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About Western news-Democrat. (Valentine, Neb.) 1898-1900 | View Entire Issue (Dec. 8, 1898)
Jersey with a Good Record. 3. W. Hart of the Agricultural Experi ment Station , Clemsou College , S. CM writes to Hoard's Dairyman : Realizing that my little six-year-old 840-pound Jersey "Nitelis" needed only an oppor tunity to make herself famous , I decid ed to give her a week's test under the rules of the American Jersey Cattle Club. In addition to good grazing , con sisting of orchard grass , red clover , crimson clover and green oats , she ate , during the week's test , forty-three pounds ofwheat bran , forty-six pounds of cornmeal and twenty-eight pounds of rot ton seed meal , given on forty-four pounds of cotton seed hulls , the last y JKUSKY COAV "XITEI.IS" 102722. Ceiug one of the best vehicles for trans porting the finely ground meals to the BOW'S stomach that I know of. Her to tal yield of milk for the seven days was V29H : pounds , from which was made 1C pounds 7J/o ounces of unsalted butter. Considering the bread and the size of ihe COAV , the milk yield was very large ; and had she been milked thrice instead of twice daily , she would have made a ponsiderably better showing , both in tmlk and butter. Pens for Raising : Pisjs. Tt is not necessary to have costly pens In which to raise pigs. There are pnough loose boards lying around every farm to make at least one or two good places for the SOAVS. A correspon- tells how to make them after the Style of a chicken coop. They should be built on runners so they can be mov- IH ! with a horse to any place you want them. If the ground is dry , no floors nre needed , but if not dry floors AA'ill be better. The door should be made in one end mid placed to face the south in order to catch the sunshine. In cold weather a piece of old blanket or burlap should be hung over the door to keep out the MOVABLE PIG PEN. cold and SIIOAAA small hole for venti lation should be cut in the opposite gaMe - Me end from which the door is made. Farm and Fireside. AVell-Ripeiied Potatoes for Seed. The fact that a potato is meally Avhen oook Hl shows that it is well ripened. Su h a potato is much better for seed rtlsau the poor , watery potatoes that ( hive not secured their proper amount . of starch through destruction of their 'loaves. We are always suspicious of seed of a potato that in winter or spring appears watery and deficient in solid matter when cut into. It may have cQis& & > m a hill that had not time be- > re it Avas dug to ripen the crop of tu- Liers beneath. But in nine cases out of 't.Mi it was eaten by potato bugs or its 'leaves blighted before the potatoes reached maturity. Such potatoes can not make good seed. Coal Ashes for Fruit Trees. That coal ashes are beneficial Avhen .spread on the surface of apple orchards in grass cannot be disputed. But they v .contain scarcely any mineral fertilizer , and are. of course , having passed -tftrough fire , destitute of any other. Undoubtedly they benefit by setting as a mulch , and where they cover grass ( . .using it to die out and rot. In this way they supply considerable fertility mij moisture indirectly. Wherever coal nshes have long lain under fruit trees there will be an abundance of tree roots just under the ashes where the grass has been killed. A Tribute to the Mitlc. While we are carrying on about the heroes of the Avar let us not forget the jinny mule. lie may not be as kissable JK Ilobson. but AVC OAVC him just as much recognition. Gen. Shatter says lie could not have supplied his army at t\'i\ \ \ if it had not been for the mule , and < ; < n. Blanco know what ho Avas about 1 jAvhen he rushed lo the cable office and 'telegraphed to Madrid how the Ameri- jcans had killed that mule at Matanzas. Louisville Courier-Journal. Cutting Fodder by Horse Power. We are sorry for farmers , and espe cial ' for the farmers' sons , who are : < > bJC'ed to cut fodder for stock in win- .ker-by hand labor. It is a SOAV job and JniA'olves muscular effort that might j well be put to more necessary uses. .If jevery farmer who reads this Avould get a horse power , or better still a small steam engine to do the var'ous jo'S thnl are noAv too often done by human mus cle , there Avould be far less discon tent with the farm on the part of the young , and the time thus saved could and AA-ould be put to better uses. Ex change. Green Food for Fowls. FoAvls iii winter confined in hen houses lack the variety of food which they get in summer while allowed a wide range. They require more con densed food than in summer , and grain should be their principal ration. But they Avill eat more or less green food also , and AVO never found a batter way than to hang up a cabbage head by the roots , allowing the bead to come near enough to the ground so that by jump ing they can bite out a mouthful. The inferior heads of caubage that would otherwise be thrown away can thus be put to good use. Exchange. Clay Soil