Valentine Democrat. (Valentine, Neb.) 1900-1930, September 12, 1901, Image 6

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    The Valentine Democrat
I. M. RICE , Publisher.
.VALENTINE , NEBRASKA
BRIEF TELEGRAMS.
Sixteen thousand pupils reported on
the first school day in Omaha.
Fire at Barlham , Iowa , destroyed a
block of buildings in the business sec
tion with contents , causing a $20,000
loss , partly insured.
Miss Cordelia Henderson horsewhip
ped Thomas Archer , a Topeka , Kan. ,
attorney. She was arrested. She told
the police that Archer had gossiped
about her.
Funeral services were held over the
( remains of General Robert Williams ,
formerly adjutant general of the army ,
m at the family residence in Washing
ton , D. C.
It is reported that Charles M. Hays ,
the retiring president of the Southern
Pacific , is to be taken by J. P. Mor
gan & Co. , as the railroad expert of
that house.
Near Red Lodge , Mont. , John An
drews was instantly killed by John
Roroers , who mistook him for a bear
and senta bullet through his heart at
(
short range.
The gold brick swindled has been de
veloped in Alaska and the Klondike.
Bogus gold dust and nuggets have
been sent north in large quantities and
disposed of as the product of various
claims.
Robert M. Wilson , formerly owner of
the R. M. Wilson bath tub works in
Rome , N. Y. , was shot and almost
instantly killed by -revolver in his
own hand at his summer , home at Syl
van Beach.
Andrew Carnegie has give 100 each
to Sheddon , Law , Jones and Dick ,
four miners who displayed conspicu
ous bravery in the rescue of their com
rades at the time of the recent Dolin-
bristle ( Perthshire ) colliery disaster.
The close of three-quarters of a cen
tury of life finds the senior United
States senator from Massachusetts ,
George F. Hoar , , in excellent health.
The venerable statesman celebrated
Thursday the 18th. anniversary of his
birth. He is now serving his fifth
term in the senate.
Vice President Roosevelt has con
sented to write a history of the
Rough Riders for the roster of the
New Mexico volunteers in the Spanish
war , which will be published by the
authority of the Thirty-fourth legis
lative assembly of New Mexico , which
has made an appropriation for that
purpose. '
A dispatch from Lord Kitchener ,
dated Pretoria , says : "Since August 26
the columns report nineteen Boers kill
ed , three wounded , 212 made prisoners
and 127 surrendered , ' ' and that 194 ri-
flles , 27,560 rounds of ammunition ,
1,700 horses and 7,500 head of cattle
have been captured. "
King Edward has appointed * a com
mittee to investigate Prof. Koch's tu
berculosis theory. The scope of the in
quiry is officially said to be whether
animal and human tuberculosis are
identical , whether animals and humans
can be reciprocally infected and under
what conditions , if at all transmission
to man occurs.
The Unted States minister , Mr. Con
ger , is taking steps to reclaim the
small American concession at Tien
Tsin , the title to which has practic
ally lapsed of late years owing to the
government being unorganized and a
majority of the American residents be
ing scattered among the British and
German concessions.
Secretary of Agriculture Wilson has
returned from a trip through the west
and is at his desk in Washington.
George A. Quinlan , vice president
and general manager of the Houston
& Texas Central railroad , died at Hous-
lon , Tex.
The Earl of Crawford has bought
the auxiliary steam yacht Valhalla ,
owned by the Count and Countess de
Castellane.
Shredded corn fodder properly bal
ed will soon be shipped to the large
cities just as hay is. There is no ques
l tion about the value of shredded fod
J
der. Much depends upon cutting corn
fodder at the right time to have It
the most valuable. Fodder to be shred
ded should be cut about the time the
leaves begin to wither at the bottom
and the grains are fully dented.
The war department has been in
formed that the postal authorities
have decided to place a portrait of
General H. W. Lawton , -military
hero who lost his life at San Mateo in
the Philippines , on the new issue of
postage stamps.
A Chinese edict issued recently or
dains a new system of official examin
ation. It abolishes the literary essay
and substitutes therefor three classes
of subjects , namelj * . Chinese affairs ,
western matters and classicla litera
ture.
ture.Two
Two foreigners , said to be anarchr
ists , with intentions on the czar , were
taken into custody at Paris.
