s
is
I
A
EDtJCATIONALCOLUMN
NOTES ABOUT SCHOOLS AND
THEIR MANAGEMENT
4The Collcpe Graduates as Teacher in
the Public School Instructions Tell
ing How to Make Relief Maps What
to Teach Children
Which Succeeds BeBt
It is a current question whether the
college graduate or the normal school
graduate succeeds best in school work
The difference between them arises in
the larger scholarship of one as set over
against the professional training of the
other Each has its respective advan
tage and also his respective shortcom
ing The logical conclusion is that every
teacher must have the liberal scholar
ship of the one and the professional
training of the other should be a grad
uate of both schools One of the most
pleasing and hopeful signs in the edu
cational growth of Indiana is the large
number who take both the normal and
university course
But It is not my purpose to speak of
this matter in general but to call at
tention to the conspicuous defect of the
college graduate for public school work
This defect Is that of failing to take ac
count of the psychological or chrono
logical factor in education He has been
absorbed in the logic of the subject for
Its own sake and when he comes to
teach it the only factor in the process
which he is accustomed to consider is
the subject itself He teaches as he was
taught If he began his work in zoology
with the microscope and protoplasm it
must begin thus to whatever grade of
pupils It is taught notwithstanding
that the child naturally and necessarily
begins with the external facts of color
and form and parts in action and hab
its of the animal A scientist of the
State once insisted that for the child to
study the color forms and external
structure of leaves as was being done
in the schools was worse than a waste
of time He held that a child should
begin wTith the inner the vital principle
of the leaf by microscopic study and
thus construct logically the botany of
the leaf Yet up to the time of enter
ing school mother nature had taken an
opposite course with the child An
eminent teacher of botany in a univer
sity who is a graduate of a normal
school said recently that his students
do not teach botany well in the public
school because they take the order
which he pursued with them to the
proper order to pursue with pupils in
the grades and In the high school This
university professor differs from the
one referred to above in having consid
ered the childs order of learnipg in ad
dition to the subject matter to be
learned c
Everywhere the logical order of the
subject has been forced upon pupils so
that just now there is a general and
heroic effort to readjust the course of
study to the natural order of the child
In learning We are ho longer satisfied
to follow in the course of instruction
the logieaJ order of addition subtrac
tion multiplication and division or
that of arithmetic algebra geometry
and trigoaometery While grammar
logically precedes composition the
school course reverses the order His
tory must not be deferred till geog
raphy is completed The recent fruit
ful agitation of the question of the
course of study enriching it correlat
ing it and concentrating it is only an
effort to the psychological order of the
growjng pupil
The college graduate is apt to make
a mistake in management similar to
that which he makes in Instruction He
tries to manage children as he would
young men and women He assigns
lessons to the child and the adult in
the same way and assumes that chil
dren will prepare a lesson by being told
to ddso Little precaution therefore
is taken to secure the full effort of the
pupil during the study period Since
college students prepare their lessons
at home the same custom is carried far
Into the public school Recently a col
lege graduate was superintendent of
the schools of a city and he required
fche pupils of the high school to meet
only for the recitations and that in the
forenoon This superintendent was
succeeded by a normal school graduate
who immediately changed the plan and
required the pupils to attend the full
day and to prepare lessons under the
direction of the teacher No matter
which of these was right their differ
ence illustrates the point under discus
sion One who manages a school suc
cessfully must consider the develop
ment of the pupil There is a time
when the pupil should have the most
minute and direct attention from the
teacher during the preparatibn of the
lesson and there comes a time when
such attention would not only be use
less but harmful a time when the- pu
pil should be left wholly free to choose
his own time place and manner of pre
paring his lesson
t The college man makes in many
ways a college out of a high school He
preaches or has it done a baccalaure
ate at commencement He calls his
classes freshman sophomore junior
senior They must organize and have
class presidents and above all class
colors and class school yells They have
foot ball teams and oratorical contests J
