-
R I
J
through the department of ugrleulturo
Hhould do all It can by joining with
the state governments ami with Inde
pendent associations of farmers to en
tourage the growth In the open farm-
ing country of such Institutional and
Hocinl movements as will meet the de
mand of the best type of farmers both
for the improvement of llieir farms
and for the betterment of the life it
self The department of agriculture
has in many places perhaps especially
in certain districts of the south ac
complished an extraordinary amount
by co operating with and teaching the
fanners through their associations on
their own soil how to increase their in
come by managing their farms better
than they were hitherto managed The
farmer must not lose his independence
ills Initiative ids rugged self reliance
yet lie must learn to work in the heart
iest co operation with ids fellows ex
actly as the business man lias learned
to work and he must prepare to use
to constantly belter advantage the
knowledge that can be obtained from
agricultural colleges while he must
insist upon a practical curriculum in
the schools in which ids children are
taught The department of agriculture
and the department of commerce and
labor both deal with the fundamental
needs of our people in the production
of raw material and its manufacture
and distribution and therefore with
the welfare of those who produce it In
the raw state and of those who manu
facture and distribute it The depart
ment of commerce and labor has but
recently been founded but has already
justified its existence while the de
partment of agriculture yields to no
other In the government in the prac
tical benefits which it products in pro
portion to the public money expended
It must continue in the future to deal
with irrowintr crnns jis It has dealt In
o o
the past but it must still further ex-
tend its field of usefulness hereafter I
by dealing with live men through a
far reaching study and treatment of I
uie prouieius 01 larm iiiu unite iroui
the industrial and economic and so
cial standpoint Farmers must co-operate
with one another and with the
government and the government can
best give its aid through associations
of farmers so as to deliver to the
farmer the large body of agricultural
knowledge which has been accumulat
ed the national and state govern
ments and by the agricultural colleges
and schools
The grain producing industry of the
country one of the most important in
the United States deserves special
consideration at the hands of the con
gress Our grain is sold almost exclu
sively by grades To secure satisfac
tory results in our home markets and
to facilitate our trade abroad these
grades should approximate the highest
degree of uniformity and certainty
The present diverse methods of inspec
tion and grading throughout the coun
try under different laws and boards re-
suit in confusion and lack of uniform
ity destroying that confidence which
is necessary for healthful trade Com
plaints against the present methods
have continued for years and they are
growing in volume and Intensity not
only in this country but abroad I
therefore suggest to the congress the
advisability of a national system of in
spection and grading of grain entering
into interstate and foreign commerce
as a remedy for the present evils
INLAND WATERWAYS
Great River Systems Should Be Made
Into National Highways
The conservation of our natural re
sources and their proper use constitute
the fundamental problem which under
lies almost every other problem of our
national life We must maintain for
our civilization the adequate material
basis without which that civilization
cannot exist we must show foresight
we must look ahead As a nation we
not only enjoy a wonderful measure of
present prosperity but if this prosper
ity is used aright it is an earnest of
future success such as no other nation
will have The reward of foresight for
this nation is great and easily foretold
But there must be the look ahead
there must be a reilziirn of the fact
that to waste to destroy natural
resources to skin and e hst tho and
instead of using it o a to increase its
usefulness will result in underiIiig
In the days of our chil vi the ery
prosperity which ve ought by riglit to
band down to tiii aIiol and de
veloped Tor the lnst Tew years
through several fJMicies tle gvcm
ment has been endeavoring to g t our
people to loo awl i If rrljrtitule
a planned rid orderly eve5ojt of
our resources ii place of a h hanard
striving for i j r Our
reat river ptpc rlor 1 1 velop
d as nnioi i r Tor the
i v ith Js tri - uv rtand
3ng first in i ir Vrrire Cou
ia ai thrro r ty
otlier of juipxtuise oi te Pci2ie
the Ata ti avl th ves TIj
national jroveruiscut ro i reia
this 1 I i gig will
lie mate i the rercv orgrers and
the gre ite of ml orr er the Mis
sissippi rrM e -social atten
tion Fro the great Likes to the
mouth of the Mississippi there should
1e a dep v itervray with deep water
ways leading from it to the east and
the west Such a waterway would
practically mean the extension of our
coast line into the very heart of our
country It would be of incalculable
benefit to our people If begun at once
it can be carried through in time ap
