THE VALENTINE UEMOGBAT
I. M RICE EDITOR
fl.OO Per Fear in Advance
PUBLISHED EVERY THURSDAY.
Entered at the Postrofflce at Valentine , Cherry
county. Nebraska , as Second-class matter.
STATS OFFICERS
EZRA.P. SAVAGE , Governor ,
C , F. STEKLK. Lieut. Governor.
GBO.V. . MAK8U , Secretary of State.
CHAS. WESTON , Auditor Tub , Accts.
WM , STEUKEB. Treasurer.
FBANK N. PKOUT , Atty. General.
GEORCE FOWLER , Com , Pub. Lands and Bldg
LEE HABDMAN , Librarian.
U. S. SENATORS
JOSKMI H. MlLLARD.
CHA9. H. DlETBICH.
CONGRESSMEN
ELMEB J. BUBKETT. Rep. 1st Dist.
DAVID H. MEBCEB , Rep. 2nd Dist.
JOHN J. ROBINSO.V.FUS. 3rd Dist.
WM. L. STABK , Fus. 4th Dist.
A. C. SHAI.LKNBEBGEB. Fus.Ctb Dist ,
WM. NEVILLE , Fus. cthDlst.
COUNTY OFFICERS
W. C. SnATT CK , Treasurer.
C. S. HEECE , Clerk.
W. R.TOWNE , Judge.
L , N. LAYroBT , Sheriff.
A. M. MOBBISSEY , Attorney.
ETTA BBOWN , Superintendent.
LEBOY LEACH , Surveyor.
ALFBED LEWIS , Coroner.
COUNTY COMMISSIONEBS
W. E. HALEY , 1st Dist.
ALKX BUBB. 2nd Dist.
L. LAUFEB , 3rd Dist.
Charles H. Faulhaber
Brownlee
Breeder of
Ren'st'd Herelords.
o
Hyam , No. 74,538.
at head of herd.
Young bulls from 6
to 18 months old
for sale.
HENRY ATJGUSTON
Blacksmith
Brown lee , Kebr.
Does general blacksmithingathard
times prices for cash.
PAT HETT
Valentine , Nebr.
Good , Hard Rock for sale in any
' quantity.
H. M. CRAMER ,
City Deliveryman ,
Trunks , valises and packages hauled to and
from the depot aud all parts of the City.
C27"Telephone 12.
W. A. KIMBELL
Barber
First-class Shop in Every Eespect
Kau de Quinine Hair Tonic , Golden Star Hair
Tonic. Herplcide and Coke's Dandruff Cure.
Try Pompeian Face Massage Cream
LEKOY LEACH
County Surveyor
Valentine or Woodlake
GEXERAL WOKK PROMPTLY ATTENDED TO.
MMHMMMMMMI MHiMi HMWMMHMM * BB MBVB BViB BMi BMMMMMM * W
JOHN PORATH
Riege , Nebr.
Tabular wells and Eclipse wind
mills. Wells guaranteed five
years.
A. M. MOERISSEY
Attorney at Law
Valentine , Xe.br.
A. N. COMPTON
Physician and Surgeon
Office at Quigley & Chapman's
Drug Store. Nights The
Donoher.
Edward S. Fwray
Physician and Surgeon
Office Fraternal Hall or El
liott's Drug Store. 19im2
F. M. WALCOTT
ATTORNEY AABSTRACTER
Valentine , Nebr.
Practices in District Court and U. S. Land
Office. Real Estate and Kanch Property
bought and sold. Bonded Abstractor.
The Democrat
-FOB-
-
/ FOBJob
Job Work.
F K.A3I. V. B. K.
TIME TABLE
WEST BOUXD
No. 27 Frt. Daily 2:33 P. 81.
No. 25 * ' except Sunday 9:40 > .M
No. 3Passenger Daily 12:49A.M. :
EAST BOUND
No. 28 FrUDally 0:50 A. M
No , 20 " except Sunday 5:00 P. M
NO. 4 Passenger Daily 4:47 A. M
IT
Located on Cherry St. 2nd nn
south of Smyser's livery , furnishes
excellent board and lodging. Meals
same old price 25 cents. A hearty
welcome to all. '
J. F. JOTTER.
MILL PRICES FOR FEEDi
Bran , bulk..1.50 per cwt 120.00
Shorts bulk . . .1.15 per cwt $22.00
Screenings 40c " $7.00 "
Chop Feed . . . .1.25 " $24.00 "
Cora 1.05 ' $20.00"
Chopcorn 1.10 " $21.00"
Oats 1.50 $29.00"
ETTA BROWN
SUPT , PUBLIC INSTRUCTION
Examination Third Saturday of eacl
month and Friday preceding.
