'V " T-
ffift 1 fc t-TTi ,
1470 P.attlc of Stanford.
lulil Magellan discovered the Philippine
Islands.
3."i-JO Tliomas , Lord Seymour , beheaded
3. ( H D.ivid Rizzio murdered.
3.llH ) j'.attle of Jarnac.
13SO Walter Raleigh inado an assign
ment of his patent to Thomas Smith
and others.
1021 England declared war against
Spain.
Itt.'S Treaty of Roeskild signed.
KHiJ ) Memorable eruption of Mt. Etna.
1 < ; 7(5 Attack on Groton , Mass. , by In
dians.
1G7S Ghent surrendered to Louis XIV.
1702 William III. of England died. Suc
ceeded by Queen Anne.
1700 First London daily paper ap
peared.
3710 Danes driven out of Sweden.
1732 Kouli Khan usurped the Persian
throne.
17.0 City of London shaken by an
earthquake.
17.10 Treaty between Russia and Swe
den for neutrality ofthe Baltic.
17G."i Stamp Act passed by British
IIouce of Lords.
17GS Six students at Oxford expelled for
Methodism.
1793 French National convention abolished
ished imprisonment for debt.
1790 Napoleon Bonaparte married to
Josephine Beauharnais.
1790 Massacre of Jaffa. *
1S01 Aboukir surrendered after a san
guinary conflict with the French.
1S12 John ITcnry's plot to dismember
1h < > Union discovered.
1S14 Lord "Wellington copturcd Bor
deaux.
1825 Pasturing cows on Boston com
mon forbidden.
1830 Petroleum discovered in Kvi-
tucky. Bottled and sold as a rued-
jcino. . First gold from Georgia mines
received at the mint.
3S41 Steamer President wrecked ; 10G
lives lost.
1S47 Battle of Vera Cruz.
1S4S Revolution in Vienna. Flight oi
Prince Mctternich.
1850 Party processions in Ireland pro
hibited.
1854 Alliance of England , France anO
Turkey against Russia.
1858 Siege of Lucknow began.
1S01 Confederate constitution adopted.
1S02 Battle of the Monitor and Merri-
7nac in the James River. .Generals
McCulloch and Mclntosh killed in
battle at Pea Ridge , Ark.
1S03 Prince of Wales married Alexan
dra of Denmark.
1SG4 General Grant appointed comman-
dcrnchief of forces of the United
States.
3SG7 Steamer Mercury sunk in Arkan
sas River ; 25 lives lost.
1S70 First woman jury in America as
sembled in Wyoming Territory.
1S71 Rise of the Commune in Paris.
1875 Moody and Sankey began series of
notable revival meetings Jn London.
1S7S Outbreak of cholera in Arabia.
1SS1 Assassination of Alexander II. of
Rnssia.
1SS3 Ship Navarre foundered off Spurra
Dead , England ; Go lives lost.
1SS4 Coal mine explosion at Pocahon-
tas. Va. ; 150 miners killed.
1884 Osman Digna defeated by General
Graham at Taraasi , Egypt.
1885 Goal discovered in Dakota.
1885 United States hotel burned at
Steubeuville , Ohio.
ISSO Knights of Labor strike on Mis
souri Pacific Railroad.
3S8G Anti-Chinese convention in San
Francisco.
1SS9 Party of French tourists murdered
in Yellowstone Park.
1S92 Business suspended in Northwest
by a violent blizzard.
3895 Harry Hayward convicted of mur
der of Catherine Ging an Minneap
oKs..Queen Liloukalani of Hawaii
sentenced to five years' imprisonment
1895 Chinese asked Japan for peace.
190-1 Lyncliing of Richard Dickerson al
Springfield. Ohio..Mob burned ne
gro quarters.
5 Cas ie L. Chad wick found guilty.
Senator ClsirU Keeps Land.
Tlie Supreme Court has dismissed the
-case ajraSn-t United States Senator Clark
of Montana , brought to cancel the pat
ents to 11,000 acres of public domain , on
xut * ground that they were obtained fraud
ulently.
ge Canal Decision.
After innumerable delays , the Supreme
Court of 'the United States has rendered
its decision against the demand of the
State of Missouri for a perpetual injunc
tion to prevent the city of Chicago from
emptying sewage -into the drainage canal ,
whose waters reach the Mississippi
through the Desplaines and Illinois rivers.
