men of the , j
Black Mountains are not easily soothed into civl- rf ;
llzatlon's ways.
In the early years of Nicholas' reign Montene-
gro suffered much by pestilence and famine as
well as by , successive conflicts with Turkey ,
which has ever been envious of the Montenegrins'
stubborn independence. In the struggles of the
seventies Prince Nicholas and his people were
successful to the extent of recovering valuable
seaboard territory , in the possession of which
the principality was confirmed by the twenty-
eighth article of the Berlin treaty. In the same '
famous agreement of the powers the independ-
ence of Montenegro , really existent for centuries ,
was at last formally recognized even by Turkey.
With so much conceded to their heroism and pa-
triotism Montenegrins were free to develop
their national resources , whicla are wholly agri-
cultural. Among the humanizing influences es
sential to the progress of his people Prince
Nicholas- promptly recognized the value of edu-
cation , and almost before the ink was dry on
treaty signatures an extensive scheme of elemen-
tary education was organized throughout the
principality. There . are nbw some 200 primary
schools maintained by : the state and attendance
is compulsory on all children.
Whatever Nicholas I. has done'and may do ,
however , by way of fostering the arts of peace
and of advancing the material prosperity of his
people avails little when the Montenegrin genius
is essentially military. In all eastern Europe
there is no finer soldier than the hardy man of
the mountains. The Montenegrin ruler knows his
strength in this respect , and he has fashioned
at least a fifth of the population into a well-dis
ciplined and well-equipped little army comprising
58 battalions of infantry and 12 batteries of artil-
lery , but no cavalry.
Of even greater account than their martial
order is the intense nationalism of the Montene
grins , a sentiment which their ruler stlmulateo
- - - - - - - - - - - - - . : . , , - - - - - - - . -
,
.
I
$ " 1/ -
; . . , MC/iOJLAS T.
TiI PETROVIC
JYilE2O.5 Jo ( ) ,
+ z4.
w
' 5
;
'
*
h" _ _ _ ' 1 '
:
\ . i
by royal decree as well as by personal example
It is , for ' instance incumbent on all to wear thi
national costume ; prosaic European clothing ii
tabooed. Picturesque as it is , the costume em
phasiz the extravagant theatricality of -the Mon
tenegrin pose. But if garments enhance : an ideal
Prince Nicholas is shrewd indeed. In His ordi.
nance. Much that may seem extravagant and
absurdly archaic to western ideas has a hidden
r purpose in the Balkins. Austrian , Russian and
German policy alike has aimed at such" seve
rance of Serb associations as shall effectually
repress Serb aspirations to a reunited empire.
On the other hand It has been the settled pol
icy of Nicholas I. to kee.p the flame of Serb pa
triotism alight. Hence it is that the fervent na
tionalism of this Montenegrin people finds ex
pression in the very jackets of the men and the
skirts of the women , in the minstrelsy of thfl
single-stringed fiddlea and the ever-present readi :
ness for war.
Montenegro has a constitutiton , first granted
in 1868. The skupstchina or national assembly ;
is elected by universal suffrage for a term of
four years. : A ministry of six portfolios repre
sents executive authority , but to all Intents and
purposes Nicbolas I. is an absolute autocrat. The
father of his pr/ople , he gives public audience to
all and sundry and administers justice beneath
a famous plane tree hard by the palace gates at
Cettinje. Such is the patriarchal ruler of a pa
triarchal state who in the pursuit of a national
ambition } is exchanging the primitive simplicity
of ancient Czernagora--as Montenegro once was
styled-for the trappings and majesty of a mini
ature monarchy.
SOME QUEER ENGLISH NAMES.
Sussex can produce queer names in plenty , foi
example : Replenished Pryor , a damsel who dwell
at Heathfield ; Mr. Stand-fast-on-high Stringer ;
Mr. Ales Cressel , and Master Perform-thy-vows
Seers. The county archives also yield unusual
family names , such as Pitchfork , Devil , Leper ,
Juglery , Beatup , Breathing , Whiskey Wildgoose ,
.
and Lies.