for Pears. The best pear orchards are grown on- a heavy soil with clay as the subsoil , into which the tap root of the pear Avill sink beneath all ordinary fluctuations of temperature in the air above. It is this CA'en temperature that saves pear trees on clay soils to a great extent from 'he blight which is so frequent where the soil is sandy or gravelly. It is not , of course , an absolute preven tive , but AVC have always noticed that the pear trees which lived longest and longest continued productive were grown on clay soils. Turnips Need Moist Climate. ' The principal reason why turnips are not popular in this country , even among those English farmers who al- Avays used to grow them in England , is because our summers are almost al ways too hot and generally also too dry. In hot weather , if moist , worms breed in the turnips , unless they are gathered and sold while small as mar ket gardeners do. If the weather turns dry for any long , time , the turnip be comes pithy and worthless. Plow Uveiier. As a rule , farmers when they went to plow get any evencr without measuring the length , and then their plow does not run steady , while their neighbor may have the same kind of plow and it runs all right. The difference is often in the double-tree. The right length is three times the width of the plow. For a 14-inch plow make a 42-inch eveuer. Hitch to center of plow and it Avill bring end of eveuer in center of furrow. Practical Farmer. Clover for Bring your hogs to 200 pounds on clover , and it is then an easy matter to finish them off quickly on corn in the fall without the expense of feeding long through the cold weather. Feeding corn in order to keep up the animal heat , while putting on fat , does not pay. Al though you may not have quite such heavy weights in the end as by other methods , there Avill be more money in the purse. Indiana Farmer. Good Road Essentials. Three essentials of modern roadbuild- ing are the road machine , for grading , shaping and preparing the roadbed ; the stone crusher , Avhich may often advan tageously be portable , with outfit for breaking the stone , and an efficient road roller , preferably a steam roller of about twelve tons weight. These are at the bottom of economical macadam road construction. North American Horticulturist. Valuable to Farmers. The fourteenth annual report of the Bureau of Animal Industry of the Unit ed States Department of Agriculture is published by order of Congress for free distribution by Senators and Represent atives , to Avhoni all requests should be made. To Exterminate a Pest. In a portion of Hanover. Germany , a local decree requires each farmer to de liver to the authorities twelve sparrows or sparrow heads between Oct. 1 and Dec. 1 , or pay a fine of G marks. Poultry Pointers. Coal ashes are good for the poultry. Do not allOAA * the males to remain in the Hock. A little oil meal will assist the moult ing hens. Don't permit bad odors about the poultry house. Borax is a goood thing to sprinkle in the nest boxes Waste tobacco stems are good ver min destroyers. Worms may result from feeding ruw meat too freely. Leghorns ate less tame , nsually.than most other breeds. Give the youngest chicks a chance to eat by themselves. See that the eggs are clean before being sent to market. Don't build a fancy poultry house. Put il up plain , but warm. Table scraps wllll start early pullets to laying. Nothing better. An earth floor in the poultry house is not only good , but the best. Never mind threshing the oats for the foAvls they prefer to do it them selves. Ileus lay better and the eggs keep longer if up males are allowed with them. A poultry house should be high enough for a person to stand in , and that is high enough. NIAGARA HUSHED. The Memorable Morning Upon Which Its Roar Was S-ilcnced. To awake from sleep to the con sciousness of a great or unexplained noise is often appalling , but it may be no less fearful to awake to the con sciousness of a sudden stillness where the ear has always been used to sound. One who from birth had been accus tomed to the thunder of Niagara has lately told in a daily paper the story of the morning , noAV fifty years ago , when the roar of the cataract ceased , and a' great stillness settled over the district. He says : I Avas born tAventy-five years before , with the roar of Niagara in my ears , and had lived ever since within a mile of the cataract. I awoke that morning oppressed by a strange feeling , which I found Avas caused by the astounding fact that the roar of Niagara was gone. My first thought was that I had be come deaf in the night , but the sound of the ticking of a clock in the next room assured me that my hearing was not affected. The tumult of Niagara was stilled , and the unwonted silence was appalling. I hastily dressed and ran from the house. Scores of people were hasten ing tOAvard the falls to learn the cause of the alarming quietness. The sight was a strange one. Where the river had been was now a naked