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By WILLIAM JENNINGS BRYAN in Century Magazine
ssteiber the I
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Copyright 1906 by the Century Co
HE words Individualism and
socialism define tendencies
rather than concrete system
for as extreme Individualism Is
not to be found under any form of
government so there is no example of
socialism in full operation AH govern
ment being more or less socialistic the
contention so far as this subject Is
concerned Is between those who re
gard Individualism as ideal to be ap
proached as nearly as circumstances
will permit and those who regard a
socialistic state as ideal to be estab
lished as far and as fast as public
opinion will allow
The individualist believes that com
petition is not only- a helpful but a
necessary force in society to be guard
ed and protected the socialist regards
competition as a hurtful force to bo
entirely exterminated It is not neces
sary to consider those who consciously
take either side for reasons purely self
ish it is sufficient to know that on
both sides there are those who with
great earnestness and sincerity present
their theories convinced of their cor
rectness and sure of the necessity for
their application to human society
As socialism is the newer doctrine
the socialist Is often greeted with
epithet and denunciation rather than
with argument but as usual it does not
deter him Martyrdom never kills a
cause as all history political as well
as religious demonstrates
Moral Passion Pervades Socialism
No one can read socialistic literature
without recognizing the moral pas
sion that pervades it The Ruskin
club of Oakland Cal quotes with ap
proval an editorial comment which as
serts that the socialistic creed inspires
a religious zeal and makes its follow
ers enthusiasts In its propagation It
also quotes Professor Nitto of the
University of Naples as asserting that
the morality that socialism teaches is
by far superior to that of its adver
saries and it quotes Thomas Kirkup
as declaring in the Encyclopaedia
Britannica that the ethics of socialism
are identical with those of Christian
ity
It will be seen therefore that the so
cialists not only claim superiority iu
ethics but attempt to appropriate
Christs teachings as a foundation for
their creed As the maintenance of
either position would insure them ulti
mate victory it is clear that the first
battle between the individualist and
the socialist must be in the field of
ethics No one who has faith in the
triumph of the right and who can con
tend with vigor without such a faith
can doubt that that which is ethically
best will finally prevail in every depart
ment of human activity
Best Means of Development
Assuming that the highest aim of
society is the harmonious development
of the human race physically mentally
and morally the first question to de
cide is whether individualism or social
ism furnishes the best means of secur
ing that harmonious development For
the purpose of this discussion indi
vidualism will be defined as the private
ownership of the means of production
and distribution where competition is
possible leaving to public ownership
those means of production and distri
bution in which competition is prac
tically impossible and socialism will
be defined as the collective ownership
through the state of all the means of
production and distribution
One advocate of socialism defines it
as common ownership of natural re
sources and public utilities and the
common operation of all industries for
the public good It will be seen that
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DENTISTS
the definitions of socialism commonly
in use include some things which can
not fairly be described as socialistic
and some of the definitions like the
last one for Instance beg the question
by assuming that the public operation i
of all Industries will necessarily be for
the general good As the socialists
agree in hostility to competition as a
controlling force and as individualists
agree that competition is necessary for
the well being of society the fairest
and most accurate line between the
two schools can be drawn at the point
where competition begins to be possi
ble both schools favoring public own
ership where competition is impossi
ble but differing as to the wisdom of
public ownership where competition
can have free play
Common Ground
Much of the strength developed by
socialism is due to the fact that social
ists advocate certain reforms which
individualists also advocate Take for
Illustration the public ownership of
waterworks It is safe to say that a
large majority of the people living in
cities of any considerable size favor
their public ownership individualists
because it is practically impossible to
have more than one water system in a
city and socialists on the general
ground that the government should
own all the means of production and
distribution The sentiment in favor
of municipal lighting plants is not yet
so strong and the sentiment in favor
of public telephones and public street
car lines is still less proiiouuced but
the same general principles apply to
them and individualists without ac
cepting the creed of socialism can ad
vocate the extension of municipal
ownership tc these utilities
Then too some of the strength of
socialism is due to its condemnation of
abuses which while existing under in
dividualism are not at all uecessary
to individualism abuses which the in
dividualists are as anxious as the so
cialists to remedy It is not only con
sistent with individualism but is a
necessary implication of it that the
