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About Western news-Democrat. (Valentine, Neb.) 1898-1900 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 12, 1899)
_ * - " ' rf " 'j jnjg-- - Inof Thatching. Good , straight rye straw is probably fLS desirable material as can be secured for ( hutching. To get rid of the grain , hold the bundle , without cutting the Jjaini. so that the cylinder of the thresher -5 - er will strike the heads. When the grain Is all removed throw the bundle to one side and do not let it go through the mnrhine. The straw will then be 31 might and in good condition for f hatching. Arrange the rafters as for a shingle roof. Use for sheathing 4-inch boards jplaoi-d about a foot apart. In thatch- Jnj , ' . the work is done on exactly the amc principle as shingling. A. course tof small bundles ( a ) is first put on all the way across the lower edge of the roof. Take a small bunch of the fetrastcht rye straw , even the butts by f landing the strav perpendicularly and lifting several inches from the floor , khen letting fall suddenly. Tie the end iof a ball of strong string to the lower pieces of sheathing next to the cornice. Place the bunch of strav against it and pa.-s I he string over tr raw down un der the sheathing , ba .o the left and TIIU WAY TO TIIA.TCII. tn-injr it up over the bundle the second lime. Put in another bundle of straw and repeat the operation until the first course is completed. Put on the second course in Hie same way , having the bundles in this cover .the cracks of the first course and the jjutts extending to the edge of the roof. The third and remaining layers are put in the same way , except that the are always about a foot ; of the layer below , just ; : of one row of shingles " ' " " " K5T""t Vpne just be- . . , innTthTe gTviug K c and d show the relative positions ofxtlle tlura . fourth and fifth courses. Always cover completely the twine which fillls ° u One course with the lower part of tllc next above it , just as the nails P one course of shingles are covered b.v iey next layer. If the work is care ; y done , the roof will be waterproof wiii last for many years. Portable Swill Barrel. I have not seen any device that beats mine for lightening the labor of swilling 11I ing the hogs or transporting slop. I O I SI.OI' IIA.RKE1 . . , . mine of an old cultivator , with a pickle'barrel that cost 25 cents. I first bend the iron B , as shown in the first : llustration , at the spindle , then fit it around the barrel , then bend for the other spindle , using the grip shown tl for the hub , and the grip shown at 2 to fasten on the barrel. With this , a boy can carry 25 gallons of slop as easily as I can carry a bucketful. This device r JT G Tin : Je left at the kitchen door , and the j\vhok day's slop is put in it , and is all iiauled away at once , at the same hour ach day , so that the pigs are not squealing around the trough all the time. The trough projects through the fence , so I can dump the slop in to sixty head of hogs and not get my clothes soiled , as shown in the second picture. JThe device can be improved by cutting but a shallow curve from top of the bar rel and riveting on a tin spout , as known. J. Brininger , in Ohio Farmer. i Corn Fields in "Winter. The bare corn field is no better pul- 'verized ' by winter freezing than If some 'fall ' crop were sown , and left in winter jto cover its nakedness. Wherever crim- Ijsou clover will live through the winter , " "that Is , of course , best , as winter earth 'covering , for it will often make consid- erable growth In the spring1. But ; there should be something sown , 1C only oats or peas. A mixture of both these grains would probably make a better winter protection to the soil than either alone. These will not live after heavy freezing , but their leaves will make a mulch that will protect the sur face from being beaten down by rains. When this mulch is plowed under , it should not be buried more than three or four inches. The cutaway harrow will do It deeply enough. Pruninu Peach Trees. Peach growers are gradually learning that the peach free will not only stand very severe pruning , but that it does best under such treatment. Where this Is not practiced , long , slender branches form , and these produce fruit mainly at their outer extremities. This overloads the branches and causes'them to break down even when the tree la producing no more fruit than it could ! easily carry if properly distributed. If the branches were cut back to wlthiu two feet of the trunk they would throw ' out numerous fruit spurs and produce fruit close to the trunk and main branches where It could easily be sup ported. Trees handled in this way will also produce more perfect fruit. &nch severe cutting back may be done with out any injury whatever if performed while the tree is dormant. Although peaches are reckoned an uncertain crop , it is still one of the most profita ble fruits that can be grown in locals- ties adapted to it. Select the finest varieties and give high culture and it will require but little fruit to give you a good money return. American Farm Made Poultry Pay. A writer in a Western paper Says : 1 often read in the poultry journals that it is not much work to take care of poultry. I have always found it just the reverse. Still I like it for the out door exercise and natural love I have for pets. I also found it very remunera tive , but I find there is as great a de mand for that article called common sense in poultry raising as in everything else. The third year I gave poultry my attention I kept a strict account with the biddies. 