bed of jagged black and slimy rock , and the precipice over Avhich it had hurled its waters was bare from shore to shore. Niagara was dry , or so nearly so that the sound of the water that fell over the rock was as the trickle of a brook. People from the Canada side walked along the edge of the precipice , and made their way nearly to Goat Island on the American side without wetting their feel. A number of ancient gun- barrels were found among the rocks of the river-bed above the rapids. People SAA-armed to see the strange sight. This extraordinary condition of af fairs continued all day. When the people ple Aveiit to bed late that night Niagara Avas still silent , but when they aAVok the next morning the thunder of the falls Avas shaking the earth as usual , and the cataract had returned to its old habit. The power which had silenced Niag ara AA'as soon discovered. It was in March that the noise of the cataract ceased. The winter had been one of the coldest on record. Thick ice formed in Lake Erie. The break-up came sud denly. Toward the end of March a stiff , northeasterly wind came up and broke the ice-fields , separating them from the shore and driving the ice-floes up the lake , -g them in great banks as they movu. . Toward-night , on March 30 , the Aviiul changed suddenly to the opposite quar ter and became a fierce gale. The sur face of the lake was packed with min iature icebergs , and the storm hurled them back with such force that a great 3ain AA-as formed at the head of Niag ara River. This dam held back the water , and before long the river above the falls was drained , and by the morning of the 31st Niagara Avas silenced. For tAventy-four hours its voice of thundei was hushed , but by the morning of April 1 the ice-pack gave way under the pressure of water , and the cataract reasserted itself. The .Famous Tulip Mania. The origin of the term "tulip mania * casts a side light on a curious phase of human nature. In the years 1G3G and 1037 an extraordinary floAver mania oc curred in Holland , chiefly in regard to tulips , in Avhich men speculated in the same manner as is done with railroad shares and other stocks at the present day. Tulip bulbs \v re sold for enor mous sums , the oAvnorship of a single bulb being often divided into shares. Men sold these when not in possession of a single bulb , on condition of deliv ering them to the buyers at a certain time agreed upon by the contracting parties , and of some A'arieties far more were sold than were actually in exist ence. This craze died out at last , but not until many persons had become ruined financially and quite a number gone insane. An Enormous Thsatcr. The Paris Exhibition of 15)00 Avill con tain the largest theater in the Avorhl. According to the report of M. Raulin , the architect Avho has been intrusted with its construction , it Avill surpass any other building of the kind from the point of view of size and seating capa city. It AA'ill be erected within the well-known "Galerie de.s Machines , " and Avill accommodate from 12,000 to 13,000 persons. The auditorium Avill consist of five circular tiers rising one above the other and sloping backwards till the topmost reaches the very roof of the "Galerie , " while these circles at the rear Avill present the appearance of enormous arcades supported by colos sal cohnnns. Xerxes' Army. Xerxes , the King of Persia. Avas the eldest son of the great Darius. In his expedition against the Greeks , Herod otus states that the Avhole number of his fighting force amounted to nearly 2,500,000 men. and the fleet consisted of 1,207 ships of Avar , besides 3.000 smaller vessels. Those numbers were considerably increased by recruits from the countries through which he passed on his AAay to Greece , until ( ac cording to the same authority ) the total number amounted to more than 0.000- 000. Although this is doubtless an ex aggerated statement , all authorities agree that it was the largest multitude ever brought together- for any purpose In Its Torld. * Hard Twines. "Wisr is Edith crying so bitterly ? " "She went to a sewing bee this ef noon and nobody noticed her engage ment ring. " Cleveland Leader. AGRICULTURAL NEWS * - THINGS PERTAINING TO THE FARM AND HOME. What the Farm Is Fit For-The Dif ference in Land Narrow Corn-cribs the Beat How Weevil ISIay He JJx- tcrminated Farm ISotes. A. word to the restless people to the fast j and feverish age ; A perfect manhood is better than any wealth or wage. ' Some are for gold some , glitter ; but , tell me , tell me , when Will we stand for the farm and the college j that go for the making of meu ? Yes , what is the old farm fit for ? The , word is wisely said ; There may be stumps in the pasture , anil : the house may be a shed ; But what if a Lincoln or Garfield be here in this boy of ten ? Aud what should the farm be lit for , if I not the raising of men ? 