It was held that on account of the canal
being flushed with 300,000 cubic feet o
fresh water from Lake Michigan , the
Illinois had been actualy improved in
stead of harmed.
,
TRUSTS ARE HIT.
Supreme Court Decide * They Mnnt
Convict Themselves.
Corporations can not receive immu
nity from iiuTiiniuation us individuals
and corporation ollicials must testify
when called before grand juries. Ofli-
cers of corporations may be granted
immunity as individuals , but must pro
duce evidence to convict the corpora
tions In which they are interested. All
corporations are creations of a sovereign
eign power and are not privileged to
commit any illegal act or possess any
thing unlawful. When a corporation
does either it is pluced beyond the pale
of constitutional protection.
This is the principle laid down by
decisions of the United States Supreme
Court in four cases affecting * tlie paper
and tobacco trusts. The result will be
that all corporations must produce
their books and papers when actions
are brought against them by xthe gov
ernment and witnesses may be com
pelled to answer all questions. Indi-
vidauls may have immunity from self-
incriminutions. but corporations are not
individuals.
It uj possible under the Supreme
Court's decisions for the Department of
Justice absolutely to prevent the coin-
mission of illegal and unlawful acts by
any corporation. No corporation against
which proceedings are instituted here
after can avoid convicting itself if any
of its acts have been illegal. A cor
poration will henceforth have no pro
tection in the courts from self-convic
tion unless its books and papers are de
stroyed by some ofiicer , who will as
sume responsibility for contempt.
Two opinions were rendered regard
ing the tobacco trust and two affecting
the paper trust. Justice Brown handea
down the decision on the tobacco trust
and Justice McKenna on the paper
trust Justice McKenna read his deci
sions first and referred forward to
Justice Brown's opinions * which follow
ed , thus interlocking the four cases in *
volving identical principles.
COL. MANN IS INDICTEE * .
Editor of Town Topics Held , on ft
Perjury Clmrgre.
Colonel William D'Alton Mann , of
New York , editor of Town Topics , has
been indicted for perjury by the grand
jury on charges growing out of the
trial of Norman Ilapgood , editor of
Collier's Weekly , for criminal libel. He
was held in $1,500 bail.
Colonel Maim has been president and
editor of Town Topics since 1891 and
has won an uneviable reputation in
jouralism. He also is the founder and
manager of Smart Set. Mr. Maun prin-
\tfXf . Vffi VW
pt f
5fifft > > - - . . > y * ii
COLONEL
cipally made his fortune through im
provements in army accoutrements and
by his invention of the boudoir car ,
later sold to the Pullman Company. He
was born in Sandusky , Ohio , in 1839
was educated as a civil engineer and
served with Michigan regiments in the
Civil War. When hostilities closed he
settled in Alabama , and was the first
Democrat from the Mobile district
elected to Congress under reconstruc
tion , but was not seated. He is a com
panion of the Loyal Legion and holds
membership in several clubs in New
j York City.
j John Morley soon after he had visited
' the President at the White House is said
to have remarked : "He is a sort of cross
betwen St. George and St. Vitus. "
Gen. John C. Bates , who will be head
o the general staff for one brief month ,
is the first bachelor in the history of the
American army to attain this eminence.
Admiral Dewey , dapper , smiling and
sprightly , is a familiar figure on Wash
ington's streets , lie walks with a youth-
fui buoyancy and takes a keen interest
in the street sights.
John Temple Graves , editor of the At
lanta ( Ga. ) News , has begun a move
ment to celebrate , in his home city , tha
centenary of the birth of Gen. Robert E.
Lee on Jan. 19 next year.
Senor Theodore Desha , the Governor
of Vera Cruz , Mexico , has donated to
the Carnegie museum at Pittsburg a Mex
ican idol which was regarded as the gem
of his archaeological collection.
Richard L. Ashurst , who has just beejj
made postmaster of Philadelphia , was
born in Naples , was graduated from the
University of Pennsylvania , and is a
lawyer.
The tashi lama of Tibet during his
recent visit to Calcutta was taken to the
races and was much astounded. He said
that he had never thought there were so
many people in the world.