1 had thirty-two Light Brahma hens and forty half-bloods for sitters. In the early spring I sold nine ty-two sittings of eggs , twenty-twi half-bloods for sitters , and raised nearly 700 chicks. I sold some for broilers and some for breeding purposes , and packed over 150 dozen eggs during the summer. I sold all the culls Thanks giving , and at the end of the year the books showed a balance in my favor of $791.34. Since that time I have kept 110 accurate account , but am satisfied to continue until I find something better. Farmer's Review. A Cow for Every Acre. We do not hear so much as we used to do about the importance of pro ducing enough feed on an acre to keep a cow through the year. It can be done by growing corn as the main feed. But that is not always , nor generally , econ omy , for if all the laud is kept in corn it must require more manure than where it can be every three or four years seeded with clover , and after all the soil would be less fertile than after a clover seeding. Besides , more depends on the milking character of the cows than on their number. The best dairy men prefer rather to reduce their herds siu number , aoid still get as much milk butter as formerly. This makes much less , and if the lessened Bamber of cows leaves more land not jgvled to keep them , it can probably be given to other uses that will pay much better. American Cultivator. Weight of Stock. One of the best ways of training the eye to judge both of live and dressed weights of animals is offered at "butch iic ering time. " If the farmer has . -.oine barn scales it is easy to secure the live weight of animals at any time. But there is great difference in the amount of waste in killing and dressing , even among animals of the same breed. It is this kind of knowledge that the buy er learns by long practice , and unless farmers want to be cheated in selling live stock they must learn also. The boy on the farm should be encouraged to make his guess as to how much each hog or beef would weigh , both alive , reg. and after it was dressed for marketing. g.ie It is knowledge that every boy on the farm should try to gain. Feeding Grain to Sheep. There Is nothing better than the V-shaped trough in which to feed grain to sheep. It is easily made , and should be set up high enough so that sheep will not put their feet into it. Nailing a narrow board a foot and a half above rem the trough will keep the sheep from stepping or jumping over it Sheep will clean out alt the grain in the bottom tom of the V , and if they do not it should be turned over after they ve eaten , and left turned until ready to feed again , so that it will not fill with snow , which musses and dirties the feed. _ StorinK Apples and Grapes. If apples are kept in the cellar they should be placed in the coolest and most > sta airy part. It is best to keep them in a shed or garret until there is danger of freezing and then put in the cellar. To keep well , apples should be kept in receptacles - ceptacles as air-tight as possible. The barrel should never be left uncovered. Open the barrel and take out a sufficient - cient quantity to last a few days ane J then nail the cover on again. - Do You Know Your Farm ? We wnnt to ask i'ou > furmer friend , If you are perfectly familiar with your whole farm ? Have explored all its acres and kuow what Is on the under ierW side as well as on top ? Do you know just how deep certain land should be plowed and what crops are best adapted - ed to same ? If you do , then you are on the high road to prosperity. Just keep right on , and you'll get there. Farmers' Snide. J * ' . ferSj Adornins : the Roadside. The construction of a hard roadway is not all there is to scientific roadsai building ; the maintenance of the high- way is as important as its actual con- struction , and nowhere , perhaps , have both reached a higher degree of per fection than in France. But in that country they do not stop there , and leave the roadside , barren and unin viting , and the roadbed exposed to the full force of the summer sun. They complete their work and beautify and protect it at the same time. This is the method , according to a correspondent den from Paris : Hedges and rows of trees are planted systematically along the roadsides. They < are pleasing to the eye ; afford shade for man and beast and protect the road-bed "from the softening and melting of the materials of which the roads are constructed in the summer and ; the deteriorations produced by the cold in winter. In fact they do the service of a parasol in summer and of an umbrella in winter , for the water that is not absorbed and blown over by the leaves is utilized by the roots. " Tin hedge-rows retain in position the loose ; ground on the sides away from the road and from a sort of wall for one side of the