Nebraska Newspapers

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_ , , . , MANNER IN WHICH THE AIR SUPPORTS THE AEROPLANE , SHOWN DIAGRAMMATICALLY IN THREE STAGES-ON THE GROUND , LEAVI NG THE GROUND AND IN FLIGHT. :
The difficulty of keeping on a straw hat when motoring or driving may help to illus-
trate the first principle of governing the aeroplane , says the London Sphere. Setting out
on a calm day , it will be found that : the current of air rushing against one's hat increases
with the speed of the car , and further , it will be noted that the tendency of this horizontal
current of air is to lift the hat upward off one's head. The rim of the hat is usually tilted
at a slight angle , and it is in effect a kind of aeroplane. The greater the speed at which
. it is moved through the air the grea.ter is the uplifting pressure of the air against it. This
upward reaction of the air gives support to every flying machine. Experimenters first de
signed gliding machines of light weight and with large bearing surfaces , and to gain the
necessary : support from the air they leaped off hills or ran down inclines. When the proper
speed was attained the machine rose in the air. Thus gliding was accomplished. . Be ' it
noted that for/gliding machines man has departed from the bird type with flapping wings.
The gliders and the glider aeroplanes have fixed planes.
. But it was soon found that these glides could only be of short duration , for the
forward speed of the machine rapidly declined , and thus the upward supporting. pressure
. of the air diminished. In the ssme way , when the speed of the motor car declined there
would be less difficulty in keeping one's straw hat on. It was obvious that there shjould .
be an arjificial propelling force to keep up the velocity of the nlachine. This idea was
tested with models by shooting them from catapults and other devices , and is still em-
ployed for toys and demonstration purposes. A bullet shot from a gun is also in effect a
flying ; machine , the enormous velocity , imparted to it enabling it to make a long flight
through the air.
As centinuous velocity was essential , it soon became evident , however , that the best
way of maintaining : the velocity of a flying body was to have this propulsive power pro
. , U \ vided ! on board of the vessel itself. Experiments made with the propellers mounted . on
motor cars showed that a good speed could be obtained from a vehicle running on the
. . . road by fitting it with aerial propellers. Acting on the air , the screws move the whole ap
paratus forward just as a ship's propellers drive it through water. Airship propellers
could thus be. tested for their efficiency by use on road vehicles , and the method well illus-
trates the suitability of the air as a medium in which to use propellers.
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. OW much money can a
woman spend ? We dare
H
I anybody to give us a few
millions of dollars and
- ,
_ ' - - ' - . , . , j let us find out , writes
. . 1- _ * ' Mine. Qui Vive in the
_ _ _ _ Chicago Record-Herald.
. How much money is a woman likely
. to spend ? All that she doesn't save ,
. and saving isn't her particular spe
. cialty or profession. Is it important
. that she shall spend $40,000 a year : on
silky raiment , fine feathers , tootsie-
I , coverings of gold and bronze , silk ho-
- . o siery and sweet nothings of lace with
< ribbons run through ? It may be im
- . : : ' portant , but to most of us it's not
" , . : : : true. Mrs. Howard Gould says that
. . . . . she requires $10,000 a month , or $120-
000 a year , ins order to live decently
as befits a lady of fashion. The news
I - of it rather dazed some who have
, A' dashed about in grand style and much
IA fashion OH. $9 a week , and put money
/ in the bank during the dashing.
_ _ _ _ t't : : If it were not for the women coin-
,
J flingers , what would become of this
great coustry of ours , anyway ? There
p would be ne need of tariff discussions
_ and the Jafant industries would die
i , from lack of nourishment. How many
_ _ _ t
- \ : : . male shoppers invade the big depart-
_ _ _
- ment stores ? A few tImid. mouselike
.
-
, ,
creatures , who scurry to the neckwear
department and out again or who ven
ture 'into the maelstrom of skirts and
parasols to purchase an occasional
pair of . purple sunset socks. If wom
en didn't spend , money the merchant
would be a rare 'curiosity to be seen
only in the dime museum.