preciably to relieve the congestion of
lour great freight carrying lines of rail
jroads The work should be systematic
ally and continuously carried forward
In accordance with some well
ed plan The main streams should be
Improved to the highest point of
Sciency before the improvement of the
branches Is attempted and the work
iiwuiiuiiri waarmjjusu gwryw
A fttPfhrVA
T 1
should lie kept free from every taint of
rcckleshiies or jobbery The Inland
waiervna which lie just back of he
whole eastern and southern coasts
should likewise be developed More
over the development of our water
ways Involves many other Important
water problems all of which should be
considered as part of the Biimu general
scheme The government dams should
lie used to produce hundreds of thou
sands of horsepower as an incident to
Improving navigation for the annual
value of the unused water power of
the United States perhaps exceeds tho
annual value of the products of all our
mines As an incident to creating the
deep waterway down the Mississippi
the government should build along its
whole lower length levees which tak
en together with the control of the
headwaters will at once and forever
put a complete stop to all threat of
floods In the immensely fertile delta
region The territory lying adjacent
to the Mississippi along its lower
course will thereby become one of the
most prosperous and populous as It al
ready is one of tho most fertile farm
ing regions In all the world I have
appointed an inland waterways com
mission to study and outline a
hensive scheme of development along
ail the lines indicated Later I shall
lay its report before the congress
Reclamation Work
Irrigation should be far more exten
sively developed than at present not
only in the states of the great plains
and the Itocky mountains but in many
others as for instance in large por
tions of the south Atlantic and gulf
states where it should go hand in
hand with the reclamation of swamp
land The federal government should
seriously devote itself to this task
realizing that utilization of waterways
and water power forestry Irrigation
and the reclamation of lands threat
ened with overflow are all interde
pendent parts of the same problem
The work of the reclamation service In
developing the larger opportunities of
the western half of our country for
irrigation is more important than al
most any other movement The con
stant purpose of the government in
connection with the reclamation serv
ice has been to use the water resources
of the public lands for the ultimate
greatest good of the greatest number
in other words to put upon the land
permanent homemakers to use and
develop it for themselves and for their
children and childrens children There
has been of course opposition to this
work opposition from some interested
men who desire to exhaust the land
for their own immediate profit without
regard to the welfare of the next gen
eration and opposition from honest and
well meaning men who did not fully
understand the subject or who did not
look far enough ahead This opposi
tion is I think dying away and our
people are understanding that It would
be utterly wrong to allow a few in
dividuals to exhaust for their own
temporary personal profit the resources
which ought to be developed through
use so as to be conserved for the per
manent common advantage of the peo
ple as a whole
Public Lands
The effort of the government to deal
with the public land has been based
upon tho same principle as that of the
reclamation service The land law sys
tem which was designed to meet the
needs of the fertile and well watered
regions of the middle west has largely
broken down when applied to the drier
regions of the great plains the moun
tains and much of the Pacific slope
where a farm of 1G0 acres is inade
quate for self support In these re
gions the system lent itself to fraud
and much land passed out of the hands
of the government without passing into
the hands of the homemaker The de
partment of the Interior and the de
partment of justice joined in prosecut
ing the offenders against the law and
they have accomplished much while
where the administration of the law
has be5 defective it has been changed
But the laws themselves are defective
Three years ago a public lands com
mission was appointed to scrutinize the
law and defects and recommend a
remedy Their examination specific
ally showed the existence of great
fraud upon the public domain and
their recommendations for changes in
the law were made with the design of
conserving the natural resources of
every part of the public lands by put
ting it to its best use Especial atten
tion was called to the prevention of
settlement by the passage of great
areas of public land into the hands of a
few men and to the enormous waste
caused by unrestricted grazing upon
the open range The recommendations
of the public lands commission are
sound for they are especially in the in
terest of the actual homemaker and
where the small homemaker cannot at
present utilize the land they provide
that the government shall keep control
cf it so that it may not be monopoliz
ed by a few men The congress has
not yet acted upon these recommenda