gutters which are usually dug near their roots. Trees , however , require considerable car at first , and it is continued , though gradually lessened , until they are ten years old. For three or four years after planting , the ground around them is dug up and turned so that air and moisture can penetrate team the roots , in both spring and fall , and then for three or four years more it is : done only in the spring. Young trees are also frequently sprinkled. treI Each year , about the end of February I- ILl arj , the trees and hedges are cleaned of' the nests of harmful animals and [ vermin and dead parts , which are 0e burned up. In May and August the young branches which rise much lis above the general summit of the trees are trimmed off , and in the fall there is a general pruning , while from lime to time , about once in three years , a general l- le eral cutting takes place so as to give vigor and abundant sap to new visre growths. Horticulturists are employed by the government to do the work. 'in case the bark of a tree is bruised or otherwise injured , or becomes infested iis fested with injurious insects , it is promptly and carefully treated to cleanse and heal it. "All trees which come to grief and die are immediately replaced by new ones. There are admirable ir. mirable nurseries all over the country. r.Lt But these nurseries are often at a great distance from the place in which the iee young tree is wanted , and the expense ; of transportation is great. For the ies sake of economy smaller nurseries : have been instituted by the State all over the country. Besides , in patches of ground where there is no traffic , and : which belong to the government , the cautonuier puts fresh earth on unutil ized patches and at a small expense plants trees which in time grow large jed enough to replace those that have died ; along the road which is under the can- Q.18 tonnier's care. " The roadsides thus become both ornamental and useful. L. A. W. Bulletin. Ghosts. Ghosts were naturally more numer ous in earlier conditions of society , for then man had so many souls. Now we are content with one , .and there are some who try to make us doubt even that modest allowance. But in the good old days each person was cred ited with several. There was one , for ory. instance , which belonged to his body , and must abide in it , or death would arrive ; then there was the dream inn soul , which , I have said , might wan der through time and space at will dur ing sleep ; and , most important , said many , is the name-soul , that which gives us distinctive individutlity in ni personal names ; and , not to ne the list to a tiresome length , there was . the bone-soul , which remained in the ! bones after the body had passed to dust. The last-mentioned was of pe culiar value , for on its persistence de pended the chance for resurrection into life on earth. The faith in this was nigh universal. When the body of Elijah touched the dry bones of the warriors they clothed themselves long-dead , in into selves in flesh , and were restored to living beings. The rabbis taught that especially in the bone lutz. the last of the spinal vertebrae , dwelt the spirit of the deceased. It is indestructible ) , say they , and not even a strong man with a sledge-hammer can break it. Century. A Newspaper "Beat. " Walter Russell contributes an ar ticle entitled "Incidents of the Cuban > Blockade" 'o the Century. Mr. Rus sell says : My time while on the blockade , serv ing as a special artist , was about equally divided between the various war-ships and a small steam-yacht ; , the duty of which was to divine intui tively when and where something waste to occur , and be there to witness it. Our < little crew of four constituted a strategy board in itself. We were , in deed , war prophets. More than once wisdom in our reasoning brought us our ( reward. More than once we were alone j in our glory , the only dispatch- boat on the spot. A sailor boy had asked uie to bring him from Key West fifty boxes of cigarettes for some of the crew ; and one morning I threw "the bundle upon the deck of his ship. Tearing off the cover , he scrawled the words , "Thanks ! Hope to meet you twenty- two miles to the eastward at noon , " and scaled the bit of pasteboard to me. me.A A correspondent who by common consent was chairman of our strategy board was on board the ship at that time , and obtained another slight clue. So we headed eastward from Hav ana , while the blockading fleet lay basking serenely in the sun. So also , did many dispatch-boats. At noon my sailor friend and his ship were there. j Shortly after noon there was an engagement - j | gagement the first of the war and j there was no other dispatch-boat near. Next morning New-Yorkers were in formed that dispatch-boats were as numerous there as pickets in a fence. Every newspaper had a dozen. The incident was witnessed by only one artist besides the writer ; yet I have since seen a double-page color supple ment of that battle in a weekly peri odical , where , under the artist's name , was printed the claim that it was sketched from our yacht. WHAT THE LAW DECIDES. A mandatory injunction to compel the secret password of a grand lodge