Are they notsoon to don the cap and I
gown at graduation I do not mean to
say that these things are bad but to
point out a natural tendency of the col
lege man in managing a public school
Of course the normal school graduate
tends to make parallel mistakes along
the opposite side of the foregoing but
jl am not considering those now They
lie in the direction of
of method in Instruction
in management Arnold Tomp
kins in Indiana School Journal
How to Make Belief Map
To great Importance cannot be at
tached to the value of relief work In
v8KMttVJaa
teaching the study pf geography writes
Ella J Douglas in American Teacher
It impresses upon the mind the conspic
uous features of the continent and aids
in imagination to picture its surface
It is by all means the best method for
securing the attention of pupils and to
lead them to acquire a useful knowl
edge of correct geographical form from
nature
It will be best to first model a map of
our own country Obtain the services
of a mechanic who can make a suitable
frame upon which to work the relief
It must be made of pine boards well
seasoned to prevent warping They
must be doweled and glued Rim it
about an inch In height
Maps are made of modeling wax
plaster of paris putty and other sim
ilar substances The following materi
al is a very good one and easily work
ed For a map about two feet by three
feet In size melt two heaping handfuls
of glue into which place half a pint
each of varnish and oil Into this put
more water and stir whiting into it as
you would flour in mixing bread Use
as soon as prepared In order for it to
adhere to the board it is necessary that
a coat of paint in which there is plentyj
of oil be applied Use blue to represent
the ocean except on the rim which
may be painted some darker color
With a palette knife spread the ma
terial over the whole map which you
have previously outlined in pencil
Build up the western highland and the
basin between the Rocky and the Sierra
Nevada mountains Let the eastern
slope be gradually downward toward
the great central plain and at the north
and upward toward Mexico Spread
more of the material for the Appalachi
an system and the height of land north
of the Ohio River and near the source
of the Mississippi Next build up the
mountains making the Rocky moun
tains higher as you proceed south
ward Locate some of the principal
peaks and cut depressions in the map
to indicate the canyons of the Colorado
and Arkansas Rivers
After the work Is well laid in put it
away to dry You will be greatly sur
prised upon looking at it again to dis
cover many cracks and crevices in your
work Do not be discouraged as it is
only the water drying out of the tex
ture These must not be worked over
until thoroughly dry as there is danger
of the under coat being raised from the
board Repeat this process until per
fectly dry when it will be as hard and
firm as a rock
Now give it two coats of white paint
in which there is about as much oil as
you had for painting the board and it
Is ready for the final coloring which
must be of artists paint
Your palette should consist of the fol
lowing colors Flake white Naples
strontian and chrome yellows Chi
nese vermilion Prussian and cobalt
blues
For the flood plains less than 500
feet which are along the Atlantic
coast Gulf of Mexico and Ohio val
leys the eastern and southern shores of
Lake Ontario the valleys of the Colum
bia Sacramento and San Joaquin and
a narrow strip along the Pacific coast
use Prussian blue chrome yellow and
a small quantity of white
Next paint the low plains 500 feet
to 1000 feet which are found on either
side of the Appalachian mountains and
the remaining portion of the Great Cen
tral Plain not included in the flood
plains also along the Red River of the
North and the Colorado Add white to
the previous mixture of green for
painting these Make it considerably
lighter for a contrast For the remain
der of the map the height above 1000
feet mix white and Naples yellow
Paint the snow capped peaks white
and the volcanoes vermilion Trace
the rivers in blue These will require
two coats The lakes are made with
Prussian and cobalt blue yellow and
white After all is dry give it two
coats of white varnish and you will
have a map which will be of great serv
ice to your pupils Educational Jour
nal
Do It
Peter Gooper who founded the Coop
er Institute in New York city had a
hard struggle As a boy his health
was of the frailest He went to school
but one year in his life and during that
year he could only go every other day
But when he was eight years old he
was earning his living by pulling hair
from the skins of the rabbits his father
shot to make hat pulp
He had not half a chance It seem
ed almost literally that he had no
chance at all He went to New York
when he was seventeen years old He
walked the streets for days before he
got a place and then apprenticed him
self to a carriage maker for five years
for his board and two dollars -a month
He had neither time nor money for