VALENTINE NEBRASK
009 * 00900909.09.09.0900 *
Paint
I Wall Paper , I
o
I Calcimine.
o
o
s s
o
8 Brushes ,
§ Pure Linseed Oil *
o
i Varnisheso
o
O AT
C
o
I Christensen's. §
o
090909090909090909090909
M. P. HALEY'S
HOME MADE
LINIMENT.
Tliis is a Spanish Herb Linimen
Cures Bheumatism , Swellings ,
Sprains , Bruises , Aches
and Fains.
Cures numbness in the limbs , restor
muscles to healthy and vigorous a
tivity. It is the great remedy f
Paralysis , Lame Hack and Lumbar
NOTICE : This Liniment has bee
tested and proved to be a cure for
the above described aliments.
M. P. HALEY , VALENTINE , NEB.
Directions for using : Shake well an
turn the mouth of the bottle onto
sponge or flannel cloth and apply upn
the soreness or afflicted parts. Lo i.o
apply upon cuts or open sores. . Shak
the bottle well before using ,
D. A. Hancock
Blackburn , Mo. o
Simeon , Nebrask
Cattle branded o
" left side as on cut ;
B also 1C on left sict
E3 1 with n. on left hip
7 some cattle ; also s
fM H
on I right side Hoi -
brand , rake and
on left shoulder f
hip
Home ranch on
Dewey Lake. Range on Niobrara River , east o
Fort Niobrara ; all in Cherry County. Nebraska
PS ROUSCHB
Postofflce address
Brownlee , Neb
.On left side or any
I part of animal. Ear-
I mark right ear cut
[ off ; horses branded
same on left hip. Also
has stock branded H
\ on side or shoulder ,
lorJKorWorOiVL
| orO or FZ. Also
the-following , the first one being on side and hip
SEQIIAH (3267) (
Dark brown , Foaled Nov. 24th ,
1889. Sire "Nimrod" (1066)'by ( )
"Comet" (151) ( ) , by "Eclipse" (191) ( )
by "St. Giles' * (687) ) by "Wildfire"
(867) ( ) . Sequah's dam 289 Lady
bird F. S. Vol. 7 by Kestless T. B.
Sequah's G. dam by Larrywheat
( T. B. )
He will stand for season of
1902 at Sherman's barn.
J. W. STETTEK.
Owner-
NECESSITY OF SLUMBER.
Death by Sleeplc snciui a Chinese
Punishment.
"A person absolutely without sleep
for nine dayswill die , " says -writer
in Ainslee's. "Sufferers from insomnia
sometimes maintain that they have
gone for weeks without sleeping , but it
has been proved that they do sleep
without being aware of it. At a cer
tain point sleep is inevitable , no mat
ter what the bodily condition , the al-1
ternative being death. Prisoners have
slept on the rack of the inquisition.
And the Chinese found that only the
greatest ingenuity and vigilance could
carry out a sentence of death by sleep
lessness. This mode of capital punish
ment was long in favor in China and is
said to be so today , while as a form of
torture deprivation of sleep is consid
ered one of the most efficacious weap
ons in the Chinese judicial arsenal.
In some such cases the prisoner is
kept in a cage too small to stand up or
lie down in and constantly prodded
with a sharp rod. Death by starvation ,
also a Chinese punitive method , is a
slower process and therefore , one
would think , more calculated to appeal
to the oriental mind if it were not
that death by sleeplessness is thought
so much more painful. In the lat
ter case the brain is the first affect
ed of all the organs of the body , while
In case of starvation the brain longest
retains its normal weight and charac
ter.
ter."A
"A corresponding mode of taming
wild elephants is said to be depriving
the animals of sleep when first caught.
In a few days they become compara
tively spiritless and harmless. The
brain of the elephant is held to be
more highly developed than that of
any other wild animal , but of course
as compared with a human brain can
be easily fatigued by new impressions
and so made very dependent on sleep.