At Grante , Oklahoma , a gusher of
oil was struck at a depth of 300 feet.
, The flow is very heavy and has created
great excitement. , j
"Word From the Bedside of the President
> <
Continues Encouraging. ,
DOCTORS SEE GOOD SYMPTOMS
Declare Their Patient's Condition - to Be
Satisfactory to All Bulletins Issued
From Time to Time Do Not Show
'Alarming Indications. ,
BUFFALO , N. Y. , Sept. 9. Through
this quiet , peaceful Sabbath every
word that came from the big vine-
clad house on Delaware . avenue in
which the stricken chief magistrate of
the nation lies battling for life was
reassuring and tonight the chances for
his recovery are so greatly improved
that all of those who have kept the
patient vigil at his bedside feel
strongly that his life will be spared.
The developments of last night and
today were dreaded , but hour after
hour passed and the distinguished pa
tient , struggling there beneath the
watchful eyes of physicians and train
ed nurses , showed not an unfavorable
symptom. Five times during the day
the eminent doctors and surgeons as
sembled for consultation and each time
the verdict was unanimous'that what
change had occurred was for the bet
ter. Not the slightest premonitory
symptom of peritonitis appeared and
the fresh hope born with the morn
ing grew stronger and stronger as the
day advanced until toward evening
the confidence expressed in the presi
dent's recovery seemed almost too san
guine.
Dr. Charles McBurney , the famous
New York surgeon , who had been sum
moned in consultation , after a thor
ough examination in which he said he
had found not a single unfavorable
symptom , joined in the last afternoon
bulletin , which declared that the pres
ident's condition was satisfactory to all
the physicians present.
It is not strange , therefore , that the
vice president , the members of the
cabinet and the other distinguished
visitors who called came away with
lighter hearts and buoyant tread and
gave expression to the most optimistic
sentiments. The encouraging news
spread over the exposition city with
great rapidity and thousands came in
carriages , in street cars and afoot to
learn for themselves of the faith and
confidence that existed about the Mil-
burn house. The brightness of the
day , with its cool , bracing atmosphere ,
only added to the general cheerfulness
and when a score of newsboys darted
into the crowd about 6 .o'clock shout
ing "Extra ! " The president will live , "
it was with difficulty that they could
suppress the shouts of thanksgiving
that rose in their throats.
And yet , despite all this optimism ,
the president is by no means out of
danger. Not one of his physicians ,
not one of his advisers who is admitted
to the inner councils , has the temerity
to declare that he is. But if he con
tinues to improve for one more day
the danger of peritonitis , which is
most dreaded , will have practically dis
appeared. Yesterday one of the doc
tors thought forty-eight hours would
be the limit of the danger from that
source , but his more conservative col
leagues believe that at least twenty-
four , possibly thirty-six , from this time
must elapse before the possibility of
peritonitis shall have vanished.
That disposed of , still other com
plications n ay arise. Blood poisoning
may set in or an abscess form where
the bullet is imbedded in the mus
cles of the back. Thus far the ball ,
which is still in the body , gives the
physicians' no anxiety. But if the
slightest inflammation appears in the
vicinity of the lead it will be imme
diately extracted. No difficulty is an
ticipated in tnis regard.
The following bulletin was issued by
the president's physicians at 9 p. m. :
"The president is resting comfort
ably and there is no special change
since last bulletin. Pulse , 130 ; tem
perature , 101.6 ; respiration , 30.
"P. M. RIXEY. "
MILBURN HOUSE , BUFFALO , Sept.
9. 1:30 a. m. No additional bulletin
has been issued by the president's
physicians and none is expected until
after 3 o'clock. The condition of the
president is unchanged.
First. Nourishment Injected *
BUFFALO , Sept. 9. Today noon for
the first time nourishment was admin
istered to the president. It was in
liquid form and was injected hypoder-
mically to avoid the possibility of irri
tating the walls of the stomach.
Chides Emperor for Yielding.
LONDON , Sept. 9. The Berlin corre
spondent of the London Times says :
Great surprise is felt here that the
semi-official press has not thought it
necessary to give art account of the ne
gotiations at Basel from the German
point of view. All the information
about them has como from Chinese
sources. The German minister at Pe-
kin sticks to the assertion that the de-
> .ay was caused by the protocol not
being signed.
\
ASSASSIN TELLS HiS STORY.