what the world called pleasure of hope
While he was working for fifty cents
a week he said to himself If I ever get
rich I will build a place where the boys
and girls of New York may have an
education free and so be did
Teach Children
That teasing is a positive crime
That they must eat bread before
cake
That bedtime is not a movable
hour
That they must speak respectfully to
the servants
That bawling over bruises is unwor
thy sturdy beings
That they should not appeal from the
decision of one parent to the other
That punishment follows in the wake
of prevarication and hiding more swift
ly than it follows active mischief
That it is bad taste for them to tell
all that they learn of their neighbors
domestic arrangements through play
ing with the neighbors children Ex
Undl 1871 there were no shad in
waters In that year a few thou
sand were introduced by the United
States Fish Commission Last year
the catch sold for nearly 40000
THE BOOMING CAM0N
RECITALS OF CAMP AND BAT
TLE INCIDENTS
Survivors of the Rebellion Helate
Many Amusinsr and Startling
dents of Marches Camp Life Forag
ing experiences and Battle Scenes
Another Lincoln Story
It would seem that even as early as
1852 Lincoln had acquired a reputa
tion for story telling When not busy
during the session of the court he was
habitually whispering stories to his
neighbors frequently to the annoyance
of Judge Davis who presided over the
eighth circuit If Lincoln persisted
too long the judge would rap on the
chair and exclaim Come come Mr
Lincoln I cant stand this There Is
no use trying to carry on two courts
I must adjourn mine or yours and 1
think yours will have to be the one
As soon as the group had scattered the
judge would call one of the men to him
and ask What was that Lincoln was
telling
In his law practice Lincoln seems to
have been singularly conscientious his
first effort being to try to arrange mat
ters so as to avoid litigation Nor
would he assume a case that he felt
wasnot founded upon right and justice
We will not take your case he said
to a man who had shown that by a legal
technicality he could win property val
ued at 600 You must remember that
some things legally right are not mor
ally right We will not take your case
but will give you a little advice for
which we will charge you nothing You
seem to be a sprightly energetic man
we would advise you to try your hand
at making 600 in some other way
One of the most interesting anec
dotes is the one quoted from Joe Jef
fersons autobiography Jefferson and
his father were playing at Springfield
during the sesson of the Legislature
and as there was no theater in the town
had gone to the expense of building one
Hardly had this been done when a
religious revival broke out The church
people condemned the theater and pre
vailed upon the authorities to impose
a license which was practically prohi
bition In the midst of our trouble
says Jefferson a young lawyer called
on the managers He had heard of the
injustice and offered if they would
place the matter in his hands to have
the license taken off declaring that he
only desired to see fair play and he
would accept no fee whether he failed
or succeeded The young lawyer began
his harangue He handled the subject
with tact skill and humor tracing the
history of the drama from the time
when Thespis acted in a cart to the
stage of to day He illustrated his
speech with a number of anecdotes and
kept the council in a roar of laughter
His good humor prevailed and the ex
orbitant tax was taken off The young
lawyer was Lincoln
The notes of one of his speeches in a
case against a fraudulent pension agent
have been preserved They are amus
ingly brief as were all Lincolns notes
No contract not professional ser
vices Unreasonable charge money re
tained by deft not given to plff Rev
olutionary war Soldiers bleeding feet
Plff s husband Soldier leaving home
for army Skin deft Close
Another one of the anecdotes is re
lated in connection with a case ivolv
ing a bodily attack Mr Lincoln de
fended and told the jury that his cli
ent was in the fix of a man who in
going along the highway with a pitch
fork over his shoulder was attacked
by a fierce dog that ran out at him from
a farmers door yard In parrying off
the brute with the fork its prongs stuck
into him and killed him
What made you kill my dog said
the farmer
What made him bite me
But why did you not go at him with
the other end of the pitchfork
Why did he not come at me with
his other end At this Mr Lincoln
whirled about in his long arms an im
aginary dog and pushed his tail end
toward the jury This was the defense
plea of Son assault demesne loosely
that The other fellow brought on the
fight quickly told and in a way the
dullest mind would grasp and retain
McClures Magazine
Blowing Up a Fort
xt was thirty two years ago writes a
reteran that the memorable mine ex
plosion took place at Petersburg Va
For weeks the Union men had been at
work building a mine under the Con
federate fort
