p V S v * * * > * * * . us * * * * * . . .
I y REPUBLICAN PARTl !
IE- THE PF'ESS ' OF THE COUNTRY
| | | - k , DEFENDING ITS RECORD.
Igtr . . - Mexico I a Simple ) of Wlmt "Would
W& " Itntult Shoul I Itryan Win : Silver
t
Kt ? < Wave 1 HatsvilUts Tito Silver Syn-
t
ife- , - dlciitc.
Hj The condition of Mexico is naturally
K attracting a good deal of attention ,
B from the fact that it is on a free-silver ,
Hi 50-cent dollar basis. Its example is ,
Kg however , of very little Importance as
H an object lesson for the United States ,
H for the reason that other factors of
Kj much more potency enter into the case
B to determine the real condition. Still ,
H ! it is pertinent to inquire into the facts ,
Kj apart from making an argument for or
H | against any particular theory of
money.
Bj Whether one concludes that Mexi-
B | co is prosperous or not depends alto-
B | gother from one's point of view. So
B | far as concerns business men , those ,
B | ' whether foreign or native , who < ive
Hjj enterprise and capital. Mexico is pros-
It is wholly Immaterial to those poor
people whether Mexico is on a silver era
a gold basis. . .They themselves . r.n
a copper basis , and are bound -o ' v
there until their general plane o' c' " -
zatlon is raised. To hold up Mexico
aa a model for America , or as an ex
ample in any point of vie" ' , is simply
preposterous.
Another reason why Mexico can fur
nish no criterion by which to judge a
monetary system is that the money
metals are the great staples of re
duction in that country , except as agri
cultural products are raised for do
mestic use. The gold yield is much
larger than statistics Indicate , for the
reason that there is a tax on the out
put of both gold and silver. There is
not much attempt to smuggle out the
3ilver it is too bulky but a great part
" "of 'the gold produced escaps taxation ,
and , in escaping taxation , eludes the
statisticians. There is supposed to be
$5,000,000 in gold in the country and
ten times that amount in silver money.
There is more than that amount of
each metal produced annually. The
statistics of 1894 gave the gold output
as $4,500,000. The actual amount must
have been at least $6,000,000. The sil
ver output was $60,817,300 , about three
times as much as all Europe , Asia and
Africa produce. To go to Mexico for
lessons in finance is much like what it
would be to study theL * peon hovels for
models ofworkingmen's homes. Chicago
cage Inter Ocean.
Silver AVa\o Keendlnjj.
Indications are growing stronger
every day that the silver craze has
reached high water mark , and that the
wave is receding. From all over the
country the testimoney is the same ,
and it is particularly applicable to the
i
i
silver mines who are supporting the
free-coinage newspapers , distributing
'
free-coinage literature , paying the sal
aries of free-coinage stump speakers
and "backing" free-coinage candidates.
Are they doing it for the good of the
country or for the money there is in It
for themselves ? Do men go into specu
lations that promise 100 per cent profits
out of philanthropy or out of greed for
dollars ? Will the people who have al
lowed themselves to be imposed upon
by these silver kings persist in a
scheme to add millions on millions to
the enormous fortunes of a few score
men by depriving the plain people of
half the value of their savings and
their wages ?
The only people in this country who
could profit by the > free and unlimited
coinage of silver would be the owners
of mines , bankrupts who wish to re
pudiate their debts and speculators in
the- returns of the men who toil for ,
their bread. If this nation ever should
sink to the level of a silver basis the
workingman would not be able to lift
his head for a generation to come , the
farmer would plunge deeply into debt
because the working classes , who are
the greatest consumers of farm pro-
dcte , would have their purchasing
power cut in half , and this whole coun-
ti/ would become the victim of the
money sharks of the world.
But the American people will not
commit so foolish , so outrageous , so
criminal an act as to vote half of theii
own belongings into the pockets ol
rapacious and unconscionable silver
kings. New York Press.
St. John's Fatal Admission.
Mr. William P. St. John of New York.
in able and persistent advocate of the
free coinage of silver , while testifying
HJ j HIS CURIOUS WAY OF SHOWING IT.
I ! LLLL-t H'lplllii '
K j " V * - ' " 'JlIUIIllllUIUW//// , . -5-1 * "
H PROM CHICAGO INTER OCEAN : MR. BRYAN ASSERTS THAT HE IS OPPOSED TO FOREIGN DOMINATION
H J IN OUR AFFAIRS.
Hj perous. It has vast resources of gold
H | and silver , and no end , hardly , of good
H [ ! land. The industrial class are fairly
Bl industrious and never think of strik-
H | ing. They work long hours and are
H | ; | much more contented with their wages
Bj | than our laborers , skilled or unskilled.
H | * The government is stable. The yro-
m i verbial unrest and chronic state of
revolution which prevailed prior to the
administration of that truly great
statesman , Juarez , no longer nurses
the land. The term "Mexicanize , " as
formerly used , ought to be blotted from
I our language. It is positively slander
ous. Not only is there peace at home ,
but Mexican credit is good abroad.
The national debt is being paid , inter
est and principal , in gold. No advantage -
_ tage is taken of creditors to force a
B depreciated silver currency upon them.
m We repeat that from a business man's
B point of view Mexico is prosperous ,
H highly so.
1 But when viewed from the stand-
m point of the people , their condition and
M I opportunities , it is altogether different.