The small items are , the ones that
count up the fastest and count for
practically nothing. When a woman
gets a hat mad on and flutters into
a millinery-shop to go insane for an
hour or two , there's no limit to the
number of hats she may select. As
long as she keeps from fainting she
can continue to pick out , even though
her hair net may fall by the wayside
and her false puffs give up the ghost.
At a. fashionable milliner's establish
ment few hats are listed under $40. A
single plume may cost $200. A wom
an can spend $1,000 for skypieces
without great fatigue of mind or body.
And if she has a fortune she frequent-
ly does it.
When it comes to jewelry , there is
of course no end to the outpouring of
gold. Diamonds and pearls , filigree
and emeralds , rubles and turquoise all
cost real money of large denomina
tion. . .
For veils and hosiery. handkerchiefs
. The last stage was to obtain the gliding machine , mount an engine on this , and
set it , to drive one or more propellers. The action of the screw was to force the machine
along the ground first , and then as speed increased and air resistance grew greater , the
whole apparatus would be lifted bodily off the ground , provided the upward air pressure
was able to overcome the downward pressure due to the weight of the apparatus. As
long as a certain minimum speed is obtained and a certain minimum air pressure kept
up the vessel will move in the air always controlled by two main forces-the downward
pull due to gravity and the upward thrust due to the reaction of the air against which the
machine is forced. The balance and control of the machine In the air , the action of vary-
ing wind currents. etc. , are other important factors , however , which govern the machine
in the treacherous aerial sea. '
The methods of control on the various machines show many : differences , but the main
functions are much the same. The essentials are :
1. Control of upward and downward steering.
2. Control of side steering.
3. Control of the engine.
4. Balancing.
Levers are generally employed , butin some cases wheels serve to govern the various
organs , and pedals are used in a few instances also. In the biplanes the rudder or elevator
for up and down steering is placed in front , whilst in the monoplanes it is usually in the
rear. The rudders for steering from side to side are generally at the rear. In the
Wright machine they are coupled up with the balancing device which warps the main
planes. Machines of the Voisin type are not provided with balancing devices worked by
the driver , as they have automatic stabilizers in the shape of a box tail and vertical side
panels between the main planes. Most of the monoplanes have balancing devices under the
driver's control.
Engine control very often merely consists of a device for cutting off the ignition
and thus stopping the engine. This , in manY4 cases , takes the form of a wire or loop near
the aviator's -hand , so that he can instantly stop the motor.
I _ ! ' C- I _ _ _ _ ,
\ \
and gloves a woman can spend a for-
tune every year. A pair of corsets of
good make will cost $25 and no cor
set is considered' fit to wear after a
month or six weeks - that is , by the
coin-distributor who loves to let the
money fly away or fly by , as the case
may be. Handkerchiefs must be edged
with real lace , gloves must be of the
finest quality and discarded instead of
cleaned , hosiery must never be worn
after a toe has peeked through or a i
heel has developed little windows.
Undermuslins must be handmade ,
trimmed with real lace edge or done
with finest hand embroidery. Negligee
flutters and frills can be most expen-
sive , and dressing robes and kimonos
are no trifling matter. -
Mrs. Howard Gould isn't the only
woman of extravagant tastes. There
are others , and we hear about them
frequently. Miss Guilia Morosini , the
New York girl of prominence , says I
that she cannot dress well on less
than $200,000 a year. It was a common .
report that she spent half that amount i
for gowns for the horse show one I
.
year. :
year.Mrs. '
Mrs. Russell Sage is another money '
flinger. It is said that her husband
earned $3,000 a day , and she has been
giving money away at the rate of
$5,000 a day , going him $2,000 better.
In one year she donated $14,000,000 to
charity. At the d ath of her husband
Mrs. Sage was estimated to be worth
$100,000,000. The Gould family con-
trols $80,000,000. Mrs. Hetty Green's
fortune ranges between $50,000,000
and $60,000,000.
Once again : How much money can
a woman spend ? The reply to the
problem is : First show us the wom
an. There are Katherine Goulds and
there are Hetty Greens , the spend-
thrifts and the misers. What would
bring joy to Mrs. Gould would create
misery in the thrifty soul of Het. The
talent of one is to waste and the abil
ity of the other is to save.