The wild elephant in his native jungle ,
however , is said to sleep very little a
further point for the theory of the uni
versal ratio of sleep to intelligence.
A man taken out of his habitat and
placed in conditions which he never
could have imagined if transported
to Mars , say would doubtless need an
extraordinary amount of sleep at first.
There is the almost parallel case of a
German boy , Casper Hauser , who up
to the age of eighteen was kept in one
room where he had no intercourse with
human beings or sight of any natural
object , not even the sky. At eighteen
he was brought to Nuremberg and
abandoned in the street. For the first
few months of his life among men he
slept almost constantly and so soundly
that it was very hard to wake him. "
The Sense of Fcelinpr.
Some of our most important organs
for instance , the heart , the brain and
the lungs are , strange to say , quite"
Insensible to touch , thus showing , that
not only are nerves necessary for the
sensation , but also the special end or
gans. The curious fact was noticed
with the greatest astonishment by
Harvey , who , while treating a patient
for an abscess that caused a large
cavity in his ide , found that when he
put his fingers into the cavity he could
actually take hold of the heart without
the patient being in the least aware of-
what he was doing. This so interested
Harvey that he brought King Charles
I. to the man's bedside that "he might
himself behold and touch so extraor
dinary a thing. "
In certain operations a piece of skin
is removed from the forehead to the
nose , and it is stated that the patient ,
oddly enough , feels as if the new
nasal part were still in his forehead
and may have a headache in his nose.
Chambers' Journal.
In the Snmc Situation.
A funny story is told about a physi
cian at Monroe City. A resident of
the town set out shade trees for the
doctor. A short time later the physi
cian was called to attend the mother-
in-law of the man who had set out the
trees. The old lady died , and the phy
sician presented his bill. After paying
it , the citizen thought of the trees and
made out and presented a bill for
them. "But the trees died , " protested
the doctor. "So did my mother-in-law , "
retorted the other man. The doctor
paid the bill. Kansas City Journal.
Settling the "Tip" Question.
The awkward question'of the tip was
solved by a big New Englauder from
the state of Maluo who was dining in
a London restaurant the other evening.
Having paid his bill , he was informed-
by the waiter that what he had paid
did "not include the waiter. "
"Waal , " said the stranger , "I ate no
waiter , did 1 ? "
And as he looked quite ready to do
so on any further provocation the sub
ject was dropped. London Chronicle.
The Doer That Sines and His Master.
"Billingsley has taught his dog to
sing. "
"Does he sing well ? "
"He sings as well as Billlngeley
could teach him. " "
"I never heard Billingsley. Is he a
good singer ? "
"Well , the dog has been shot at
seven times. " Cleveland Tlaiu Dealer.
Analysis.
She After all , what is the difference
between illusion and delusion ?
He Illusion is the lovely fancies we
have about ourselves , and delusion is
the foolish fancies other people have
about themselves. Life.
Uncertain Footing : .
The fellow who stands on his dignity ,
may discover that dignity is just as
slippepy ap a banana skin. St. Louis ,
Republic.
In Turkey red hair Js counted a great
beauty , and the women dye tlieir hair
that tint
ROOM FOR ALL GRADUATES
Nature Adjusts Matters and
Preserves an Equilibrium.
Once a year the schools and colleges
of the country harvest a crop of grad
uates , and once a year the wise men
of the land write essays for publica
tion on the surplus of men who are
eateHng the law , medicine and other
callings that are open to the newcom
ers. If the wise men are to be be-
1'oved ' , it would seem that all the oc
cupations were filled and that the
young man had arrived too late.
Fortunately for the tenderfoot , the
wise men have always been wrong.
No philosopher has ever presented a
logical argument that did not leave
something to be said on the other side.
Every year since the world set up for
business a new crop of young men has
arrived , and that new crop has even
tually become the stay of the race.
What has been going on eternally will
continue. The young chaps will locate
themselves. It is no argument that
lawyers have their signs staring at
you from every hallway on half the
streets within several blocks of every
courthouse In the country. The har
vest that includes a new lot of law
yers also raises a lot of new litigants.
Nature takes care to preserve an
equilibrium. If the fledgelings of the
medical schools do not find bones to
saw , some of them turn to sawing
wood. The boy who has gone through
college with the Intention of becoming
president of the United States finds a
satisfactory job as master of ceremo
nies in a coalyard. A few jostles and
the new man adjusts himself to cir
cumstances , and then he has become a
part of the machine , which runs on as
usual.
