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THE SYMPTOMS
Experts Claim the Stego
t rayia Species of Mosqui
j toes Is the Only Trans
I mitter of the Disease
Now Ravaging
New Orleans
i
lis Real Origin Is In a Warm Cfl
J mate First Recognized Def
initely In the West Indies
j In 1647 Survivors Be
I come Immune From
Further Attacks
Details of Experiments In Cuba to De
termine Cause of the Fever Heroic
j Martyrdom of Dr Jesse W La-
aear Surgeon General Wy
mans Views How
Present Epidemic
Started
w
FRUIT ship a bunch of bananas
a mosquito and an Italian
these four agents according to
i tne deductions of tne nealth au-
thoritie3 of New Orleans were re
sponsible for introducing yellow fever
into New Orleans as long ago as last
May The first appearance of the dis
ease according to the same deduc
tions was In the Italian quarter where
the Italian laborer who unloaded the
fruit ship lived
From the originally Infected vicinity
the fever spread until there had been
several deaths The characteristic pe
culiarities of the Italian when con
fronted by an epidemic showed them-
j
XEXIiOW SEVER MOSQUITO
selves In Instinctive efforts to hide the
fever from the health authorities and
the result was that the prevalence of
the disease was not known even to the
city health officer until the middle of
July
An attack of yellow fever comes on
with severe chills or rigors when it
comes suddenly It may come on more
gradually with languor headache and
malarial symptoms The temperature
goes to 105 degrees sometimes higher
The fever lasts from three to five days
attended with pain in the back limbs
land head There is nausea and vomit
ing The yellow tint of the skin from
rwhteh the fever gets its name begins
-on the second or third day Yellow
Eever develops usually from three or
four days after Infection Sometimes
It takes seven days In severe cases
email hemorrhages take place into the
skin and mucous membrane The
vomit is at first white Later it be
comes very dark in appearance like
coffee grounds when it is known as
black vomit There Is bleeding at
the nose mouth and gums Delirium
usually follows then unconsciousness
and death
First Recognized In West Indies
1 Although yellow fever has been oc
casionally seen outside of the tropics
Its real origin is In a warm climate It
vas first recognized definitely in the
West Indies In 1847 where it prevails
as well as on the west coast of Africa
Central America and southward along
both coasts of South America and
northward to the south Atlantic and
gulf states It has been brought to
north Atlantic seaports by vessels
Tho coming of frost generally stops
yellow fever Survivors of one attack
of yellow fever become immune from
further attack The mortality varies
In some epidemics it has been as high
as So per cent in others as low as 10
per cent
Experts seem to agree that the first
step to combat the spread of yellow
fever is to attack the mosquito lit
tirfs connection Dr Walter Wyman
sorgeon general of the marine hospital
service who Is in charge of the cam
paign against yellow fever in New
Orleans and to whom belongs the
credit of encouraging and urging the
experiments leading to the acceptance
of the theory that the stegomyia mos
jqnlto Is practically the only carrier of
Stile poison that causes yellow fever
Recently spoke as follows to the Wash
ington correspondent of the Pittsburg
Dispatch
Scientifically it Is not true that tho
stegomyia female Is the only carrier
of yollow fever For all practical pur
poses the assertion is true Until wo
know the cause of yellow fever wo
cannot truthfully say that that mos
quito Is the only disseminator Thero
may be other carriers of It but wo
never have found any trace of them
Mosquito Only Infection Agent
Tho best way in dealing with an epi
demic or any other thing for that mat
ter is to proceed upon known facts
We kuow the stegomyia carries tho
cause of yellow fever Therefore tho
order to all the men in the marine hos
pital service is kill the mosquito If
the fever persists after the mosquito
has disappeared we will know that
there Is some other way for carry
ing it
What have we to show Havana
after lDtf yars of annual visitation
free from the disease Laredo Tex
treated by men believing In the mos
quito theory and treated accordingly
with only about 10 per cent of tho
population attacked by tho disease
contrasted with Laredo Mexico across
the river disbelieving the theory 50
per cent of the people attacked
The stegomyia does not live north
of Mason and Dixons line He does
not live in all the territory south of it
The mountains of North Carolina aro
too cold for him Before we knew any
thing about the work of that pest ob
servation taught us the country was
divided into two parts the infectiblo
territory and the nonlnfectible After
we got to know about the stegomyia
we found that the limits of his habitat
were coextensive with the limits of tho
infectible domain