At a late hour the night of July 29 the
troops in the vicinity of the mine the
Fifth and Ninth Corps and the forces
that had been ordered up from across
the James river were awakened very
gently and directed to be ready to
move a the gray of day next morn
ing Those veterans of many battles
did not need to be told what was com
ing The mine is to be exploded
passed through the sleepy crowds and
as quickly as the telephone could have
sent it From then until 3 oclock the
army was silent and sober It seemed
to them that one of the bloodiest strug
gles of the war was just before them
Many wrote letters to their dear ones
All conversed under breath or in whis
pers Some wrote their names com
panies and regiments on slips of paper
and pinned them to their shirts They
did not want to get lost in the shuflle
in case of death
Hearts beat a little faster that morn
ing thirty two years ago when a glance
at the east told of the approach of the
gray of the morning The mine was
to explode at 4 oclock That hour came
and passed without a signal The fuse
had failed Two brave men volun
teered to enter the dark Iiole and see
what was wrong The defect wag rem
edied and at 5 oclock the earth trem
bled Every eye was on the Confed
erate fort in a second A rumble quick
ly went to a deep unearthly roar and
the fort began to raise Up up up it
went and then dividing fell over a
wide tract creating a black cloud
Men tents cannon wheels and all
sorts of debris could be seen in the ris
ing mass
It was an awful surprise to the poor
fellows over there The enemy on the
right and left wildly ran expecting
other explosions
Why didnt the Ninth Corps rush over
and capture the line They could have
taken almost peaceful possession If
they had moved at once but they
didnt By the time they did charge the
scared enemy was ready to meet them
and a most bloody fight ensued Great
numbers of Burnsides men after fight
ing heroically were driven into the
hole made by the explosion which wrl
twenty feet deep wide and 100 feei
long Many of these were killed or
wounded and the balance made pris
oners The field over which the Union
men retreated to the entrenched line
from which they had charged was cov
ered with dead and wounded It was
a blunder that cost the army 4000
brave men
A Fearfully Obstinate Man
At the time Gen Grant assumed su
preme command of the Federal armies
there were stationed in and about
Washington some carpet regiments
These troops were kept near the capital
and out of danger by Influences that
need not be described Grant at once
ordered them to the field and the or
der promptly created a stir The next
morning he called to see the Secretaary
ot War
We will keep these regiments at
Washington said the Secretary lolti
iy
I have already ordered them to re
port for duty in the field
We will keep these regiments at
Washington said the Secretary lofti
iy
I have already ordered them to re
port for duty in the field
We will keep these regiments for
duty- at Washington repeated the
Secretary more peremptorily than be
fore
I have already ordered them to re
port for duty in the field again re
plied Grant quietly
Who is in command you or the Sec
retary of War was the angry re
sponse
I think the President is in com
mand coolly answered Grant
Oh you appeal to the President do
you Well well see
They had it out with the President in
short order The Secretary opened
fire
General Grant wants to appeal to
you Mr President
Not at all I have no appeal to
make
Well he wants to tell you some
thing
I have nothing to tell
All right if you dont tell it I will
Then the Secretary proceeded to telL
Up to the time he had concluded the
President had said not a word When
the excited Secretary came to an end
Lincoln tilted back in his chair a lit
tie
I tell you Stanton he remarked
Mrs Grant tells Mrs Lincoln that her
husband is a fearfully obstinate man
and I guess hes so obstinate that well
have to give him his own way
The Only One Left
In a small village called North East
near Erie Pa full of years and hon
ors Old Ned the only living representa
tive of the equine race who wenl
through the civil war awaits the bugla
call The veteran is now 38 years old
and is the property of B F Crawford
who came into possession of him during
the war
Old Ned was originally a rebel H
was captured by the Yanks when
Gen Jubal Early made his raid on
Washington in 1864 and given to Craw
ford who was then a sergeant of ord
nance and who had lost his mount
At the close of the war Mr Crawford
left Washington on the horses back
and rode him to Harrisburg There he
bought a sulky and putting the animal
between the thillsrejoicing in the dawi
of peace made their easier way to a
home that Old Ned has distinguished
by his presence where he is regarded
as public property and where he is
pointed out every day as the most
prominent resident This contraband
when captured was a bright black but
now with advancing years has grown
grizzled indeed most of the hair on his