'Tis scanty soil for a seeding , but here j AVC win our brcrfd , And a stout heart may grow stronger Where plow and harrow are sped ; Then break up the bleak , high hillside and i trench the swamp and fen ' For what should the farm be fit for , if not for "the raising of meu ? The crop by the frost is blighted , a niggard the season seems ; Yet the ready hand finds duties , and the heart of the youth has dreams The bar and the Senate to-morrow ; to morrow the sword or the pen ; For what should the farm be fit for , if not for the raising of men ? And what if our lot be humbler if we on the farm abide ? There is room for noble living , and the realm of thought is wide ; A mind enriched is a fortune and you will know it when You see that the farm is fit for the rearing of noble men. President Harris , Maine Slate College. Crops Adapted to the Soil. No section of the country is adapted to all crops , but it may be safely claimed that all crops may be grown in this country. Each farm differs from the others , and even adjoining farms may be so unlike as to compel the own ers thereof to cultivate under different methods. The climate is the most im portant factor to be considered in se lecting crops , and next to the climate the soil is to be studied. There are hundreds of farms that do not pay , but which would give a profit every year if they were devoted mainly to those crops which thrive best thereon. AVhat those crops should be can only be dis covered on each farm by observation. It is related that a certain farmer found his crops overrun by a peculiar grass , which he could not eradicate , and he became much discouraged , finally de ciding to sell the farm or cease its cul tivation. Relaxing his efforts , the grass overrun his fields , and a neighbor suggesting - ' gesting that there was a fine crop of hay that could be cut , it dawned on the farmer that as the grass was indig enous to the soil it could be made a paying crop , the result being that the farm began to pay because it was adapted to the crop that could best thrive upon it. There are many farmers - . ers who could do likewise instead of struggling every year to grow crops that are more difficult to produce be cause the soil is not suitable for them. Philadelphia Record. Narrow Cribs for Corn. All the rules for economizing space nave to be broken in cribbing damp corn. "We can get more room in a square or octagon building with the same area outside than in a long , nar row one. But for drying out corn we count the space next the outside most valuable. The crib must be wider at the top than it is at the bottom , and , besides , its roof ought to project as much as is safe , and have eave troughs conducting all the water that falls on the roof to one side , where it will most likely be blown away from the building instead of towards it. Of course , a corn crib thus put up is extremely liable to be blown over unless it is propped well on each side. Where an expensive corn house can be afforded , it is well to make it Avide enough so that it will hold two rows of cribs with the sides vertical on the outside , but shelving wider at the top towards the center on each side. We know such a corn crip built near forty years ago , which , except that'it has had to be new roofed once or twice , is still in good condition. It was set on posts in the ground , each capped with a projection so as to keep out rats and mice. This part of the scheme proved a failure. Rats or mice brood in this corn crib just as they would if it set on a" wall. It would have been better if a wall had been put under it with a five or six-feet deep cellar that could have been used as a pigpen. Probably when the oak posts rot out the corn crib will be raised and such a cellar put under it. -American. Cultivator. Weevil in Wheat. The Missouri Agricultural Experi ment Station says : "Weevils in wheat are easily killed by placing the wheat in a tight bin or room and turning on the top of the wheat a quantity of car bon-sulphide , then closing the door and allowing the fumes , which are heavier than the air , to settle and penetrate the grain for about two days , when the door may be opened and the fumes al lowed to escape. One or two pounds of the carbonbisulphide is sufficient for 100 bushels of grain , and will not in jure it in any way. Do not go near the fumes of the above with a lantern or lighted pipe. Be careful not to breathe the fumes of the bisulphide ci ! carbon , as the result-would be disagree able , if not fatal. " All-the-Ycar-Koimd Harvest. Frequent dividends on the farm should be the object of every farmer. ' It naa long been a maxim that "har- vest comes but once a year , " which is true where certain crops are specialties I ties , but the fact is that there is no occupation - j ! cupation that will give as frequent ' dividends on the investment as farm ing if judicious management is used. When farming is made to Include ev erything that can be produced on a farm there is not a week in the year that returns will fail to come in. Be ginning with early spring the vegeta bles will be dividend-producers , to be followed by fruit and field crops. Even in winter the cows will contribute ev ery day with milk , from wfiieh butter may be sold , while the well-filled egg basket can be marketed nearly every day in the year. The sheep send early lambs to the stalls , followed by mut ton and wool , and from the swine early shoats and late pork are obtained. In fact , at the present day , with improved implements , "harvest time' ' is every season of the year , and the dividend ? are constant. Softhelled Gravel as usually found in most soila has been rounded by the air , water and heal , through wear and tear , says the Farm and Fireside. Unless sharp it is valueless. As soon as the fowl rounds off a sharp substance in the gizzard it is voided ; hence , hens prefer sharp shells to ground gravel. The reason they eat more shells when laying ( or more sharp grit of any kind ) Is because ( when laying ) more food is required , and consequently there is better diges tion and assimilation. Because an egg has specks or flakes of lime on the shell does not imply that it is due to feeding shells , as the same thing occurs when no oyster shells are given. It may be due to the food also. As a rule , such hens are fat. Some kinds of gravel are limestone and of the same composition as oyster shells. There arc millions of hens that never saw an oys ter shell , and they do not lay soft- shelled eggs. Soft-shelled eggs always indicate overfeeding. Drone Bees. Bees left to their own devices will build too much drone comb for the profit of the apiarist , says the New York Farmer. The aim of the bees in building extra comb is not to rear drones , but to have storage room for surplus honey. Such extra comb is found in each hive , and , if it be left , the queen will , in the spring , when the col ony is strong , ' fill all the available drone comb with eggs , which means a too large force of drones when the hatch ing is completed. This state of affairs is easily prevented by the utilization of foundation comb , all made in worker size. If the frames be filled with foun dation comb the drones will be kept down in number to the desirable point. The supply of drones is easily regulated by the amount of drone comb provided , and the apiarist can select his breed ing stock at will by supplying the drone comb in the colonies that stand highest in bis esteem. The Basket Worm. Prof. L. O. Howard , entomologist , gives the life history of the basket worm in a letter to the Indiana Farm er , its name being ' 'Thryridopterix ephemeraeformis , " which is sometimes known also as the bag worm. The bag serves as a shelter and protection from birds and other enemies. The bag can be increased from time to time as occa sion requires. The larva carries the bag with it wherever it goes and never leaves it. When full grown it turns tea a chrysalis with the bag , the female moth never leaving it except to drop to the ground and die after depositing its eggs within the bag , from which the young escape , go out over the plants ( especially evergreen hedges ) , con struct new bags and commit depreda tions. The male moth emerges as a small clear-winged insect. Paris green on the plants destroys the worms. The bags should be picked off and burned when such is possible. Buyinjr Fertilizers. In the purchase of fertilizers the farmer has more difficulty than in any other duty , as he must rely largely up on the honesty of the manufacturers , and for that reason he should buy only fi-r-n reliable parties. The reliability ol'n ; vnufacturers may not be known ID : \ } > . and mistakes may occur in the l'a s ries. There is one plan that can lt > pursued , however , and which will be satisfactory to the manufacturers also , which is for a number of farmers to co-operate in making comparative tests of all fertilizers procured by ex changing samples. The stations Avill also analyze samples for farmers , but the better plan is for each farmer to make tests and thus educate himself in the use of fertilizers and their effects upon plants by direct observation. Only ? 1 expended for fertilizers for each farm , provided several farmers will work together , Avill be sufficient. Horticultural Notes. The English ivy does not harm a tree on which it grows. See if a little less water on irrigated land Avill not be better. Fruit when placed in cold storage should be firm and hard. The grape , vine trained to a single stake never does its best. Sprinkling plants with water , "when frost is expected. Avill protect them. Pears to be put in cold storage should be picked before they begin to ripen. Watermelons ought not to be grown on the same ground oftener than three years. Tomatoes are so hardy that they may be transplanted even after the fruit be gins to set. If grapes hare been planted too close ly and , become too thick , better take out every other vine. The man who gives plants of all kinds plenty of room and heroically thins his fruit Avill get best results. Real Estate and