tions but they are so just and proper
so essential to our national welfare
that I feel confident if the congress
will take time to consider them they
will ultimately be adopted
Some such legislation as that pro
posed is essential in order to preserve
the great stretches of public grazing
land which are unfit for cultivation
under present methods and are valu
able only for the forage which they
supply These stretches amount in all
to some 300000000 acres and are open
to the free grazing of cattle sheep
horses and goats without restriction
Such a system or rather such lack
of system means that the range is not
so much used as wasted by abuse As
the west settles the range becomes
more and more overgrazed Much of
It cannot be used to advantage unless
It is fenced for fencing Is the only
way by which to keep in check the
owners of nomad flocks which roam
hither and thithev utterly destroying
tiie pastures ami leaving a waste be
hind so Unit their presence is Incom
patible AVith the presence of home
makers The existing fences are ail
Illegal Some of them represent tho
Improper exclusion of actual settlers
actual homemakers from territory
which Is usurped by great cattle com
panies Some of them represent what
Is In Itself a proper effort to use the
range for those upon the land and to
prevent its use by nomadic outsiders
All these fences those that are hurtful
and those that are beneficial are alike
illegal and must come down But it is
an outrage that the law should neces
sitate such action on the part of the
administration The unlawful fencing
of public lands for private grazing
must 10 stopped but the necessity
which occasioned It must be provided
for The federal government should
have control of the range whether by
permit or lease as local necessities
may determine Such control could se
cure the great benefit of legitimate
fencing while at the same time se
curing and promoting the settlement
of the country In some places it may
be that the tracts of range adjacent to
the homesteads of actual settlers
chould be allotted to them severally or
in common for the summer grazing of
their stock Elsewhere it may be that
a lease system would serve the
and the amount charged being large
enough merely to permit of the elli
cient and beneficial control of tho
range by the government and of the
payment to the county of the
to prevent the fraud in the public lands
which through the joint action of the
Interior department and the depart
ment of justice we have been endeav
oring to prevent there must be further
legislation and especially a sufficient
appropriation to permit the department
of the interior to examine certain class-
make a home Our prime object Is to
secure the rights and guard the inter
ests of the small canchman the man
who ploAvs and pitches hay for him
self It is this small ranchman this
actual settler and homemaker aa1io in
the long run is most hurt by permit
ting thefts of the public land in what
ever form
FOREST RESERVATIONS
They Should Be Vastly Increased to
Conserve Resources
Optimism is a good characteristic
but if carried to an excess it becomes
foolishness We are prone to speak of
the resources of this country as inex
haustible This is not so The mineral
Avealth of the country the coal iron
oil gas and the like does not repro
duce itself and therefore is certain to
be exhausted ulUmately and Avasteful
ness In dealing with it today means
that our descendants Avill feel the ex
haustion a generation or two before
they otherAvise Avould But there are
certain other forms of Avaste Avhich
could be entirely stopped The waste
of soil by washing for instance which
Is among the most dangerous of all
Avastes noAV in progress in the United
States is easily preAentable so that
this present enormous loss of fertility
is entirely unnecessary The preseiAa
tion or replacement of the forests is
one of the most important means of
preA enting this loss We haA e made a
beginning in forest preservation but it
is only a beginning At present lum
bering is the fourth greatest industry
in the United States and yet so rapid
has been the rate of exhaustion of tim
ber in the United States in the past
and so rapidly is the remainder being
exhausted that the country is unques
tionably on the Aerge of a timber fam
ine Avhich Avill be felt in every house
hold in the land There has already
been a rise in the price of lumber but
there is certain to be a more rapid and
heaAier rise in the future The present
annual consumption of lumber is cer
tainly three times as great as the an
nual outgroAvth and if the consump1
tion and groAvth continue unchanged
practically all our lumber will be ex
hausted in another generation while
long before the limit to complete ex
haustion is reached the growing scar
city will make itself felt in many
blighting AAays upon our national wel
fare About 20 per cent of our forested
territory is noAV reserved in national
forests but these do not include the
most valuable timber lands and In any
event the proportion is too small to ex
pect that the reserves can accomplish
more than a mitigation of the trouble
Avhich is ahead for the nation Far
more drasUc action is needed Forests