Dorset can hold her own tolerably well with
villages named Ryme Intrinseca and Toller Por-
corum ; rivers called Wriggle river and Devil's
brook ; commons christened Giddy green and
God's Blessing green , and heights called Hungry
down , Mount Ararat , Grammars hill , and Danc-
ing hill. A prospective tenant might well hesi.
tate before signing the lease of Wooden. Cabbage
farm , Labor , in Vain farmt Poor Lot farm and
Charity bottom , even though he should hail from
Kent , which owns two Starvecrow farms within
a ride of each other.-LondonChronlcle.
. . . . - S _ _ . - - . . . . : . . = - - - . . . . : . . -
-
-
-
.
, .
- - - -
"
' ( < $1JDn-O ll
FAO"I nOli 13 t\ .
I Mf1V'IRM
@ .
By lr
Prof. W. N. Munson recommends
for treatment of old orchards to plow
I as early as possible in the spring , har-
row at once and apply about 500
pounds of fertilizer to the acre , then
harrow about once in two weeks un
til the middle of August , when a cov
er crop of rye or spring vetch should
be sown. In working among the trees
he finds the traceless harness of great
value. The exact time and method of
tillage is not so important as to be
sure that a fair amount of tillage is
given.
-
In the production of milk and cream
on the farm the farmer seldom stops
to consider that there should be
placed a va'lue on the forage which
the cows consume when on pasture
or that the labor necessary to feed ,
milk and properly care for the cows
and the milk should be considered as
an expense. On this account , too
often , the farmer fails to fully under-
stand the actual cost of his butter
when ready for market.
The number of sheep In the world
Is estimated at 580,000,000 , a number
much greater than any other meat
producing animal. Of this number
there are in Australia 88,000,000 ; Ar-
gentina , 67,000,000 ; Turkey , 45,000,000 ;
Russia , 45,000,000 ; Great Britain , 27-
000,000. There are an even 100,000-
000 goats with not enough of them in
the United States for enumeration.
Weeding out the poorest cows is the
best way to Improve the record of any
dairy In the amount of milk and but-
ter produced , in proportion to the
number of cows kept. This process of
weeding out will also aid materially
to increase the profits.
Large bands of sheep do not thrive
so well under farming conditions as
smaller ones , and are moreover espe-
cially apt to injury the land , for they
not only crop the growing plants too
closely , but by buncnmg , tend to pud-
dle the ground.
While bran can be used with a de
cided advantage In making up the
rations of the dairy cows it should be
used to excess as It will make cream
hard to churn while the butter will
be'pale rather than a golden yellow.
When the time for culliqg the
' young stock comes , the enjnced
breeder has a decided advantag * ? over
the beginner. The former can tell at
a much earlier date those birds that
it will be profitable to keep.
-
The time to place on surplus boxes
is when the hive or lower story is full
or nearly so. As long as bees have
abundant room , in the brood chamber
to work they will not go into any sur-
plus boxes.
If there were fewer dogs there
would be more sheep ; and as soon as
farmers make up their minds to have
more sheep and fewer dogs , they will
bring that healthy condition to pass.
Perhaps the reason more root crops
are not raised Is that they require
more work both in their cultivation
and harvesting and In their storing-
md feeding.
Use up all the old straw stack for
, bedding the animals before warm
, weather comes. Manure Is a by-prod
uct that figures part of the profits in
live stock growing. Make the best
of it.
It always seemed to us a great mis
take to fatten sows and sell them
after they have raised a litter. A sow
that develops good breeding qualities
should be kept as long as possible.
The cows of Holland live in their
owner's house. But don't imagine the
stalls are filthy like ours. They are
as neat as your sitting room.
Good blood is essential to the pro
ducing of good horses , but not any
more so than the material that forms
S the food for producing the animal
when once started In life.
Ventilation , both night and day , Is
essential to the health of poultry.
Many diseases among fowls are trace-
able to the xrant of pure air.
By some seedsmen sweet clover is
catalogued as Bokhara or bee clover.
It Is a fine thing for bees as the flow
ers secrete a fine quality of nectar and
large amounts of it.
-
Remember to supply plenty of grit
to the young ' poultry. They need it
as much as mature birds. Grit forms
part of their digestive system.
; The Increase In a flock of sheep rep-
fresents ; almost entire profit to the man
: who bas no rentals to pay and keeps
ibis ! sheep on government lands
S 55 -c. ' , - ' ; . " " "FfJ" " .