The Rev. W. H. Fitzpatrick of Bos
ton , who has not taken a vacation for
forty years , will shortly start for the
Holy Land , stopping on his way to pay
his respects to Pooe Pius X ,
President Roosevelt's special message
on the joint resolution authorising the
Interstate Commerce Comuiiscion to
make an investigation into the subject
of railway discriminations and mo
nopolies in coal and oil contains some
reminders which the members of both
houses need. The resolution makes no
provision for the necessary expenses
of the suggested inquiry and fails to
give the commission power to adminis
ter oaths and compel the attendance of
witnesses. While the President lias
signed the resolution , he confesses that
he has misgivings as to its utilitj- . lie
urges Congress to note that at least it
must make proper provision for the
prosecution of the inquiry if it is not
to be barren of results. The difficulties
encountered in the beef-trust investiga
tion and in the effort to secure proper
punishment for railway officials violat
ing the laws against rebates have dem
onstrated the unwisdom of beginning
Investigations without thorough prepa
ration and a full recognition of the nu
merous problems to be solved by the
way.
_ * _
Secretory of State Root , in a letter
to Representative Denby of Michigan ,
explains the attitude of the American
government toward the alleged scan
dals iu the Congo Free State in Cen
tral Africa. The Congressman had
written regarding the widespread feel
ing that our government ought to do
something to bring about an interna
tional adjudication of the issues in
volved. In reply , the Secretary says
that our country is not in a position to
take the initiative toward such a step ,
because it has no possessions or spheres
of influence in Africa. In the general
act for the repression of the slave
trade , to which we are a party , it is
expressly stipulated that the regula
tion of firerarins and liquor traffic
shall be relegated to the powers having
possessions in Africa. Our relation to
the Congo State is that of one sovereign
eign to another ; consequently we are
without power to even investigate ex
isting conditions. We do not even have
diplomatic representatives in that coun
try.
Since Congress has cut down the ap
propriation to the War Department , it
is interesting to note the comparison tf
our army budget with that of other
countries. The regular army in the
United States to-day amounts to about
G0,000 men , and it costs in round num
bers about $72,000,000. France main
tains an active army of 540,000 men ,
and it costs her $133,000,000. Germany
maintains an army which has upon its
active list 640,000 men , and it costs her
8144,000,000 a year. France has an
army about nine times the size of the
United States and it costs her less than
twice as much to maintain , while Ger
many has an army more than ten times
as large , costing her about double. The
greater cost of the army of the United
States is explained by the fact that this
country pays its army men something
like wages , while only a small and al
most nominal stipend is allowed the
troops of Genrany , France , and other
European countries.
" "
Uncle Sam has discovered a real hero
and rewarded him. It took the old
fellow a year , but this caution makes
the reward all the more raluable. An
act of Congress was approved ou Feb
ruary 23 , 1905 , which provided for the
bestowal of a bronze medal on such per
sons as risked their lives to save oth
ers in the railway service. The first
hero to get this medal is George Poell ,
of Grand Island , Neb. Mr. Poell was
a locomotive fireman on the St. Joe &
Grand Island Road , and on a run witli
a heavy freight train a little boy , Paul
Ussary , was discovered on the track.
The lad , two and a half years old , did
not realize his danger , and heeded not
the whistle. Mr. Poell made his way
to the pilot and reached out for the
youngster. In saving him the fireman
slipped from the pilot and was drag
ged for 125 feet , his left foot being torn
off and his arms broken. The boy had
been dropped in the grass and was un
hurt.
" * " "
For the first time in the current
fiscal year a month has ended with a
surplus in the United States treasury.
At the close of business Wednesday the
government receipts over expenditures
for the fiscal year were $1,102,002. It
is now believed that there will be a
substantial surplus by June 30 next
February's balance amounted to $4,475-
727.
* *
< VM
*
President Palnia of Cuba has re
ceived from President Roosevelt a let
ter thanking him and the Cuban con
gress for its "touching and generous
memento of the marriage' ' of his daugh
ter. He congratulated President Palma
on the progress of the Cuban republic
-TT " *
#
Since the United States life-saving
service was established , Nov. 1 , 1871 ,
there have been 15,631 marine disas
ters on American coasts , involving 111- ,
056 persons , of whom 1,098 have been
lost , and 18,930 succored at the sta
tions. The value of property saved
Is estimated at $179,758,512 , and of
that lost at $47,884,0-17. During the
last fiscal year there were 360 disas
ters , with 4,062 persons saved and 27
lost
Gml dins nsn $ from Hie torpor of
C ?