Next to killing the mosquito by
making It impossible for him to breed
what is the best preventive
The screening of every person with
a fever for four days Yellow fever
is hard to diagnose It begins like
many other fevers
Screening during the first four days
makes It Impossible for the Insect to
become Infected from the patient
Three days Is the time in which a
mosquito can get the poison from a
human being but four makes assur
ance doubly sure
After a mosquito has taken the
blood from a patient who has had yel
low fever for not more than three
days it takes twelve days for the in
sect to become a source of infection
So you can see that if the first yellow
fever case Is caught in time the cam
paign against the mosquitoes will be
beneficial If It is vigorously prosecuted
during the next nine or ten days Aft
er that If the Insect that bit the pa
tient is still at large the chances of In
fection are very numerous It takes
five days for the poison deposited In a
human body by a mosquito to develop
hence the five day detention
The stegomyia Is a slow moving
Insect After a patient has been re
moved to a doubly screened hospital
in a doubly screened ambulance it is
the business of the doctors to return
to the house as quickly as possible and
DB JESSE W IiAZEAB
burn sulphur there because the
chances are that the Insect that bit
the patient is still on the premises
The fact that mosquitoes convey yel
low fever was established by the late
Major Walter Reed surveyor of the
United States army when in 1900 and
1901 he supervised the experiments
with yellow fever in Cuba after the
United States came into control of
the island says the St Louis Post
Dispatch These tests were thorough
and convinced the army officer that
beyond a doubt the mosquito is the
only transmitter of the fever germ
Following Is the report of these ex
periments and it should satisfy all lay
men when It is borne in mind that
all the subjects were Americans
United States soldiers who had volun
teered
Special Camp Built
A camp was especially constructed
for the experiments about four miles
from Havana The inmates of the
camp were put into most rigid quar
antine and ample time was allowed to
eliminate any possibility of the disease
being brought in from Havana The
personnel consisted of three nurses and
nine lmmunes all in the military serv
ice and included two physicians
From time to time Spanish immi
grants newly arrived were brought in
from the Immigrant station A person
not known to be immune was not al
lowed to leave camp or if he did was
forbidden to return The most com
plete record was kept of the health of
every man to be experimented upon
thus eliminating the possibility of any
other disease than yellow fever compli
cating the case
The mosquitoes used were especial
ly bred from the eggs and kept In a
building screened by wire netting
When an insect was wanted for an ex
periment it was taken into a yellow
fever hospital and allowed to fill Itself
with the blood of a patient Afterward
at varying Intervals from the time of
this meal of blood it was purposely
applied to nonimmunes In camp
In December 1000 five cases of tho
disease were developed as the result of
cuch applications in January three
and in February two making in all
ten exclusive of the cases of Dr
James Carrol and Dr Jesse W Lazear
Immediately upon the appearance of
the first recognized symptoms of tho
disease In any one of these experiment
al cases the patient was taken from
Camp Lazear to a yellow fever hospi
tal one mile distant Every person in
camp was rigidly protected from acci
dental mosquito bites and not in a sin
gle Instance did yellow fever develop
In the camp except at the will of tho
experimenters The experiments were
conducted at a season when there was
the least chance of naturally acquiring
the disease and the mosquitoes used
were kept alive by maintaining them
at a summer temperature
A completely mosquito proof build
ing was divided into two compart
ments by a wire screen partition In
fected Insects were liberated on one
side only A brave nonimmune entered
and remained long enough to allow
himself to be bitten several times He
w3 attacked by yellow fever while
two susceptible men in the other com
partment did not acquire the disease
although sleeping there thirteen nights
This demonstrates in the simplest and
most certain manner that the Infec
tiousness of the building was due only
to the presence of the insects Every
attempt was made to infect Individ
uals by means of bedding clothes and
other articles that had been used and
soiled by patients suffering with vlru
leDt yellow fever
Naturally yellow fever Is transmit
ted by the mosquito and always and
only by the mosquito The harmless
ness of fomltes has been fully demon
strated by our experiments In 1900 and
1901 in which three young Americans
slept for twenty consecutive nights in
a room from which mosquitoes were