How He Conceived the Terrible Crime of
Shooting : the President.
BUFFALO , Sept. 9. The statement
of Leon Czolgosz , made to the police
and transcribed and signed by the pris
oner , is as follows : o *
"I was born in Detroit nearly twen
ty-nine years ago. My parents were
Russian Poles. They came here thirty-
four years ago. I got my education
in the public schools of Detroit and
then went to Cleveland ; where I got
work. In Cleveland I read books on
socialism and met a great many social
ists. I was pretty well known as a
socialist in the'west.
"After being in Cleveland for several
years I went to Chicago , where I-re
mained seven months , after which I
went to work in the Newburg wire
mills.
"During the last five years I have
had as friends anarchists in Chicago ,
Cleveland , Detroit and other western
cities , and I suppose I became more
or less bitter. Yes , I know I was bit
ter.
ter."I
"I never had much luck at anything
and this preyed upon me. It made me
morose and envious , but what started
the craze to kill was a lecture I heard
some little time ago by Emma Gold
man. She was in Cleveland and I-and
other anarchists went to hear her. She
set me onfire. .
' 'Her doctrine that all rulers should
be exterminated was what set me to
thinking , so that my head nearly split
with the pain. Miss Goldman's words
went right through me and when I
left the lecture I had made up my mind
that I would have to do something
heroic for the cause I loved.
"Eight days ago , while I was in Chi
cago , I read in a Chicago newspaper
of President "McKinley's visit to the
Pan-American at Buffalo. That day
I bought a ticket for Buffalo and got
here with the determination to * " do
something , but I "did not know just
what. I thought of shooting the pres
ident , but I had not formed a plan.
"I went to live at 1078 Broadway ,
which is a saloon and hotel. John No-
wak , a Pole , a sort of politician , 'who
has led his people for years , owns it. I
told Nowak that I came to see the fair.
He knew nothing about what was set
ting me crazy. I went to the exposi
tion grounds a couple of times a day.
"On Tuesday night I went to the
fair grounds and was near the gate
when the presidential party arrived. 1
tried to get near him , but the police
forced me back. They forced every
one back so the ruler could pass. I
was close to the president when he got
into the grounds , but was afraid to at
tempt the assassination because there
were so many men in the guard that
watched him. I was not afraid of them
or that I should get hurt , but. afraid
I might be seized and that my chance
would be gone forever.
"Well , he we nt away that , time and
I went home. On Wednesday I went
to the grounds and stood right near
the president , right under him near the
stand from which he spoke.
"I thought half .1 dozen times of
shooting while he was speaking , but I
could not get close enough. I was
afraid I might miss , as the crowd was
always jostling and I was afraid least
my aim fail. I waited Wednesday and
the president got into hTs carriage
again and a lot of men were about
him and formed a cordon that I could
not get through. I was tossed about
by the crowd and my spirits were get
ting pretty low. I was almost hopeless
that nigKt as I went home.
"Yesterday morning I went again to
the exposition grounds. Emma Gold
man's speech was still burning me up.
I waited near the central entrance for
the president , who was to board his
special from that gate , but the police
allowed nobody but the president's
party to pass where the train waited ,
EC I stayed at the grounds all daywait
ing.
ing."I
"I first thought of hiding my pistol
under my handkerchief. I was afraid
if I had to draw it from my pocket I
\vould be seen and seized by the guards
I got to the Temple of Music the first
one and waited at the spot where the
reception was to be held.
"Then he came , the president the
ruler and I got in line and trembled
and trembled until I got right up to
him , and then I shot him twice through
my white handkerchief. I would have
fired more , but I was stunned by a
blow in the face a frightful blow that
knocked me doY * n , and then everybody
jumped on me. I thought I would be
killed and was depressed at theway
they treated me. "
Brigands have carried off and Amer
ican lady engaged in missionary work
and a lady companion in the District
of Djumabala , Vilayet of Salonika.
Hill io 3Iake It Treason.
CUMBERLAND , Md. , Sept. 9. In
discussing the attempted assassination
of President McKinley , Congressman
George A. Perre of Maryland said : "I
will offer a bill in the next congress
of the United States amending the con
stitution so as to make even an un
successful attempt upon the life of a
president of the United States treason
and the penalty death. The man who
strikes at the nation's head is a pub'
"
lie enemy. ; . . . .