It is unnecessary to become alarmed
about the surplus man. If he is in law ,
medicine , theology , horse trading , ped
dling milk or anything else , he finds
it out , and he arranges the matter in
some way without any upheaval in so
ciety. The surplus man is surplus
only until he gets his first job. After
that he is one of the establishment.
Pittsburg Times.
SCIENCE SITTINGS.
The sun's flames spring at times to a
distance of 350,000 miles from its sur
face.
In dry air sound travels 3,442 feet
per second , in water 4,900 feet and in
iron 17,500 feet.
The amplitude of vibration of the
diaphragm of the telephone receiver in
reproducing speech is about the oue-
twenty-millionth of an inch.
Fresh air contains about three parts
of carbonic acid in 10,000 , respired air
about 441 parts , and about five parts
will cause the air of a room to become
"close. "
Holophane glass is a pressed glass
resembling cut glass , having vertical
prisms on the inside for diffusing the
light and horizontal prisms on the out
side for directing the light.
The following are found to be the
densities of the planets , water being 1 :
Mercury , 3 ; Venus , 5.14 ; earth , 5.50 ;
moon , 3.34 ; Mars , 4 ; Jupiter , 1.35 ; Sa
turn , O.GS ; Uranus , 1.G9 ; Neptune , 2.29.
The-star Arcturus , the hottest of ce
lestial bodies , gives us as much heat
as a standard candle six miles away.
This fact was ascertained by the ra
diometer , an instrument which will
show the amount of heat given off
from a man's face at 2,000 feet dis
tance.
He Was "In the Soup. "
"Mon ami , " said the Marquis de
Croisic the other day , "the hotel keep
er's life is an unhappy one. If he does
not look to the least little detail , the
whole thing goes what do you call it ?
Ah , yes , on the blink.
"Here is example of what I say.
When I had the Logerot , there was ;
once a dinner there at which Chauncey
Depew was a guest. I told the chef to
put in the menu some dish in honor o'f
him , and I forgot to look at the menu
before it went to the printer.
"What do you think that imbecile of
a chef had done ? There" , '
And the marquis produced an old
menu card on which among the
"soupes" appeared the following :
"Puree de niarrons a la Depew. "
Gently Sarcastic.
The following church notice was re i
cently exhibited : "The service on Sun-
day morning is at 11 a. ni. The suppo- :
sition that it is ten minutes later is a
mistake. Young men are not excluded l
from the week night service. The seats *
In the front portion of the church have
been carefully examined. They are
quite sound and may be trusted not to ,
give way. It is quite legitimate to j
join in the singing. The object of the
choir is to encourage , not discourage , : '
the congregation. " London Answers.
I
!
Giving : Her Light to Die.
A small farmer in Aberdeenshire ,
having a wife that had been long ail-
Ing and confined to bed , was of so nig
,
gardly a disposition that he grudged
the poor woman so much as a light.
She in a pet one night exclaimed , "Oh ,
isna this an unco' thing that a pulr
body ' 11 nae get light to see to dee. "
The husband rises up and lights a can
dle and , placing it at the bed foot , I
says to his wife , "There , dee hoo ! "
Scottish American.
A Deep Look.
"Yes , " said the lawyer ; "there are
many things to be investigated in this
case. The first thing to be looked in
to" .
"Is my pocketbook , " assented the cli
ent , with perfect assurance. Judge.
:
The Hnngrry Sen.
"Why do they sucak of it as a hun- ' !
gry sea ? " t
ti
"It takes the dinner right out of a i
person's mouth. " Town and Country ; ,
, . _ .
Accommodating the Captain.
One of the sea captains In the em
ploy of Stephen Girard had a rural
Yankee's fondness for whittling with
his jackknife and on one trip suc
ceeded In getting away with a large
part of the rail , although , feeling that
he was not without the artistic sense ,
he really regarded the rail as greatly
Improved in appearance. When the
vessel came to Philadelphia , Girard
.went aboard , made a general inspec
tion in the captain's absence and as he
was about to return to shore asked
one of the seamen who had been cut
ting the rail. The seaman told him
the captain and then , afraid his telling
might have unpleasant consequences
were the captain to learn of it in a
roundabout way , informed that official
of the Interview with Girard. The
captain was in terror of a reprimand ,
but , hearing nothing from his employ
er , supposed the incident closed. As
he was about weighing anchor ready to
leave port a dray loaded with shingles
drove down to the wharf , and the driv
er hailed the vessel.