head has become white His saddle
marks are strikingly noticeable and
he like many another contraband
shows the scars of his burden bearing
No Roentgen rays are required to dis
cover the more prominent portions of
his anatomy In his early life he
scorned delights and lived laborious
days but he is now treated like a pen
sioner His life is a reminiscence Hav
ing fought in the greatest army that
ever marched to martial music and for
the best Government that ever enlisted
equine valor he is thought to have
earned four quarts of carrots three
times each day and two quarts of bran
Old Ned has been present at several
Grand Army encampments and has
never failed to attract considerable at
tention At Louisville last year out
of respect to his age and Infirmities he
was carried on a float and was given a
grand ovation When a squad of
saw him they cheered him to
the echo and rushed up to touch the
gallant steed If his life is spared he
will participate La the G A R encamp
ment at St Paul in September He will
be under the care of Mr Crawford
who always accompanies him on his
journeys
The man who prays right will see to
it that his example is right
Mrfa our Afera
EEALKUEALEEADIIG
WILL BE FOUND IN THIS DE
PARTMENT
ECo w to Care for the Bean Crop Barn
Cisterns Better than Wella Wonder
ful Work of Bees Bemoving Un
fruitful Trees Farm Notes
Bean Harvesting
Beans are planted any time in June
after the ground has become thorough
ly warmed and corn planting is out of
the way The soil should be rich well
drained well plowed thoroughly pul
verized and kept free from weeds un
til the crop has matured Caring for
the crop after it Is done growing re
quires much skill and painstaking at
tention Formerly and even to day
where beans are raised on a small
Vft
FIG 1 A BEAK PUXLEB
scale the bunches were pulled by hand
and placed in piles until thoroughly
dried out To day large growers use
machines for catting off the plants A
puller is shown in Fig 1 Two rows
are pulled at the same time The hori
zontal knives run just beneath the sur
face of the ground and cut off the
stems The tops are brought close to
gether by the rods above the knives
They can then be easily gathered up
with a fork and placed in the shock
Allow the shocks to remain in the field
until thoroughly dried The shocks
after thorough drying can be placed in
a stack or a hay mow Care must al
ways be exercised to prevent much
packing while being stored otherwise
molding will ensue Avoid tramping
by placing a board for the operator to
stand upon When ready thresh using
a bean thresher Small lots are beaten
out with a flail and cleaned by means
of a hand fanning mill
After threshing it pays to pick out
the broken beans also the discolored
ones Especially is this true where the
crop is raised for seed This may be
accomplished by spreading out upon a
white covered table and removing the
trash and defective beans A number
of machines have been invented for ex
pediting this work one of which is
shown in Fig 2 The beans to be
picked are placed in the hopper A
force feed passes them regularly
through the hopper into the perforated
cylinder where they are freed from
dust and trash They then fall upon a
white canvas belt which is moving
slowly toward the operator While on
this canvas the discolored and broken
specimens are easily seen and removed
tflG 2 MACHINE FOB SOBTING BEANS
m T - i -
The perfect beans remain until they
fall into the spout provided to convey
them to a sack or other receptacle For
large quantities there are machines
upon the market run by steam or horse
power
Wonderful Work of Bees
Bees must in order to collect a pound
of clover honey deprive 62000 clover
blossoms of their nectar To do this
the 02000 flowers must be visited by
an aggregate of 3750000 bees Or in
other words to collect its pound of
honey one bee must make 3750000
trips from and to the hive The enor
mous amount of work here involved
precludes the idea of any one bee ever
living long enough to gather more than
a fraction of a pound of nectarine
sweets As bees are known to fly for
miles in quest of suitable fields of op
eration it is clear that a single ounce
of honey represents millions of miles of
travel It is no wonder that these In
dustrious little insects have earned the
reputation of being busy bees
Barn Cisterns
It is bad for stock to depend on water
drawn from wells near barnyards as
it is sure after a term of years to be
come contaminated In all such cases
a barn cistern with a filter at the out
let through which the water is drawn
offers better security of pure water
than can be had from water taken from
a well Some care must be taken to
prevent dust and dirt being washed in
to the cistern from roofs After thresh
ing especially and in the fall when
leaves are flying the eave trough
should be frequently cleaned so that as
little dirt as possible be washed into a
well An average barn roof will in a
year catch water enough ib winter the