NEBRASKA FORESTRY ASSOCIATION
Principal Address by Geo. L. Clothier ,
of Washington , D. C.
LINCOLN , Neb. , Sept. 9. The Ne
braska Park and Forestry association
met here. The principal address was
made bj George L. Clothier of the for
estry bureau , Washington , D. C. He
spoke in high praise of Nebraska as a
tree-growing state and complimented
the people on their progress. He.said
they were noted for , their interest in
tree culture. Some of the pioneers
commenced forty years ago and had
lived to enjoy a rich reward for their
labors. He said the idea that the sand
hills of the west ought to be covered
with an extensive artificial forest orig
inated in the brain of a Nebraska man.
If a realization , of this idea becomes
possible its accomplishment will de
pend on the push and energy of Ne
braska people.
The speaker told of the advantages
of well planned tree culture and de
clared the haste for returns had caused
persons to plant where the trees ruined
young orchards , drained wells and cis
terns and caused the snow to drift over
dwellings.
The first requisite in the growth of
timber was room in the. air for
branches and room in the soil for roots.
He deprecated the planting of short
lived trees. In the hope of securing a
quick growth people for a quarter of
a century had taken trees from the
river bottoms and placed them on the
prairies where it was .100 feet to water.
This accounted for the declining
groves of cottonwoods , willows , soft
maples and boxelder. Rapid growing
trees are generally short lived , espe
cially so on high , dry land. Hack-
berry , white elm , rock or bull pine ,
Platte red cedar , western red cedar , bur
oak , green ash and red ash. la the
south Platte region and east of the
100th meridian he would add the honey
locust. With the possible exception of
the oak he said all these trees could be
profitably planted in every county in
the state. For the strip along the Mis
souri river he gave a larger list. He
told how to plant hedges , windbrakes
and groves.
Broken Bow Bank Closed.
BROKEN BOW , Neb. , Sept. 9. The
Farmers' bank of Custer county closed
its doors on an order from E. Royse ,
secretary of the state banking board.
The closing of this bank will not af
fect the other banks of the city. C. E.
Ford , the president of the Broken Bow
State bank , says that instead of a run
being made on his bank the deposits
increased. Depositors will probably get
their money.
Great Crop of Hay.
MERRIMAN , Neb. , Sept. 9. More
than one-fourth more hay has been put
up in western Cherry county this sea
son than formerly. From 500 to 1,000
tons are not uncommon amounts put
up by different ranchmen. One outfit
has 3,000 tons now in stack. The dry ,
hot weather during the last six weeks
has made it possible to have "the best
quality of hay.
Hangs Himself to Rafter.
BLAIR , Neb. , Sept. 9. Coroner E. C.
Pierce was summoned to Admah , twen
ty miles .north of Blair , to view the
body of Lars Jourgenson , aged 64
years , who had committed suicide by
hanging himself to a rafter in the barn.
Despondency over business matters led
him to take his life. He was an old
settled in this county.
Storm Worse Than Reported.
BENKELMAN , Neb. , Sept. 9. Re
ports from the country show the recent
tornado was worse than at first report
ed. Farm houses were wrecked and
crops damaged. At the J. B. Reynolds
ranch a number of men who had been
threshing took refuge in the stables.
Every building on the place was torn
to pieces and four men were injured.
Sugar Beet Campaign.
FREMONT , Neb. , Sept. 9. The su
gar beet campaign will commence to
day , and it is said that the crop is
very satisfactory to both the growers
and the factory. The tonnage will be
rather low , but the sugar content is
extraordinarily high , ranging from 15
to 19 per cent of sugar.
Attorney-Gen. Knox Dumb.
PITTSBURG , Pa , , Sept. 7. When
informed of the shooting of President
McKinley , Attorney General Knox
said : "I cannot imagine how any liv
ing creature could harbor such a
thought as to take the life of the
president. I am so shocked at the
awful news that I cannot talk fur
ther. "
Retail Grocers Organize.
NEBRASKA CITY , Neb. , Sept. 9.
The retail grocers of the city have
formed an organizations and will go
*
in a body to Omaha on the 19th to
join the state organization , which will
be formed there at that time.
Mnst Answer for Misdeeds.