to be given to a delegate from a subor dinate lodge of a benevolent society , and to permit him to participate in the deliberations , is held , in AVellen- voss vs. Grand Lodge K. of P. ( Ivy. ) , 40 L. R. A. 488 , to be beyond the prov ince of a court of equity , unless some right of property is endangered , al though an irreparable injury may be done to the delegate and his lodge by excluding him. The lease of harbor area in front of tide lands for curing and canning fish and storing ice for packing and hand ling the fish is held , in State , Denny vs. Bridges ( Wash. ) , 40 L. R. A. 593 , to be unlawful under the State constitu tion reserving such area "for maintain ing wharves , streets and other con veniences of navigation and com merce , " as the word "commerce" is qualified by the word "navigation. " In connection with this case there is a compilation of the authorities on the right of the owner of upland to have access to navigable water. A statute making books of science or art presumptive evidence of facts of general notoriety or interest is held , in Union Pacific Railway company vs. Yates ( C. C. App. 8th C. ) , 40 L. R. A. 553 , not to include medical works seas as to make them evidence of the opin ions or theories therein expressed. On the other hand , scientific works con taining statistics of mechanical ex periments and tabulations of their re- snlts , when recognized as standard au thority and generally relied upon by experts in that field , are held , in West ern Assurance Company vs. .T. H. Mohl- man Company ( C. C. App. 2d C. ) , 40 L. R. A. 561 , to be admissible to support the opinions of experts. With these cases is a note marshaling the authori i- ties on scientific books and treaties as evidence. To Proone Life. It is generally believed by the En glish people that the road to longevity lies through the stomach. This cause- fantastic notions in regard to diet. Almost every physician of note makes ! himself responsible for some dietetic formula to accomplish the object in view. Almost all have taken a decid ed stand against the native British oyster. This opposition is encouraged' by recent official investigations in re lation to the conditions under which that bivalve is grown on the English coast ! In Brighton it is estimated that one-third of all the deaths that occur in the town are caused by eating oys ters that are bedded on it > shores This is not surprising , as , according to the official report , three of the local : sewers discharge their contents over the oyster-beds. This is the case in several other coastwise towns. So widespread is the alarm in England in regard to oysters that at a recent banquet given at the Mansion House. London , not one of those bivalves served on the shell was eaten. Oysters alone are not under condemnation. Bread is avoided by many : other- , re ject meat , or vegetables w uiiSk. ° - butter. Mule Steak Ail Itight. A ? ! vu * * " * r * - - - "A party of Idaho cowboys , who were out on the range huntinir not long since , got desperately hungry ryr. and rather than kill a bcu f sti e > r. r.w. which is worth big moiK-y just now. they dispatched a young mule. w.hi flesh they proceeded to eat with tin- greatest ivlish , " said Albert C. RloHc- eiof that State , to a Post reporter. "One of tlu- company told me that the steak cut from the mule was as good as any he over ate , but his sharp appetite may have been a factor in the case. It was the first time I cvor heard of a mule" being sacrificed in such a cause , but as horse-men t is growing in favor in European countries uied tries I don't see why his long-eared relative should not answer the same purpose. " Washinirton Post. American Hats Popular. The American soft felt hat is all the [ rage in the leading Australian colonies. The rabbit pest in those colonies may yet become a source of wealth , as the skin is of value for felt making. When a man inherits money , people- > say that his future plans are not yet " made. Plans ! They will "be to spend it , of course , and no man has to sit down and deliberate on ways of spend ing money. Get any girl to lift her head , and you will see a red streak around her throat , . caused by her high collar. If any mail tortured a woman in the way fa lion does it , lie would be lynched , . TOPICS FOB FAEMEES A DEPARTMENT PREPARED FOR OUR RURAL FRIENDS. In the Fouth Kins Cotton IB Being- Dethroned , and OJhcr Crops Are Taking Its Place-How Auricnltnre Is Taught in France. The hist few years have witnessed important changes in the farming methods of the South. The tillers of the soil no longer raise cotton to the exclu sion of all other products , nor do they tolerate slothfulness , as they once did. Intensive farming is being generally developed in this section , the farmers going in for high cultivation of small tracts rather than for low cultivation of large tracts of ground. Truck farm ing has become widespread and re markably profitable. Enormous quanti ties of strawberries are now produced in the South Atlantic States for the Eastern cities and for the local market. Three years ago scarcely a strawberry was grown in the neighborhood of Wil- mington , while last year the farmers thereabout