"There must be some mistake ! " shout
ed the captain. "Our bill of lading
doesn't mention shingles ! "
"This Is where they belong ! " sung
back the driver. "Mr. Girard iimself
told me to deliver them ! lie said they
are for the captain to whittle ! " Phila
delphia Times.
The Cat Nature.
The cat's spirit of independence is
the most distinct characteristic of her
nature. As Mine , de Custine rightly
said , the cat's great difference from
and , according to her sentiments , su
periority to , the dog lie In her calm
insistence on selection which invari
ably accompanies her apparent docil
ity. To the dog proprietorship is mas
tership ; he knows his home , and he
recognizes without question the man
who has paid for , feeds , and on occa
sion kicks him with all the easy famil
iarity of ownership. He follows that
man undoubting and unnoticed , grate
ful for a word , even thankful for an
oath.
But the cat is a creature of a very
different stamp. She will not even
stoop to conquer , nor be tempted out
of her nature by offers of reward. She
absolutely declines instruction ; nay ,
even persuasion is lost upon her for
any permanent effect it may be de
signed to have. You may be the legal
possessor of a cat , but you cannot
govern her affections.
St. John's Eve.
Curious and quaint beliefs still pre
vail in some parts of England concern
ing St. John's eve. Lassies still place
their shoes , before retiring for the
night , at right angles , forming a T , re
citing the lines :
Hoping this night my true love to see
I place my shoes in the form of a T ,
under the idea that their future hus
band will be revealed to them in
dreams. Formerly supper was placed
on the table with the belief that the
future husband would enter by the
open door. There is , too , a prevalent
idea that especially fortunate are the
children born on St. John's eve , the
rhyme running :
Under the stars on the eve of St. John ,
Lucky the babe that those stars shine on.
Waited For a Yavrn.
Two young fellows recently went
out on a shooting expedition , driving
to their destination in a'trap. They
had excellent sport , and toward night
fall they returned to where they had
hobbled their horse and were proceed
ing to hitch up when they discovered
that neither of them knew the way to
do it. In about an hour they had most
of the harness on ; but , try as they
would , they could not get the bit into
the horse's mouth. At last one of them
sat down in despair , and his compan
ion said :
"Well , Tom , and what arc yougoing
to do now ? "
"I'm going to wait till that brute
yawns , " > was the reply. And they did.
St. Louis Republic.
Elephants * Xovc Tor Finery.
Strange as it may seem , the elephant
is passionately fond of finery and de
lights to see himself decked out with
gorgeous trappings. The native princes
of India are very particular in choos
ing their state elephants and will give
fabulous sums for an animal that ex
actly meets the somewhat fanciful
standards they have erected. For these
they have made cloths of silk so heavi
ly embroidered with gold that two men
are hardly able to lift them. Pear
son's Weekly.
They Felt Hungry.
She Well , Clarence , dear , the situa
tion is not quite as rosy as it was pic
tured to us before marriage , is it ?
He Well , not altogether so , love.
She I wish er I wish
He What do you wish , dearest ?
She I wish we had the rice and the
old shoes they threw at us when we
were married.
Her Tletr.
A little three-year-old miss while her
mother was trying to get her to sleep
became interested In a peculiar noise
and asked what it was.
"A cricket , dear , " replied her moth
er. '
"Well , " remarked ihe little lady , "he
flight to get himself oiled. " Chicago
News.
Honecty.
If honesty is the best policy in busi
ness , it is also the best policywhen
one has done wrong and is confronted
.With the question whether he shall
confess everything frankly or mako
excuses. A transparent excuse is worss
than none at all ,
After a man is married he discovers
that his wife's golden tresses are noth
ing in the world , but red , hahv
Helphia Beqort. . .
Breaking Up "Chatler. "
The famous painter Fusell bad a
great contempt for "chatter. " One af t-
ernoon u pnrty of friends paid a visit
to his studio , and after a few moments
spent in looking at the pictures they
seated themselves and proceeded to in
dulge in a long and purposeless talk.