LINCOLN , Neb. , Sept. 9. Governor
Savage has authorized the return of
Eldrege Gerry from Nebraska City to
Leavenworth , Kan. , where he is want-
ed to answer to the charge of bigamy.
GENERALLY RAIN IS NEEDED.
Some of the Western Coon tics , However
Have a Sufficiency.
LINCOLN , Sept. 7. G. A. Loveland ,
Nebraska section director of the gov
ernment weather and'crop service ,
makes the following report : The
weather has been warm , with light
showers in the eastern counties and
heavy rains in western counties. The
daily mean temperature has averaged
5 degrees above normal in eastern
counties and 7 degrees in western.
Only light showers occurred in the
central and eastern counties , but
heavy rain fell in the western coun
ties.
ties.The '
The dry'weather has been unfavor
able for com , and the late planted is
now in need of more rain ; considera
ble corn has been cut for fodder. Fall
plowing has progressed but slowly in
most counties , as the soil is too dry
to work well ; however , in some local
ities considerable plowing has been
done ; in the southwestern counties
the ground was placed in good condi
tion for plowing by. the rains at the
end ofthe t week. Reports indicate
that the acreage sown to winter wheat
will be large.
J MAY FACE MURDER CHARGE.
Indian Brothers Savagely Attack One of
Their Tribe.
FENDER , Neb. , Sept. 7. John and
William Walk , two Omaha Indians ,
brothers , who have the reputation of
being very quarrelsome and ugly , made
an assault on Little Deer , another
Omaha Indian , at his home near the
Omaha agency in this county , and with
a long willow pole , having severa
nails in the end of it , beat their vic
tim into insensibility. His head , eyes
and face were bruised and lacerated
in a horrible manner and probably his
skull is fractured. The doctor who is
attending the , injured man thinks it
doubtful if he will recover and should
he not the assailants will no doubt
be tried for murder. They were intox
icated , it is charged , on whisky ob
tained at Whiting , Iowa , and it was
while on their way home that they
committed the crime. Sheriff Daley of
this county arrested and brought them
to this place.
PROHIBITIONISTS OE NEBRASKA.
They Meet In State Convention and Nom-
nate a Ticket.
LINCOLN , Sept. 7. Prohibitionists
of Nebraska met in state convention
and nominated candidates for judge of
the supreme court and regents of the
University of Nebraska. Over 180
delegates attended , representing twen
ty-two counties and an accredited
membership of 375. All nominations
were made by acclamation and were as
follows :
For judge of the supreme court
W. Bert Clark , Ashland.
For regents Mrs. S. . M. Walker ,
Lincoln , and A. M. Dilworth , Johnson
county.
Mr. Clark is an attorney and an old
resident of Saunders county. Mrs.
Walker is president of the Woman's
Christian Temperance union of Ne
braska. Mr. Dilworth is prominent in
southeastern Nebraska as a temperance
worker and for many years as a lead
ing spirit in the state prohibition or
ganization.
State Bays Otoe Connty Bonds.
LINCOLN , Sept. 7. State Treasurer
Stuefer bought $44,000 of Otoe county
refunding bonds for the permanent-
school fund. They will produce a rev
enue of 3 % per cent. Treasurer Stue
fer was offered these bonds two weeks
ago , but delayed purchasing them un
til he could get an opinion from the
attorney general as to their legality.
The issue was made imder judgment
of the United States circuit court.
Fatal tamp Explosion.
FAIRFIELD , Neb. , Sept. 7. Mrs.
Henry Hall was killed and her daugh
ter , Mrs. Rose Preston , and a 2-year-
old son of Jacob Morris were so badly
burned by the explosion of a gasoline
lamp in the Unique restaurant that
their recovery is doubtful.
Expenses of Institutions.
LINCOLN , Sept. 7. The state board
of purchase and supplies met and ap
proved the estimates of expenses of
the various state institutions for the
ensuing year. The total amount has
not been determined.
Hogs Bring : Hiffh Prices.
WYMORE , Neb. , Sept. 7. Charlie
Lister , a tanner residing six miles east
of town , in Island Grove township ,
brought two hogs to market here that
netted him $62.10. The hogs were one
year old in July and the two weighed
1,035 pounds.
Snake Sleeps in Girl's tap.
PLATTSMOUTH , Neb. , Sept 7.