A
ages prepares to dominate Asia md
to contend wim ike avilizahon of
The prestige
won by Japan ,
whose meteoric
rise has been the
wonder of the
world , has not been lost on the Asiatic
races generally. They believe the white
warrior is not invincible , and that it
is possible for them to compete success
fully with the Occident in manufac
tures and Industries. The full scope of
the agricultural , mineral and manufac
turing resources of the Chinese Empire
is not known , even in China , but the
possibilities are believed to be astonish
ing.
To-day the Caucasian races virtually
are masters of the world ; but what po
sition will they occupy when the twen
ty-first century dawns ? "The Power
that controls the Pacific will be master
of the earth" is a phrase that has come
to be regarded as axiomatic.
A short time ago it was generally be
lieved that Japan was destined to be
come the dominant Power in Asia. That
prophecy before the Russo-Japanese
War had been made for Russia , yet if
the straws show the direction of the
wind , both prophecies will have to be
THE AWAKENING OF CHINA.
" " * I' ' ' >
f9"V 4 * , :
EUROPEANIZED SOLDIERS WHO STILL CLING TO THE PIGTAIL.
revised , for China is throwing off the
lethargy of centuries ; her crowded
provinces are awakening , and the old-
fcst civilization in the world seems about
to bo born again.
The renaissance of China , however ,
flates back much further than is gener
ally appreciated. It began before Japan
had been compelled to emerge from her
hermitage , yet the Japanese , being a
more shifty and mercurial people , and
as a nation famed for the absorption of
ideas , quickly sprang Into power by
ail opting Western notions. Now the na
tions of the world are preparing for
tvhat Is regarded as the Inevitable. The
United States is Increasing its forces
In the Far East , and is about to estab
lish a strong military base in Hawaii.
Owing to her Impregnable position
China grew up without a rival. The
Neighboring tribes , forming the fringes
frf the empire , were duly impressed with
the power of the empire and paid willIng -
Ing homage to the giant. These tribu
taries China treated with condescend
ing patronage and the disdainful con
tempt calculated to keep them in sub
jection. When the Western nations be
gan to knock at her door China very
naturally judged them to be similar to
the tribes on her borders and assumed
toward them the tone of superiority she
was accustomed to use. She even went
BO far as to denounce them as barbar
ians and demanded tribute.
While it would be wrong to Infer , as
Is so often done , that there is no such
thing as a national mind In China , it is
true that the present renaissance is not
general throughout the empire. In oth
er words , there Is not yet that unity of
sentiment among the vast hordes in the
empire which is necessary for the suc
cessful issue of any grea'c nationalist
movement.
But China is an immense empire. It
has an area equal to more than one and
a half times that of Europe , China
proper Is about one-half the size of the
United States without Alaska and the
Jsland possessions , or about seven times
the stee of France. Communications ,
for the great part , are In the condition
they were a thousand years ago. There
are roads , which are not good except
ing where they parallel the Grand
Canal , and the numerous waterways ,
some of them artificial. Excepting for
about.SOOnlles In the north in the
province of Chili , and also excepting
the Russian Manchurlan Railway Chi
na Is without means of rapid transpor
tation. News does not quickly reach the
interior , and , Indeed , the interior of
China is terra incognita even to those
who profess to be well informed.
Awakening : In tlie Cities.
It is not In the Interior that the
awakening manifests itself , but In the
populous cities along the coast or not
far inland. The educated youth of
those cities are leading the great move
ment The Chinese are a proud people ,
and the humiliation of seeing the West
ern nations boldly demanding and seiz
ing territory ostensibly for naval sta
tions , but really for exploitation , has
given way to indignation and ambition.
This manifestation first asserted it
self In the Boxer uprising ; its latest
phase has been the boycott against
American goods and a growing hatred
of foreigners. Young China demands a
change of conditions , and as the Man-
chus , the ruling class , are an infinitesi
mal part of the whole population , the
central government has found It neces
sary to placate the clamor In order to
preserve the dynasty from being over
thrown.