excluded garnished with articles soiled
with discharges from fatal and other
cases of yellow fever Three and four
large boxes were packed and unpacked
each morning by these nonimmunes
who suffered no disturbance of health
from these exposures The room was
20 by 14 feet double walled tightly
sealed heated to above 90 degrees F
and dark
Two other nonimmunes then occu
pied the room for twenty nights while
additional articles of bedding and
clothing were added They slept in the
garments and between the sheets that
covered cases of yellow fever some of
which were fatal The result of the
second attempt was nil A third at
tempt was then made with two addi
tional nonimmunes equally without
success Not the slightest indisposition
followed close and Intimate contact
with this repulsive material In any
case Temperatures and pulse rates
were recorded at regular and frequent
intervals Four of these seven nonim
munes were subsequently infected by
blood Injections and by means of In
fected mosquitoes
Dr Lazears Singular Death
The first death from the mosquito ex
periments was that of Dr Jesse W
Lazear in November 1901 Dr Lazear
an army surgeon was one of an army
board all of whom submitted them
selves to the bites of infected mosqui
toes The death of Dr Lazear was sin
gular He had voluntarily been bitten
for the sake of experiment and suf
fered no effects Afterward while he
was visiting the yellow fever ward at
suhgeon genekaij wraiAN
Las Animas a mosquito lit on his hand
He allowed it to remain there and bite
him Five days afterward he was
taken ill and died
A naval surgeon described some
incidents which occurred in Las Ani
mas hospital Havana during the
height of the yellow fever epidemic in
the American intervention days in
Cuba when another physician and he
ran the institution says the New York
Herald
Bedlam at Night
We managed fairly well during the
day but at night midnight when we
were worn out the bedlam produced
by the patients in their delirium was
awful They made all sorts of noises
in different languages for there were
different nationalities represented The
uraemia which resulted from the char
acteristic effect of the disease on the
kidneys caused convulsions and par
ticularly facial spasms
The sick would make the most dis
tressing grimaces which in the wee
sma hours o morn would cause some
of the female nurses to tremble and
cry and beg for a abort respite in the
open air They would go out on the
verandas steady themselves then back
to business But the most horrible of
all was the hemorrhages too horrible
to describe And all this caused by the
bite of a particular kind of mosqultol
A CRUSHED GENIUS
The Firm Mimical Efforts of the
Composer Grlepr
One day I must have been twelve or
thirteen I brought with me to school
a music book on which I had written
in large letters Variations on a Ger
man Melody For the Piano by Edward
Grieg Opus I I wanted to show It
to a schoolfellow who had taken some
Interest Jn me But what happened
In the middle of the German lesson
this same schoolfellow began to mur
mur some unintelligible words which
made the teacher call out half unwill
ingly What is the matter What are
you saying there Again a confused
murmur again a call from the teacher
and then he whispered Grieg has got
something What does that mean
Grieg has got something Grieg has
composed something
The teacher was not very partial to
me so he stood up came to me looked
at the music book and said in a pecul
iar ironical tone So the lad is mu
sical the lad composes Remarkable
Then he opened the door into the next
classroom fetched the teacher in from
there and said to him Here is some
thing to look at This little urchin is a
composer Both teachers turned over
the leaves of the music book with in
terest Every one stood up in both
classes I felt sure of a grand success
But that is what one should never feel
too quickly for the other teacher had
no sooner gone away again than my
master suddenly changed his tactics
Beized me by the hair till my eyes were
black and said gruflly Another time
he will bring the German dictionary
with him as is proper and leave this
stupid stuff at home
Alas To be so near the summit of
fortune and then all at once to see
oneself plunged into the depths How
often has that happened to me later in
life Edward Grieg in Contemporary
Review
AN OCEAN GRAVEYARD
Sable Island Is a MoHt Dangerous
Place For Navigators
Sable island sometimes and not too
extravagantly termed the graveyard
of the Atlantic Is set among shoal wa
ters that afford the best of feeding
ground for the particular kinds of fish
that Gloucester men most desire hali
but cod haddock and what not and
so to its shoal waters do the fishermen
come to trawl or hand line
Lying about east and west a flat
quarter moon In shape Is Sable Island
Two long bars extending northwest
erly and northeasterly make of it a
full deep crescent Nowhere is the