deposited in the banks of that city § 000,000 that they realized from the sale of this single delicacy. Farmers who are turning away from cotton once the product that filled their minds with visions of wealth are first making sure that they have a suf- iicient food supply for themselves and their stock. It is only lately that they have taken this precaution. Formerly | they planted nothing but cotton , de- pending upon their profits from it to enable them to secure bacon , flour and potatoes for themselves and hay and corn for their horses , hogs and cattle. After many years of a losing struggle they found that their system was bad , and that it would have to be changed. It was bending them under a burden of care and clothing their children in rags. They were getting deeper and deeper in debt , helped along that easy road by the credit system and the lien laws , which have been so serious a blow to the prosperity of the South , and at last hard necessity taught them to look to their own farms for the nec essaries of life and not to depend upon cotton to supply them. Farmers are now paying more and more attention to tobacco , wheat and corn. The latter crop especially is growing rapidly. Auricnltnre Taught in France. The perfect system of agricultural education in France has had much to flo with the wonderful improvement in French farming. The federal grants for this purpose are now nearly ? ! , - 000,000 a year. The social and politi cal position of the farmer in France has been advanced also , and the gen i- eral public appreciate the importance of agriculture. Agricultural teaching is now given in France in seven differ ent stages or degrees. First , there is the- superior instruction of the national agricultural college , for which we have no corresponding institution in the United States ; ( 2) ) the national schools of agriculture , corresponding to our i3tate agricultural colleges ; (3) ( ) the prac- tical schools of agriculture , for which : we have no counterpart ; (4) ( ) apprentice- ship schools where boys and girls are taught all the mysteries of general work , fruit growing , 'dairying , silk cul- ttire , apiculture and fish culture. Then , 1there are (3) ( ) mixed schools , with pro- fessors of agriculture and agricultural chemistry , and ( G ) instruction in the efields , for all of these schools have lands attached , just as though the lgrammar schools in American rural towns had lectures on the agricultural sciences illustrated by work in the sfield ; (7) ( ) France has carried to great perfection her experiment stations , which are doing a work similar to that I elone by similar stations in this country , The laborer has the farm school , the small farmer the practical school , se in a better sphere of life the al schools , while others who desire to de vote their attention to agronomic science have the agronomic institute , which is truly a polytechnic of sciences , physical , chemical and natural. By this means those engaged on the soil eare kept abreast with the best and lat est practice in agriculture , and are enabled - laas bled to sec and learn such things as tend to the improvement of their con dition and industry. Mississippi Val ley Democrat. Hillsiclc Cultivation. Take a level and tape line , go 30 feet from the top of the hill , measure 30 feet from top all round the hill , setting stakes at each place , then take level and see what kind of a slope you have to deal with. If medium slope a one- horse plow is sufficient , say a slope of 2 to 3 feet , but for more would require a deeper furrow. Run twice to each 30 feet or ditch. Throw dirt out , leaving at least a ditch 2 feet wide , 1 foot deeper or little over. On these banks sow or plant blue grass or red clover to hold the banks. Then plant two rows of trees G feet from these ditches , prune up to be bushy and thrifty , then if you wish can set grape vines along the ditches about 2 feet off. Let row of trees be 13 feet apart each way , and have your orchard fixed so as to turn your hogs in , when you wish , to pick up all the fallen fruit. By this method you will make ends meet. The hogs will become healthy and fat , your trees will be free from borers and many oth er insects that raise in the fallen fruit. The fruit will be much larger and finer and free from rotten spots , and the trees will be vigorous and healthy. "Practical Farmer. Fausaue-3Ieat. Sausage is made from the pieces lefi from cutting out the hams and shaul- flers part Of the sides may also Te used if a large quantity is wanted. The following recipe we can recommend very highly : Take fifteen pounds of. lean meat ; elglit pwaids of fat meat ; seven table. spoonfuls of thyme ; eight tablespoonfuls - ful of fine salt ; four tablespoon fuls ot celery seed. Cut the meat up fine with a sharp knife , removing nil pieces of ' skin and bone ; then run through the cutter. To make it fine run it through the cutter a second time. Spread the fine-cut meat out on a clean wooden tray and add the seasoning , which should be well mixed through the meat. If aagc is preferred1 omit the thyme. IfAf After the meat is seasoned make up a few cakes and cook , and try the sea- soiling. Some prefer more salt others