Few women can say how much
money a woman can spend. The ma-
jority have never had a chance to find
out. Perhaps it is just as well since
the genuine supreme ecstacy of ex
travagance is /to / buy something you
don't need when you cannot possibly
afford it. Yes ?
The use of chlorine in the propor-
tion of five parts to one million , ac
cording to the Geological Survey , will
practically disinfect ordinary sewage.
The tungsten incandescent lamp is
the first artificial light by which all
colors can be distinguished. .
GUNNER BLOWN : TO PIECES
AT A CANNON'S MOUTH.
Standing dn front of an old-fash
ioned brass cannon , ramming the wad-
ding down , Paul Paulson , a member of
the Escanaba division of the Michigan
State naval reserves , was literally
blown from the muzzle of the gun
when the charge exploded premature
ly. The reserves had been called out
to attend a celebration given In honor
of the organization. the Grangers in
that section and were about to fire an
honorary salute to Mayor Rose , of
Milwaukee : , the principal speaker of
the day , when the accident occurred.
Fully 10,000 people were in attendance
when the tragedy occurred and at
least 1,000 of them were eyewitnesses
to the deafch of young Paulson. So in-
terested did the farmers become in the
work of loading the old-fashioned
piece that they crowded in among the
gun crew and hampered them in their
work. Several times they were or-
dered back , but without avail. The
work of inserting the fuse and prim-
ing powder brought many of them so
close to 'the breech of the weapon that
they crowded about the wheels and
powder boxes. Paulson was at the
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I muzzle ramming home the wadiing
when a criminally careless spectator
flicked the ashes from his cigar. There
was a tiny puff of flame and smoke
as the priming powder Blazed , a deaf-
ening explosion and the frightened
hundreds saw the gunner fall beneath
the cloud of dense white smoke.
: HARRIMAN , EPIGRAMS.
I have worked hard because I like
the doings of things.
As I grow older I am beginning to
think more of my fellowman.
It has always seemed wiser to me
to sleep on the roof than in the base-
ment.
To achieve what the world calls suc-
cess , a man must attend strictly to
business and .keep a little ahead of the
times.
Success is the accomplishment of
any one task as well or better than the
same task can be accomplished by an-
other.
People seem to take more stock in a
man who talks than in a man who'
acts. But this is a day devoted to
isms , asd 1 will p.a&I I ,
-
,
I , KICK SAVES A FARMER'S LIFE.
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J. M. Underwood , an Illinois farmer ,
no doubt owes his life to the presence
of mind of A. T. Woodstock , a brake-
man on the Chicago , Peoria & St.
Louis Railroad. Riding upon the , pi
lot of his engine , which was pulling a
fast freight train , Brakeman Wood
stock was 'horrified ' when he saw the
body of a man lying across the rails
directly in front of the train as it
.
rounded the curve. Signaling the en-
gineer , who slowed down the train '
with the emergency brakes , he extend- .
I ed himself forward on the pilot as far .
as possible , and with his foot shoved" :
Underwood from the track. When the .
train was stopped Underwood was .
picked up at the foot of a steep em-
bankment. Other than a painfully .
bruised shoulder from coming in con-
tact with the bra1 ernan's : ; shoe , Under-
wood was uninjured. He had missed
his train and started to walk home.
Becoming tired , Underwood says he
sat down on the track to rest , and that
is the last he remembers until he !
came to at the bottom of the embank- I :
ment. '
I IITTLE CUETAINr LECTURES. I
"For heaven's sake , my dear , what
ever else you do , don't become stingy ! "
"There's something mighty mys-
terious about the way you've been act-
ing lately , and I'll get to the bottom
of it , mark my words , sir ! "
.
"Do you wantme , to go out with
you looking like : a perfect frump and
dowdy , or are you going to give me
time to dress ? "
"I'd like to know , so I would , why
it is that some '
women's husbands
are
glad to take them everywhere with
them , while you are forever making
up excuses to get out alone ! "
"That's it , you heartless brute-
laugh ! It just shows how much un
derstanding or appreciation you have
of the feelings of a woman ! "
"Coming home in the car this even-
ing an awfully fine-looking middle-
aged man , beautifully groomed , kept
staring and staring at me , " etc.