fishing so good or so dangerous as
close in on these bars and the closer
in and the shoaler the water the better
the fishing There are a few men alive
in Gloucester who have been in close
enough to see the surf break on the
bare bar but that was in soft weather
and the bar to windward and they in
variably got out In a hurry
Two hundred and odd wrecks of one
kind or another steam and sail have
settled in the sands of Sable island
Of this there is clear and indisputable
record Of how many good vessels
that have been driven ashore on the
long bars on dark and stormy nights
or in the whirls of snowstorms and
swallowed up in the fine sand before
mortal eye could make note of their
disappearing hulls there is no telling
A Gloucester fisherman needs no tab
ulated statement to remind him that
the bones of hundreds of his kind are
bleaching on the sands of Sable island
and yet of all the men who sail the
sea they are the only class that do
not give it wide berth in winter
James B Connolly in Scribners
Mother Natures Children
One of the most wonderful things
Mother Nature does is to teach her
children how to accomplish things with
means and appliances that seem en
tirely inadequate for the purpose A
bird will build an intricate and beauti
ful nest with no better tool than her
beak birds do not use their claws for
this purpose a caterpillar can shape a
symmetrical cocoon and bees the sharp
angled cells of their combs These are
familiar instances of this but by no
means as wonderful as those shown in
the work of some sea animals that live
In shells St Nicholas
Curiosity Satisfied
A woman cycled up to a butchers
shop and went in with a smiling face
I want you to cut me off twenty five
pounds of beef please she said The
butcher was incredulous Twenty five
pounds Yes please It was a big
job and when he had finished he asked
her whether she would take It or have
it sent home Oh I dont want to buy
it she explained You see my doc
tor tells me I have lost twenty five
pounds of flesh through cycling and I
wanted to see what it looked like in a
lump Thank you so much
Explained
An old Scotch lady who had no relish
for modern church music was express
ing her dislike of the singing of an an
them in her own church one day when
a neighbor said Why that is a very
old anthem David sang that anthem
to Saul To this the old lady replied
Weel weel I noo for the first time
understan why Saul threw his javelin
at David when the lad sang for him
Encouraging Her
Stationer What do you do with all
the lead pencils you buy Mr Smith
You average about three a day Mr
Smith Oh thats all right My wife is
taking whittling lessons Columbus
Dispatch
Few enterprises of great labor or
hazard would be undertaken if we had
not the power of magnifying the ad
vantages we expect from them John
eon
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1- 1 i mini m I in ii illl f Tl --
The Boyuton Furnace Cos
celebrated
Furnaces
and Heaters
Have been well known for over sixty years in every
town village and hamlet in the country as the
most durable powerful and reliable goods made
I here have been many
changes and improvements
made on them from time to
time and are now equipped
with every well known practi
cal improvement Have your
furnace installed now Late
fall is a very busy time with
us when we can not give every
little detail of furnace installa
tion the care and attention
which we have learned by
many years of practical experience so essential to
the successful operation of a well arranged modern
heating plant Our Prices on Furnaces Material and
Workmanship are Below All Competition -
Polk
McCOOK
Call and see us
Bros
NEBRASKA
P If AITE k COMPAWY
The Hitchell Wagon
is without doubt the best
farm wagon sold in this mark
et today The users of wag
ons have learned this hence
the unprecedented demand
But we are prepared to supply
all despite unusually large
sales
Sewing flacfaines
Ranges
Furnaces and Stoves
We expect this week a car
load of furnaces and stoves
If you are intending to put in
a furnace this fall be sure to
inspect our stock and get es
timates
Dont pay high prices for sewing machines when
you can get first class machines for little money
There is no better machine made than the
STANDARD and you can buy it at a fair price at
our store THE NEW ROYAL is fully guaranteed
in every respect and we always have it in stock
We have in stock
the Maleable the
Jewel and the Round
Oak Steel Rangesbe
sides a large stock of
Cast Ranges and
Cooks
Wire Nails
We always carry a
large stock of Barb
Wire and Nails
We can also supply
your needs in all
kinds of Builders
Ha rdware and
Tools
Oils
We have always on
hand Axle Grease
Hard Oil Machine
Oil Cylinder Oil
and Belt Dressing
We also carry Lin
seed Oil and Paint
I j J
Tie Pioneer Earirae Store
Barnctt
Lumber
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SOUTH ST JOSEPH DENVER
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