Helen , the 8-year-old daughter of Sam
Garland , a fisherman who lives on an
island south of this city , mysteriously
disappeared from home. After several
hours' search in the vicinity by the
father and neighbors , they finally
found the little one asleep in a hollow
log with a snake curled up in her lap.
The log doubtless was the abode of
snakes , as the men killed ten of the
big reptiles while rescuing the child.
. ; * - i
Schmidt , Chaaaplon Klfle Shot.
of Company' D ;
Private Schmidt ,
Fourteenth United State infantry , now
camped at the rifle'range near Mount
Clemens , Mich. , made a score at shoot
that the broke the
ing at 600 yards
'
'record of the whole army. The target- j'J
out ot
. Nineteen
was a dummy man.
twenty of his shots took effect , any ;
of which would have caused Instant
death in a living man , while the twen
tieth shot would have inflicted a seri-
ous or fatal wound. Schmidt's achieve
ment Is said to be not only unparal
leled in United State arm rifle shoot
ing records , but also without precedent
Another Jfew Ocean Flyer.
Another new ocean greyhound will
soon start on her maiden trip to New
York , and great things are , expected
of her. The vessel Is the Kronprinz
Wilhelm , and is owned by the North
German Lloyd line. She will leave-
Bremen on September 17 , and there
will be many bets laid as to when she
will reach her American dock. The
Norther German Lloyd company sets
the date for'September 24 , but they
secretly hope that she will reach here
before that time , and there are many
to wager that she will. The Kronprinz
Wilhelm , while built as a sister ship
to the Kaiser Wilhelm der Grouse , is
ten feet longer , and varies also in other
proportions which count for speed. It
is expected that the Kronprinz Wil
helm will beat the time of the Deutsch-
land , of the Hamburg-American line ,
which now holds the record across the
Eastern seas. /
One for the Silly Season.
Professor Gautier , a member of the
Institut de France , has propounded a
theory on the subject of perpetual
youth. In isolating the bacteria of
physical fatigue , he has found , he says ,
that it is a poison strongly resemblinffc-
ptomaine poison in nature. From this
he argues that fatigue can , by the use
of disinfectants , be avoided like-any
other poison , and consequently man
need not weaken or age.
Conldn't Wear Shoes.
Sumpter , 111. , Sept. 9th. Mrs. J. B.
Flanigan , of this place , had suffered
with dropsy for fifteen years. She was
so very bad that for the last three
years she has not been able to wear
her shoes. She had doctored all the'
time , but was gradually getting worse.
Last winter Mr. Flanigan. who was
very much discouraged , called for
some medicine at Mr. J. J. Dale's drug
store in Carmi. Mr. Dale persuaded
him to have his wife try Dodd's Kid-
ney Pills , and he bought six boxes. His
wife used five out of the six , before
she was entirely cured. She is now as
sound and well as ever she was , com
pletely restored to health , and free
from any symptom whatever , of
dropsy.
To say that Mrs. Flanigan. is pleased
at her wonderful deliverance does not
half .express her feelings , and she and
Mr. Flanigan are loud in their praises
of Dodd's Kidney Pills , and of Mr.
Dale for recommending this wonderful
remedy to them.
The fact that Dodd's Kidney Pills
cured Mrs. Flanigan of such a severe
case of dropsy , after the doctors had
given her up , has made them the most
talked of remedy ever known in White
county.
Greatest Codfish Catch.
What is reputed to be the largest
catch of codfish in the Pacific watersrj
is credited to the crew of the barken-
tine Fremont , which arrived at San
Francisco last week with 177,000 of the
flsh stored away. Most of the catch
was in Bering sea.
PAINT RISKS
The risks in painting are
three : materials , mixing , put
ting on. With best lead and
oil you take two ; with ordi
nary mixed paint three ; with
Devoe ready paint none. On
each package is this label :
If yon have any fault to findwith
this paint at any time , either now in
painting- after in the wearingtell
year dealer about .it. We amSoriK
him to do what is right about it at
our expense.
But do yourself-and us the
justice
to follow instruction.
F. TV. DEVOE & COMPANY.
Paint-safety for you in
Devoe as in no other.
Pamphlet on paintingfree if you
mention this paper.
GOOD-PAINT DEVOB , CHICAGO.
POMMEL
EDUCATIONAL.
Notre Dame , Indiana.
"tea
. DIRECTRESS