competing parties should be placed
upon substantially equal footing for
competition is not worthy of that
name If one party is able arbitrarily
to fix the terms of the agreement leav
ing the other with no choice but to sub
mit to the terms prescribed Individu
alists for instance can consistently i
advocate usury laws which fix the rate
of interest to be charged these laws
being justified on the ground that the
borrower and the lender do not stand
upon an equal footing Where the
money lender is left free to take ad
vantage of the necessities of the bor
rower the so called freedom of con
tract is really freedom to extort Upon
the same ground society can justify
legislation against child labor and leg
islation limiting the hours of adult la
bor One can believe in competition
and still favor such limitations and re
strictions as will make the competition
real and effective To advocate indi
vidualism it is no more necessary to
excuse the abuses to which competi
tion may lead than it is to defend tho
burning of a city because fire is essen
tial to human comfort or to praise a
tempest because air is necessary to
human life
Man Needs the Spur of Competition
In comparing individualism with so
cialism it is only fair to consider indi
vidualism when made as goodjxs
man wisdom can make it and then to
measure it with socialism at its best
It is a common fault of the advocate to
present his system idealized in con
trast with his opponents system at its
worst and it must be confessed that
neither individualist nor socialist has
been entirely free from this fault In
dealing with any subject Ave must con
sider man as he is or as he may rea
sonably be expected to become under
the operation of the system proposed
and it Is much safer to consider him
as he is than to expect a radical
change in his nature Taking man as
we find him he needs as individual
ists believe the spur of competition
Even the socialists admit the advan
tage of rivalry within certain limits
but they would substitute altruistic
for selfish motives Just here the indi
vidualist and the socialist find them
selves in antagonism The former be
lieves that altruism is a spiritual qual
ity which defies governmental defini
tion while the socialist believes that
altruism will take the place of selfish
ness under an enforced collectivism
Ruskins statement that govern
ment and co operation are in all things
and eternally the laws of life anarchy
and competition eternally and in all
things the laws of death is often
quoted by socialists but as generali
zations are apt to be It Is more com
prehensive than clear There Is a
marked distinction between voluntary
co operation upon terms mutually sat
isfactory and compulsory co operation
upon terms agreeable to a majority
Many of the attempts to establish vol
untary co operation have failed be
cause of disagreement as to the distri
bution of the corn or in
come and those whci vaded
bst have usual v
WILLIAM J BRYAN FROM A LATE PHOTOGRAPH
gioub rather than upon an economic
basis
Cooperation Must Be Voluntary
In any attempt to apply the teach
insjof Christ to an economic state it
must be remembered that his religion
begins with a regeneration of the hu
man heart and with an ideal of life
which makes service the measure of
greatness Tolstoi who repudiates so
cialism as a substantial reform con
tends that the bringing of the individu
al into harmony with God is the all im
portant tiling and that this accom
plished all injustice will disappear
It is much easier to conceive of a
voluntary association between persons
desiring to work together according
to the Christian ideal than to conceive
of the successful operation of a system
enforced by law wherein altruism is
the controlling principle The attempt
to unite church and state has never
been helpful to either government or
religion and it is not at all certain
that human nature can yet be trusted
to use the instrumentalities of govern
ment to enforce religious ideas The
persecutions which have made civili
zation blush have been attempts to
compel conformity to religious beliefs
sincerely held and zealously promul
gated
Human Selfishness Ever Present
The government whether it leans to
ward individualism or toward social
ism must be administered by human
beings and its administration will re
flect the weaknesses and imperfections
of those who control it Bancroft de
clares that the expression of the uni
versal conscience in history is the
nearest approach to the voice of God
and he is right in paying this tribute
to the wisdom of the masses and yet
we cannot overlook the fact that this
universal conscience must find gov
ernmental expression through frail hu
man beings who yield to the tempta
tion to serve their own interests at the
expense of their fellows Will social
ism purge the individual of selfishness
or bring a nearer approach to justice
Justice requires that each individual
shall receive from society a reward
proportionate to his contribution to so
ciety Can the state acting through
officials make this apportionment bet
ter jhanjt can be made by competi
tion At present official favors are
not distributed strictly according to
merit eiUier In republics or in mon
archies Is It certain that socialism
would Insure a fairer division of re
wards If the government operates
all the factories all the farms and all
the stores there must be superintend
ents as well as workmen there must
be different kinds of employment
some more pleasant some less pleas
ant Is It likely that any set of
men can distribute the work or fix
the compensation to the satisfaction