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SOME CHANGES DURING
ONE HUNDRED YEARS
Domestic Duties Have Been Won .j . " ,
derfully Lightened in the ! ' > . . "
Past Century. . r .
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SKILL OF OLD-TIME MATRONS , .
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Our Grandmothers Were CapaUe'oZ
Doing Everything , from Making
Candles to Spinning Silk. . . . . .
To-day the whirr of a thousand
looms hum in a spot that once echoed
to the treadle of one. The man who
sheare his sheep , and his wife who -
carded and spun and wove the wool -
are asleep on yonder bill. The card- -
ers have fallen Into rust , tbe spinning
wheel Is silent. Another generation
wears woolen garments woven into
shape by knitting mills , and fine Un-
ens and silks that have come from
power looms in mammoth factories.
What if the thread Is more brittle and
the color less enduring than fingers
in the past were wont to spin and
dye ? Fair and fine and frail are the.
lilies of to-day. The woman who
wears them thrusts rosemary out of
sight with 2ie r last season's gowns.
She does not want the things that en-
dure.
The woman who by the pressure of
an electric button illuminates almost
an entire house seldom recalls the-
I
mE'thod'hich her grandmother em-
ployed for furnishing light to her
household by means of candles fash
ioned by her own hands. She , per-
haps , was able to procure beef tallow
and wax from the beehives tocked
with bees more for the purpose of sup-
plying comb than honey-then so
largely used in place of sugar. But
her mother , doubtless , depended upon
the tallow shrub , bayberry bush and
candelberry tree to furnish a meager
quantity of waxy substance which she
might boil to a stiff consistency and
into which her row of candle wicks
might be dipped. * .
The innumerable inventions to sim- "
, ,
plify work in the kitchen , and which
to , do practically everything except con-
sume the food , -are considered indis-
pensable by the modern housewife , but
would have been gazed upon with won-
dering awe by the housewife of a
hundred years ago who thought her-
self lucky indeed if she owned a Dutch
oven in which to bake he'r cukes and !
brea.l. and a twisting string , clock
.
jack : or turnspit dog to keep her roast
revolving before the fire.
Tliini Women IUd 1OO Years Ago.
A hundred years have wrought as
many changes in other respects. The
belle of to-day who numbers her toilet
soaps and face powders and creams by
the score can scarcely realize that her
grandmother made a preparation of
starch or eggshells and cologne as a
face powder and collected grease and
manufactured lye of wood and ashes ,
with which to boil soft soap for house-
hold purposes , some of which was re
fined for personal usage. Nor do the
families who respond to the call of
soft chimes or on announcing butler
at the dinner hour think upon the
time when tteir anoestors were sum
moned by the sound of a drum , a horn ,
a gun an Iron triangle or a loudly
blown conchshell. . '
In the long ago women had few
spare hours for idleness for reading
or amusement. There were stockings
to knit , undergarments to stitch. rugs-
to braid and weave , jellies and fruits , ' :
pickles and preserves to put up in . .
easoI Knitting mills have relieved
toiling fingers of the labor of ' con-
structing stockings and underwear ;
rugs and carpets are wrought cheaply
in factories , embroidery is done by
machinery , and if a housewife prefers
to continue canaing vegetables and
fruits for her table the work is made
light for her by porcelain lined pre-
serving kettles , air tight : , rubber sealed
jars , and patent lifters , holders and : ;
sealers for filling and sealing the jars
with boiHng hot fruit wit& a rapidity .
that makes it possible to put up fifty
jars of fruit , with less effort than our
grandmothers expended to preserve . .
five.
PIE EATING SNAKE.
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On entering the pantry ofIrs. .
.
Louis Longbrake near Findlay , Ohio
Mrs. George Young was horrified to-
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see a big snake swallowing a pie that
.
had Just been-set there to cool. Her ;
screams were heard by men who were ;
near , and they killed the snake . . ,
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