Farm. Butter Pats. One of the daintiest ways of making up the little individual butter pats for" the tabla is in corrugated rolls. The butter paddles arc kept in Ice water until thoroughly chilled. Then a piece of butter about as large as a hickory nut is taken up on one , is patted down with the other until about an eighth of an inch thick and dexterously lifted at one end and rolled over , forming the dainty crumbled roll. These are tossed in a jar of ice water as fast as made , emerging therefrom crisp and fresh. If the familj' is large , and it Is desirable to keep a supply of the butter balls ahead , they may be kept two or three days at a time by changing the water daily and taking care that the supply of ice is not exhausted. Secret of Washing * Woolens. The secret of washing Avell any wool en goods , says the New York Evening Post , lies chiefly in having the differ ent waters of equal temperature , with none of them at any time too hot to put the hand in comfortably. Soap should not be rubbed on the article , but used in the form of thin suds. It should be a good white soap , too. A little borax is probably the best thing to soften the water. For washing blankets or baby flannels it is to be preferred. Woolen should not be wrung by the hand , but rinsed or dried by squeezing. "Wool ens of any sort should never be allow ed to freeze. Layer Cake with Butter. Beat one-half of a cupful of butter tc a. cream ; add gradually one and one- half cupfuls of sugar , and beat hard for five minutes ; add one teaspoonful of flavoring. Measure two and one-half cupfuls of flour , add to it two teaspoonfuls - fuls of baking powder , and sift three times ; beat the whites of five eggs to fl stiff , dry froth , and measure one-half ol a cupful of water. Add to the creamed mixture a little water , then a little flour and some white of egg , and so on , stir ring evenly until all of the ingredients have been added , then beat hard for five minutes. Bake in layers in a oven. A Hands * Wood Box. Where wood is used all know that it Is unhandy to carry wood and open doors at same time , to say nothing about extra tracks and dirt. A box may be so constructed for wood that It Avill save steps , dirt and noise. It should be built in the partition be- tAveen kitchen and woodshed , of match ed lumber and lined with inch boards to save wear to box. Covers should be tight-fitting , to keep out cold , and slanting , so nothing can be laid on them. Inside painted or stained color of woodwork of room. Practical Farmer. Aftcr-Dinner Coffee. Put four rounded tablespoons of fine ground coffee into the top of a biggin , or into a strainer , and pour three cups of boiling AA-ater through it. When all has dripped through pour the liquid cof fee out and again pour it through the grounds. Then strain it into a kettle that fits oAer an alcohol lamp and when ready to serve , place the kettle before the hostess , light the lamp and let the coffee just come to the boiling point. Serve with block sugar and withoul cream unless especially desired. Popcorn Candy. Put into granite kettle one tablespoonful - spoonful of butter , three tablespooii- fuls of AA-ater and one cup of white sugar ; boil until ready to candy , then throAV in three quarts of nicely popped corn ; stir vigorously until the sugar is evenly distributed over the corn. Take the kettle from the fire an.l stir until it cools a little , and in this way each kernel Avill separate and coat with sugar. Of course it must haA'e undi vided attention from the first to pre vent scorching. Swedish Puddings ( Individual ) . Beat four whole eggs until foamy. Take a quarter of a pound of butter and the same quantity of pOAvdered sugar and beat it to a cream in a separate bowl. Tour the beaten eggs carefully on the butter , mix Avell , add a quarter ; of a pound of tAvice sifted flour , flavor j Avith grated vanilla. Steam in the individual - - ' vidual shapes , and ser\-e a wine sauce or a fruit sauce with them. Useful Hints. Onions should be preserved strung or , if small , in nets , in a cool , dry place. The color of pickled cabbage is great ly improved by putting slices of uncook ed beet into it , or a few drops of cochi neal. To clean all kinds of lacquer work first rub Avith fresh lemon juice , then with cleau cloths till quite dry and pol ished. Zinc pails , baths , etc. , may be kept free from grease by first Avell washing them with soap and water , then rub bing over with a rag dipped in kerosene oil. If sheets or tablecloths are wrung by putting the selvage through the wringer the edges will not curl up , and they will iron much easier. Perspiration stains may be removed from the sleeA'Cs of white A\oolen or silk dresses by sponging with warm water , into which ammonia has been poured , and then with clear water. Prp place before it becomes A small grape basket inirable work box trouble. It may be s 3 K side , and then linj % J § pockets and cushi terial used beinc- . Vi niters. Prop. of lightweight I