of all or even to the satisfaction of
a majority of the people When the
government employs comparatively
few of the people It must make the
terms and conditions inviting enough
to draw the persons needed from pri
vate employment and if those employ
ed In the public service become dissat
isfied they can return to outside occu
pations But what will be the result If
there Is no private employment What
outlet will there be for discontent If
the government owns and operates all
the means of production and distribu
tion
Individualism Has Been Tested
Under individualism a mans reward
is determined in the open market and
where competition is free he can hope
to sell his services for what they are
worth Will his chance for reward be
as good when he must do the work
prescribed for him on the terms fixed
by those who are In control of the gov
ernment
As there is no example of such a so
cialistic state as is now advocated all
reasoning upon the subject must be
confined to the theory and theory
needs to be corrected by experience
As In mathematics no one can calcu
late the direction of the resultant with
out a knowledge of all the forces that
act upon the moving body so in esti
mating the effect of a proposed sys
tem one must take Into consideration
all the influences that operate upon
the human mind and heart and who
is wise enough to predict with certain
ty the result of any system before it
has been thoroughly tried Individu
alism has been tested by centuries of
experience Under it there have been
progress and development That It
has not been free from evil is not a
sufficient condemnation The same
rain that furnishes the necessary mois
ture for the growing crop sometimes
floods the land and destroys the har
vest the same sun that coaxes the
tiny shoot from Mother Earth some
times scorches the blade and blasts
the maturing stalk The good things
given us by our heavenly Father often
if not always have an admixture of
evil to the lessening of which the in
telligence of man must be constantly
directed Just now there are signs of
an ethical awakening which is likely
to result in reforming some of the evils
which have sprung from individualism
but which can be corrected without
any impairment of the principle
Altruism Necessary
The individualist while contending
that the largest and broadest develop
ment of the individual and hence of
the entire population is best secured
by full and free competition made fair
by law believes in a spiritual force
which acts beyond the sphere of tho
state After the government has se
cured to the individual through com
petition a reward proportionate to his
effort religion admonishes him of his
stewardship and of his obligation to
use his greater strength his larger
ability and his richer reward in the
spirit of brotherhood Under Individ
ualism we have seen a constant in
crease in altruism The fact that the
individual can select the objects of his
benevolence and devote his means to
the causes that appeal to him has giv
en an added stimulus to his endeavors
Would this stimulus be as great under
socialism
Probably the nearest approach that
we have to the socialistic state today
is to be found in the civil service If
the civil service develops more useful
ness and more altruistic devotion to
the general welfare than private em
ployment does the fact is yet to be
uiscovereu luis is not ottered as a
criticism of civil service in so far as
civil service may require examinations
to ascertain fitness for office but it is
a reference to a well known
fact viz that a life position in the
government service which separates
one from the lot of the average produ
cer of wealth has given no extraordi
nary stimulus to higher development
It is not necessary to excuse or to
defend a competition carried to a point
where it creates a submerged fifth or
even a submerged tenth to recognize
the -beneficial effect of struggle and
discipline upon the men and women
who have earned the highest places in
industry society and government
A Friendly Rivalry
There should be no unfriendliness be
tween the honest individualist and the
honest socialist both seek that which
they believe to be best for society The
socialist by pointing out the abuses of
individualism will assist in their cor
rection At present private monopoly
is putting upon individualism an un
deserved odium and it behooves the
individualist to address himself ener
getically to this problem in order that
the advantages of competition may be
restored to industry And the duty of
immediate action is made more imper
ative by the fact that the socialist is
inclined to support the monopoly in
the belief that it will be easier to in
duce the government to take over an
industry after it has passed into the
hands of a few men The trust mag
nates and the socialists unite in de
claring monopoly to be an economic
development the former hoping to re
tain the fruits of monopoly in private
hands the latter expecting the ulti
mate appropriation of the benefits of
monopoly by the government The in
dividualist on th contrary contends
thaF Uie consolidation or industries
ceases to be an economic ndvautngo
when competition la eliminated and
ho believes further Uiat no economic
advantage which could come from Uio
monopolization of all the Industries In
tho hands of the government could
compensate for tho stifling of Individ
ual initiative and independence And
the individualists who thus bellevo
stand for a morality and for n system
of ethics which they aro willing to
measure against the ethics and moral
ity of socialism
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