less. Sausage may be kept by packing the moat in stone jars and running hot lard over the top of the jar. Tie a clean cloth over the top ; then a double sheet of brown paper , and set away in a cold. dry room. A better way is to make casings out of thin muslinr about two inches in diameter ; then fill the meat in with a sausage stuffer , and hang the casings up in the smokehouse or a cool room. Meat so put up can be smoked. The meat will then keep until late ii/ the summer. The American. rteaminir Milk In an experiment fn keeping milk in bottles sterilized by heating in live steam (212 ( F. ) and in other bottles washed , with hot water in the usual way { , the Kansas Experiment Station found a vastly larger number of bacteria - teria in the latter. As- far as the appearance - pearance of the bottles was concerned. the uusterilized looked the cleaner. The conclusion ] is : This shows that we cannot - not trust the eye to tell us when a dish -s clean. ( Wherever possible every milk dish ! should be subjected to live steam. and the longer it is exposed the better. In some places where special pains are taken ] milk dishes are subjected to live steam under pressure for fifteen ruin- utes. ) Where steam cannot be had. scalding ; hot water should be used , and the ( longer the dishes remain in this hot water the cleaner they will be , since many bacteria that can withstand the J heat for a few seconds will be killed if ? exposed several minutes. Tin's- treatment - 1 mont ) will not insure sterility , but it will materially reduce the number of bacteria. _ Protection of Trees from 31 ice. . Farmers care very little for the depredations redations of field mice upon their grains , but these small rodents some'j , 'j times do great injury to young fruit trees in winter. They seldom gnaw the * thick bark of older trees , but cases are on record in which a young orchard has been entirely destroyed when planted near a meadow or level field frequented by these little marauders. Coarse wrap- pingpaperora few layers of newspaper , dipped in kerosene and tied about the base of a tree , also a few pieces laid over the nearest roots , will repel the mice , and at the same time prevent the ravages of boring beetles. Field mice are easily trapped. A box trap set near their nests and baited with corn meal will often catch half a do/en at once. A Good Fire Kindler. Kindling with kerosene , though al most universal when it comes to start ing the kitchen fire on a winter's morn ing , is a dangerous operation as gener ally done. The following plan you will find a success as it neither spills oil on stove and floor nor carries oil in the dishes to season the breakfast later on. and last , but not least , does not blow up ilthe stove or set the house on fire , Take a tin can one with a cover , so othat the oil will not evaporate and fill about two-thirds full of oil , and set in some handy place out of the way. At night put two or three cobs in the can and leave to soak. When the fire is to be started , take the cobs and put on the grate of the stove , piling the kindling and fuel over them. Then touch a match to them , and your fire is going full blast. Always have some cobs in the can. If for any reason it is desira ble to have a fire on short notice , your kindling is always ready. The Agricul- turist. Straw for Fattening : Animals. It may surprise farmers who know that straw alone is so poor food that an animal will almost starve if fed on it exclusively to be told that stock that is very highly fed. and even may be fat tening , Avill eat a certain amount of straw every day , using it to make greater variety in their ration , and to supply nutrition that varies from that t on which they are fattening. Stock that I is fed much nitrogenous food , as , for ? example , cotton-seed or linseed meal or beans fed to fattening sheep , will eat much more of the grain straw than stock whose grain diet is corn. If. wheat or rye , which the rich in albu minoid , could ever be largely fed to slock , the latter would require consid erable grain straw to balance the ra tion , and also to furnish bulk so that the more concentrated grain could be better digested. One of the advantages of oats as a feed is that this grain is surrounded by a husk which prevent ? it from heating in the stomach. Trees and a Compact ' ubaoil. One of the chief difficulties found in planting trees in many parts of the West is that the soil is underlaid with a compact sub-soil , through which the roots of the trees do- not readily pene trate. As a remedy for this , large holes about six or eight feet across and deep enough to go through this hard under lying layer are dujr. These large holes or wellsare then filled with mellow sur face soil , in which the trees are planted , the oltfect being to afford opportunity for d-eep rooting and also conserve mcsture. To Save the Horse Collar. 'A short cut to success is to save th& wear on tools and harness. A collar al ways wears out first where the trace nibs. Take a piece of leather large enough to extend back over the collar and tack on the hame under the trace hook. This removes the friction from the collar , thereby more than Fts time f usefulness ,