At last , in one of the slight pauses ,
Fuseli said earnestly , "I had pork for
dinner today. "
"Why , my dear Mr. Fuseli , " er-
claiuied one of the startled group ,
"what an extremely odd remark ! "
"Is it ? " said the painter ingenuously.
"Why , isn't it as interesting and Im
portant as anything that has been said
for the last hour ? "
Parliamentary Frontier * .
On either side of the commons cham
ber of our parliament house'there is a
distinct line along the lioor , and any
member who , when speaking , steps
outside the line on his side is liable to
be called to order. These lines aro
supposed to be scientific frontiers , and
the neutral zone between is beyond the
length of a sword thrust , and , although
members no longer wear swords , ex
cept those who are selected to move
and second addresses to the throne on
certain occasions , the old precaution
still lingers on. Westminster Gazette.
Unhappy YonnRBter.
Kind Gentleman Why are you cry-
Ing , my little lad ?
Urchin Boo-ooh ! Billy Wells hit
me , an' feyther hit me because I let
Billy hit me , an' Billy Wells hit me
again because I told feyther , an' now
fcyther'll hit me again because Billy
( Exit kind gentleman. ) Chums.
At Any Rate He Aronxcd Dlnensston.
Lucille Cholly is such an uninterest
ing person.
Helen Oh , I don't know. lie gavo
rise to an animated discussion last
night as to whether a person can bo
considered nbsentminded when his
mind is neither here nor elsewhere.
Town and Country.
Scant Consolation.
The Tessimist The longer I live in
the world the worse it seems to get.
The Optimist Oh , well , don't let a
little thing like that worry you. Per
haps it will be better after you get out
of it. Chicago News.
Hlii Measure Taken.
Aggie lie told me I wuz de only ,
gurl he ever loved.
Katie Well , when a feller talks like
dat gi\e him de googoo eyes reversed.
He's nuthin' but a born diplermat !
Puck.
Virtue is not left to stand alone. He
who practices it will have neighbora.
Confucius :
Business Notices.
Notices under this heading 5 cents per line
each insertion. Among reading matter , 10cents
per 'law each insertion.
Full and complete line of candies at
Uohle's.
Fine stock of cigars always carried
at iJohle's.
Buy your bread , cakes and oies at
Buhle's. Fresh every day.
All kinds of heavy hardware and
wagon wood stock at E. Breuklanders.
2Q-tf
Highest market price paid for
Chickens , Game and Man at the Don
oher. 9 tf
A 10x12 letter press , good as new and
a large lawn mower for sale. Inquire
at this ollice. 16
Hot air furnace suitable to heat a 10
or 12 room house for sale at the Dono
her hotel. J , C. WEBB.
Wanted
Men to put up 800 acres of hay at
Kilgore. J ? RANK ROTHLEUTNEI : .
For Sale
One large work team , ' weight about
3,000 pounds. ELMER C. AYERS
26 Crookston , Neb.
For Sale
100 Head of high grade Storthorn
cows , heifers and other young stock.
Also same number of "high grade Ked
Polled stock at my ranch six miles
south of Eli , P. SULLIVAN.
26-4 *
Ranch for Sale or Lease ! I
16 quarter sections , good range , hay
water and timber. Will run 300 head
of stock. For information address , box
no. 154 , Gordon Nebr. or I. M. RICE ,
Valentine , Nebr. 42-tf
Wanted
To contract from 500 to 1,500 tons of
hay in lots to suit , either mowing or
stacking or both. Address
METZGARBROS. ,
26-3 Gregory , Nebr.
Estray Xotice
Strayed from D. A. Hancock's pasture on the
Mobrara river , about July 4th , two mares , one
brown and one black , weight about 1100 each.
Branded Tj , on left shoulder. The brown man ;
has § on left shoulder. Liberal reward lor
information. MOSES &HoFfACKE3
-7-4 Simeon , Jfebv
Killing Mites and Lice
To prove that your hens have lice-
and to show how easy it is to free your
fowls fro/o the insect pestsb jnst nail
up a wide board against the under side-
of the roost , sprinkle or"paint it well'
with Lee's Liquid Lice Killer and see -
that the fowls roost over it at night.
Next morning you will find all of that
lice lying dead on the painted board.
The ' genuine ja for tale by Quigley &
Cha'pman.