One evidence of this Is to be seen in
China Is awakening , and the fact Is Impressed upon us
from all sides. It is several months since the Chinese
began to boycott the goods sent by America , which has
long been strongly anti-Chinese in its legislation , and only
the other day we had ominous risings against foreigners
at Shanghai which to close observers have more import
than the average anti-foreign movement in China. But
it is clear that the Chinese are to imitate Japan in West
ernizing themselves , though not in the whole-hearted
fashion of the Island Empire ; thus at the recent menau-
vers correspondents were immensely struck by the Europeanized -
peanized appearance of the troops , especially the officers.
So far , however , they have not had the heart to give up
the historic pigtail , which remains a curious anomaly
amid the trimmer trappings of the West.
the dispatch of a commission to tour
the world and bring back the latest
ideas In manufactures , industry and
commerce. The demand has also been
made by the reform party in China for
a reconstruction of the form of govern
ment , a constitution founded upon that
of the United States being most in fa
vor.
vor.For
For thousands of years China has
from its own resources fed and clothed
and warmed itself. Everything the Chi
nese required they wera able to pro
duce. But the shopkeeplng nations saw
in the great empire an immense market ,
and virtually have forced their wares
upon the Celestials. The danger to the
Western world , the "yellow peril , " in
short , Is not political , but economic.
Production has purposely been re
strained In China by governmental in
terference. Machinery was kept out
of the kingdom until recent years for
fear that untold millions might be ren
dered idle , and idleness breeds anarchy
and disorder. All this is now on the
eve of being changed. Machinery will
undoubtedly be introduced , and when
the modern looms are running , when
great Iron works are put Into opera
tion , when the vast and Incalculable
stores of coal and metallic ores arei
worked with such appliances as now'
maka the Western world pre-eminent ,
what will be the result ?
With the adoption of labor-saving
and quick-producing machinery , China ,
bids fair to become the most colossal !
manufacturer In the \\orld. The four
hundred odd millions of natives cannot ,
reasonably absorb the uroduct Cliques--
tlonably production will be the cheapest
in the world ; so the natural outlet for
the gigantic surplus will first be thej
neighbors of the empire Japan , Korea , !
the Shan States , even India itself. ,
Western competition will be unable to |
enter the field ; it could not compete in !
price , and it could not equal Chinese !
workmanship , which is thorough , and >
what may astonish those who fail to7
understand the Chinese honest
Japanese commerce is likely first to
feel the keenness of this competition. )
The Japanese , living up to their char
acter , as "the Yankees of the East , ' * are
invariably guilty of sharp practices in
trade. It Is admitted by most writers
on the Orient that the commercial mor-l
ality of the Japanese is Inferior to that !
of Chinese. "There is always , " says *
one authority , "a tendency to deterlo-j
rate in all articles , for as soon as their
superiority or cheapness has won for
them a place in trade the standard I *
lowered and something Inferior is pro
duced. " Surely , Western civilization
has taken root in Japan.
On the other hand , the Chinese merchant - )
chant , as a rule , Is honorable to a de-f
gree not always observed in this port
of the world.
Army Bclncr Reorganized.
For a year or two Japan has beenl
active In assisting In the reorganization !
of the Chinese army , which now numbers - |
bers about 200,000 finely trained and !
competently officered men. In three !
years it Is believed thuc 1,000,000 equally - !
ly as efficient troops \vill be ready un-i
der the banner of the yellow dragon *
The outcome of another Chino-Japan-i
ese war , remote as such a conflict lsi
would probably have a result very different - [
ferent from the first struggle.
It will be impossible for China to ;
take an aggressive step until she IB
provided with an adequate sea force.
The collection of old Ironclads which
figure in the Naval Annual cannot
properly be considered as a navy. On
the other hand , a blockade of the Chi
nese ports by an enemy would be al
most Impossible , owing to the great
stretch of coast line. Even if prac
ticable , the suffering would be entirely
local. With such an army as she will
have three years hence , she will be able
to make a strong defense.
Under the condition of ordinaryi
evolution , no Chinese conflict would bei
due for at least a decade , but the unrest - |
rest of the rapidly growing Reform !
party In the eastern cities of the empire -
pire may precipitate a conflict Thef
Japanese are no more popular In China
at present than are Americans , for
while America excludes Chinese , Japan
has taken overlordshlp of both Koreaj
and Manchuria as the apoils of war
with a third power.
THE EMPIRE AS COMPARED WITH THE UNITED STATES ;