; , . , - w
- . . - T' . ' . . . . . . . , .
The Incubating season Is practically'
over with poultry , so far as profit to ,
the owner Is concerned , and the Min
nesota experiment station advises
that all old nesting material bu taken
out and burned , and that all nesting-
boxes be disinfected and given a coat
of liquid lice-killer ; after which fresh
straw may be placed In them for late
layers. ' The creosote preparations
sold at lumber yarda' for wood pre-
serving have been used with good ef
fect as lice klHers. : 0-
The movement of so many thou
sands of young people from the farm
to the city Is largely caused by bad
roads which isolate their homes and
render the world about them inac
cessible. The addition to the urban
population lessens the .producing force
of the farm and at the same time cre
ates a greater demand for farm prod.
ucts. This means a higher cost of liv
ing and an undesirable situation re
sults.
The minus quality of our soils lies
not so much on the chemical side of
the soil as upon the wretchedly poor
physical condition induced through the
lack of any attempt to retucn to the
soil that vital attribute which makes
for productiveness - humus ; which
+ o - ; ether with rational tillage and use
oi manures , constitutes the best key
for unlocking the storage of latent
plant food contained In the solL
The cow is instinctively the most
courteous animal in the world. She al
ways responds to better treatment.
What shall we say for some of the men
who own her and use her with a nig-
gardliness that shows how little they
know of a cow and how little they ap
preciate her.
If the dairy cow is in a good health -
condition and her milk supply profits
counteract her actual expense of keep-
Ing , she is worth the time and trouble
of keeping her but on the other hand ,
should she consume more feed than
her profit warrants , get rid of her as
soon as possible.
When doing the tree planting , do
not forget to put a few trees in a cor- .
ner of the pasture fields , if there is
such a things as fenced pasture on the
farm. Protect these for a few years ,
and they will protect the stock for
many more.
Animals are like human beings
sometimes they will eat more than at
others , and If a feeder -acts In accord-
ance with the demands of the animals
under his control , it means safe and
sure economy to the man who pays
the bill.
The best time to thin peaches is
just when the pit is hardening. In the
country : between 35 and 40 degrees
latitude , this is done June 10 to 15.
Further south , of course the work
should begin earlier.
From a business point of view , the
hog Is described as "a great national
resource , a farm mortgage lifter and.
debt-payer , and the most generally
profitable domesticated animal In
American agriculture. " ,
Don't hesitate about paying a good
price for a pure bred sire provided he
is well bred and good individually.
The money will come back to you
fourfold in the first crop of young-
sters.
Celery makes most of its growth ,
during September and October , and if
you can get plants of these varieties
out in July and August , and a root
system started the chances are good
for a crop.
In fattening both fowls and chickens
it must be remembered that the less
exercise they get the quicker they will
fatten. It Is difficult to fatten well
fowls that have a free range.
.
- - -
Foods vary in quality owing to dif.
ferent conditions under which they
are grown. This is one reason why a
prescribed ration will not always pro
duce the same results.
-
For comb honey , a hive a little more t
shallow in the brood nest than the i
regular body Is preferable , as it forces ; .
the honey up into sections just where
it is wanted.
- I
Farmers and feeders would do well
to pay more attention to the root
crops In their attempt at getting the
ideal feeding ration , both for beef and 1
dairy cattle. ;
One great advantage sweet clover
has over a great many crops Is that it
will keep in check almost all of the
noxious weeds with which we are
troubled.
Tuberculosis in chickens has been
found in five cases this year by the
state hygienic laboratory at the Uni
versity of Wisconsin.
It Is highly desirable that pigeons of
all kinds should assume their new
garb before the cold , damp dark days
of winter set in.
To make the greatest profit out of
swine It Is necessary to produce gains
cheaply. This can best be accom-
plished by furnishing plenty of for-
age.
-
To get the best financial results
from a flock of mutton sheep It Is es
sential that they combine a god fleece
with a good "lee : of mutton. "
The sow chosen for breeding should :
be selected from the best animals in
the best available herd in the larmer's
neighborhood.
. _ .
- - - - '
-
: - ,
I
!
i
.