can be lumbered so as to give to the
public the full use of their mercantile
timber without the slightest detriment
to the forest any more than it is a
detriment to a farm to furnish a har
vest so that there is no parallel be
tween forests and mines Avhich can
only be completely used by exhaustion
But forests if used as all our forests
haA e been used in the past and as
most of them are still used will be
either Avholly destroyed or so damaged
that many decades have to pass before
effectiA e use can be made of them
again
All these facts are so obvious that it
is extraordinary that it should be nec
essary to repeat them EAery business
man in the land every writer in the
newspapers every man or woman of an
ordinary school educaUon ought to be
ible to see that Immense quantiUes of
timber are used in the country that
the forests which supply this timber
7
P9v
are rapidly being exhausted anil that
if no change takes place exhaustion
will come comparatively soon and that
tho effects of it nill be felt severely
in the everyday life of our people
Surely when these facts are so obvi
ous there should be no delay In taking
preventive measures Yet we seem as
a nation to be willing to proceed in
this matter with happy go lucky indif
ference even to the immediate future
It is this attitude which permits the
Self interest of a very few persons to
weigh for more than the ultimate in
terest of all our people There are per
sons who find It to their immense pe
cuniary benefit to destroy the forests
by lumbering They are to be blamed
for thus sacrificing the future of the
nation as a whole to their own self In
terest of the moment but heavier
blame attaches to the people at large
for permitting such action whether in
the White mountains in the southern
Alleghanics or in the Rockies and Sier
ras A big lumbering company impa
tient for immediate returns and not
caring to look far enough ahead will
often deliberately destroy all the good
timber in a region hoping afterward
to move on to some new country The
shiftless man of small means who does
not care to become an actual home
maker but would like immediate prof
it will find it to his advantage to take
up timber land simply to turn It over
pose the leases to be temporary and i to Buch a bS company and leave it
subject to the rights of settlement valueless for future settlers A big
mine owner anxious only to develop
his mine at the moment will care only
lent of what it would otherwise re- I tbe country when the forests are ex
ceive in taxes The destruction of the hausted any more than he does to the
condition when the mine Is worked
public range will continue until some j
out
sucn Jaws as tnese are enacted i uiiy
to cut all the timber that he wishes i -which they feed and which
without regard to uie future prouauiy
not looking ahead to the condition of
I do not blame these men nearly as
much as I blame the supine public
opinion the indifferent public opinion
which permits their action to go un-
checked Of course to check the Avaste
of timber means that there must be
on the part of the public the accept
ance of a temporary restriction in the
es of entries on the ground before they lavisn use or tne timner in oruer to j
pass into private ownership The prevent the total loss of this use in l
ernmeut should part Avith its title Jutui iuwf ymy ul iuu
only to the actual homemaker not to In PWIc and private life who actually
the profit maker Avho does not care to
I n I t Ann f lrv nnnfinnnnnA s Vif rvrao
till uic4iu nit uuLiuuauc ul tiac
ent system of unchecked and Avasteful
extravagance using as an argument
the ract that io ciiocim will ot course
mean interference with the ease and
comfort of certain people who now get
lumber at less cost than they ought to
pay at the expense of the future gen
erations Some of these persons actu
ally demand that the present forest
reserves be thrown open to destruc
tion because forsooth they think that
thereby Uie price of lumber could be
put down again for two or three or
more years Their attitude is precise
ly like that of an agitator protesting
against Uie outlay of money by farm
ers on manure and In taking care of
their farms generally Undoubtedly
If the average farmer were content ab
solutely to ruin his farm he could for
two or three years avoid spending any
money on it and yet make n good deal
of money out of It But only a sav
age would in his private affairs show
such reckless disregard of the future
yet it is precisely this reckless disre
gard of the future which tho oppo
nents of the forestry system are now
endeavoring to get the people of the
United States to show The only trou
ble with the movement for the preser
vation of our forests is that it has
not gone nearly far enough and was
not begun soon enough It Is a most
fortunate thing however that Ave be
gan it Avhen Ave did We should ac
quire in the Appalachian and White
mountain regions all the forest lands
that it Is possible to acquire for the
use of the nation These lands be
cause they form a national asset are
as emphatically national as the rivers
through so many
reach the ocean
states before
continued nixt uik
flOAV
they
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