stock that will usually be fed in the
barn
Removing Unfruitful Trees
In every orchard there will be found
some trees which are an injury to the
farmer every year they remain in their
present position producing nothing
themselves and lessening the product
need more fertility and also more room
for each tree to ripen and perfect Its
fruit Removing trees that have for
years cumbered the ground taking
room that might be worth something
if it were out is often the best way to
restore orchards to productiveness
Curing Corn Fodder in Cock
When corn fodder is cut while tbv
weather is still dry it will cure in bet-
ter shape and with less loss if put up Im
small cocks rather than in stooks The
reason is that as days shorten and
nights rapidly lengthen there is notj
sunlight and warmth enough in thei
daytime to cure the stalks as rapidly as
they should be In the cock the stalks
will heat bringing the temperature up
to 100 or more night as well as day Ifj
a little dry straw is thrown on the cock
so as to absorb the moisture at nlghti
when the outside cold air condenses itj
the stalks below it will come out green
looking yet slightly softened from thej
heat to which they have been subjected
Stalks thus cured will be eaten much
more readily than stalks that havei
dried up by being exposed in stooks to
drying winds All farmers have no
ticed that in winter it is the corn stalks
that have been heated and even molded
in the mow that will be preferred by
cows to stalks that have been dried inl
the wind and without the heat needed
to soften the outer shell of the stalk
The moist stalks are also more nutri
tious as in drying out the carbon in
them turns into woody fibre nearly in i
digestible In putting up the cocks they
should be small so as not to heat too
much and blacken the stalks For the
same reason they should not be left
long before being drawn to the barn oc
mow
Awnings for Country Homes
Awnings let in the light but keep out
the suns heat affording just the con i
ditions needed in summer Blinds keep
out heat but make a room dark andt
-
FBAME FOB AN AWNING
gloomy Awnings may easily be made
at home this plan being easily carried
out a tnree eigntns men iron rod is
bent by a blacksmith into the form
shown and this is supported by screw
eyes in the window case and wires ex-
tending from the outer corners to thej
top of the window case hooks beingj
placed there These hooks also sup-
port the top of the awnings eyelet holes
being made in the cloth
Coming of Autumn
Autumn wandered through the woodland
Touching with his -wand each tree
Summer stood reluctant crying
Bring my beauties back to me
But the maple leaves grew crimson
Ripened fruit hung everywhere
And the harvester spoke smiling
Autumns charms are full as fair
Summer weeping wrung her fingers
Then gleamed forth the golden rod
Asters by the laughing brooklet
Give new beauty to the sod
Mother Nature viewed the picture
Smiled as fell the first white frost
Sweetly said The summers beauty
Will return for naught is lost
The Pis Pen
Crowd the young porkers that you
wish to turn off in December
Keep hog cholera out It is not safr
to depend upon knocking it out
It costs more to raise scrub swine
than thoroughbreds and they do not
fatten so easily nor bring so much
It is possible by cleaning out the
pen once or twice a week and disinfect-
ing it with lime to keep the place in a
sweet presentable condition
Away with the idea that winter made
pork does not pay Men that are pre
pared for such work often claim the
greatest profit from winter feeding
Never allow the permiums won by the
sire and dam to dazzle your eyes when
looking at the pig Size up the pig first
then his pedigree and the reputation of
the ancestry last
Prof Henry of the Wisconsin Ex-
periment Station finds that cabbages
have a good deal of valuemore than
potatoes and turnips as a- swine feed
of neighboring trees All old orchards ltening period
Winter and Summer Prices of Eggs
Always in the fall the price of eggs
goes up partly because the supply de
creases then and also because with cool
weather those who prepare eggs for
keeping in winter have more confidence
and begin to buy extensively We have
often wished that no method had everj
been discovered for preserving eggs
Then the winter price would be always
what it costs to produce eggs in win-
ter Both the egg producer and the
consumer would then be better satis j
fied It really discourages the use ofj
eggs to buy some and have them
a trifle stale not changed enough
as the dealer will tell you to hurt themi
The truth is that an egg not perfectly
fresh is an abomination If only such
were sold in market there would be bet
ter prices all the year round But in
such weather as we had in August an
egg will spoil from the natural heat ofl
the atmosphere in two days so that lt
will not be fit to use The refrigerator
must be used more in keeping eggs not
to chill them but to cool the tempera
ture around them
-
N
Mi
i
V
to
w
n
f V
M
VI