M The great mass of the people are ab-
M jectly poor and wholly illiterate. Their
M contentment is due to their ignorance
H and to the fact that they and their
m ancestors never knew any better con-
H v dition. The climate is mild and their
M absolute necessities are few. The best
H paid labor , the labor in mines , towns
h and factories , does not command over
M one-half the pay common on this side
M of the line , and that , too , in a 50-cent
m dollar. The agricultural labor is paid
m about one-quarter the United States
1 rate , besides the depreciation of the
1 money. A citizen of the United States ,
H accustomed to our ways of living , can
VAVJ hardly conceive the abjectness of the
H poverty of the peons , the class which
H does about all the work of every kind
M and constitutes at least 90 per cent , of
M the people. . They have nothing in the
B way of clothes except the rags on their
M backs , live mostly on beans and a
1 vile native coffee , their only luxury
m being a kind of liquor worse than
M barrel-house whisky , and on which one
H can get beastly drunk for a few cents.
B Their houses are like pig pens , no such
H things as bedsteads or chairs being
M found in them. A few descendants of
M the Spanish grandees have great
H estates , and are very rich , while the
M I peons , attached to them by a system of
H practical serfdom , get less actual share
H in the profits of the land they work
M than did the plantation negroes of the
m cotton belt before the war.
western states. The argentiferous en
thusiasm that aroused Colorado , for
instance , to a high pitch hao percepti
bly declined , and there are not a few
republicans in that state who are
sanguine that it will be carried for
McKinley and Hobart.
In Kansas it is the same way. There
is no defection among the republicans
of the Sunflower state , who are well
organized and are showing a compact
and aggressive front to the enemy.
The republican newspapers of the state ,
without exception , are supporting the
national ticket most enthusiastically ,
and thLs is of itself a tower of strength
to the cause. Kansas has not forgotten
the glorious traditions of the past , and
can be relied upon in the crisis now be
fore the country to cast her vote on the
side of prosperity and national honor.
From Nebraska , the home of Candi
date Bryan , who is now swinging
'round the circle , the word goes forth
that the republicans of that common
wealth will not be satisfied with less
than 25,000 majority for McKinley.
They know Bryan there , and all that
he stands for , and are eager to register
their opinion at the polls. Missouri ,
too , is lining up for the battle for sound
money , and every day sees new ac
cessions to the ranks of national
credit.
In fapt , the same story comes from
all 'over the country , and the Bryan
managers are perceptibly alarmed.
They are making herculean efforts to
bring about a display of enthusiasm ,
and the tour of the "boy orator"
through the east "has been arranged
In the hope that his presence may
arouse his followers to a semblance of
life. So far the indications are that
the plan will not he a brilliant suc
cess. All the glittering generalities
that Mr. Bryan can find among his
book of quotations , together with his
latest stock of "new and pleasing
metaphors , " cannot swerve the people
from their purpose to give the advo
cates of financial heresy a lasting les
son. Kansas City Journal.
The Silver Syndicate.
The New.York Press gives to-day an
other chapter of the great speculation
o'f the Silver Mine Owners' Syndicate.
This free-coinage movement had its ori
gin with these silver kings , v/ho wish
to sell their white metal for twice what
it is worth in any market in the world.
It is financed by men who , already
enormously rich , hope to double their
vast fortunes. It is the owners of
!
in 1894 before the house committee on
banking and currency , outlined a bil !
for free coinage which provided "tha *
Ihe silver dollar now existing shall bi
coinable without limit in amount on
producing the bullion for it. and on thj
same terms now prescribed for gold. ' 1
In answer to the direct question
"Would your theory put the country 'on
a silver basis ? " he replied : "Momen
tarily it might. I think -would im
mediately. " He was then asked : "How
long would that condition prevail ? " He
answered : "I would not predict the
achievement of actual bimetallism in
Ihe United States under the bill earlier
than two years ; that is , two years at
the outside. I should expect it earliei
if conditions now existing abroad ex
isting outside of France prevail ; 1
would expect it to be accomplished
within one year. "
Sample Object Lessou in ray Envelope *
Chicago Special : The "business
man's" political campaign is proving
remarkably prolific in practical devices
for educational purposes. The latest
i-omes from Easton , Pa. , from which
point it was sent to this city by the
vice president of the National Switch
and Signal company , which corporation
has a branch office in the Monadnocb
building.
The educational feature , devised by
Charles Hansel , the official mentioned ,
is a pay envelope. The work of this
corporation is entirely with railroads ,
and , outside of the eastern states , in
cludes large contracts in California.
THIS CONTA'NS
SOUND MONEY'
It will buy ICO CENTS worth of goods for
EACH DOLLAR.
Do You Prefer 53-Cent Dollars
FOR SAME LABOR.
i
Conditions Prior to 1873.
Some of the free-coinage men still
say that all they want is to "restore
the conditions that existed prior to
1873. " In 1873 the total world's produc
tion of silver was 61,100,000 ounces and
the silver in & dollar was worth $1.04
in gold. Last year the world's prod
uct of silver vras 165,000,000 ounces and '
the silver in a dollar was worth only
50 7-10 cents. Will the silver miners
restore the production of 1873 as * he
first step toward "restoring the condi
tions ? "
_ ' - ' " " ' trr * *
- ; ; -j _
*
HISTORY OF MONEY.
USED IN DIFFERENT STAGES OF
CIVILIZATION.
Qr.tdnil Evolution from Slclnn , Fish
hooks , Shells , etc , In Hunting btn o
to Silver and ( Sold in J'resent Com
mercial Stugo.
A study of the growth of money may
be useful just now in order to give a
more definite idea of exactly what mon
ey is and to learn why certain articles
or substances have been discarded , and
others retained. The natural and gen-
eial tendencies well understood , we
have only to juage of the future by past
experience to predict what will and
what will not be the principal money
metal of the near future.
Hunting and rishlmj Staue.
The kind of money in use in any
country indicates the degree of civili
zation attained. Man probably first be
came a trading animal in the hunting
and fishing stage. Weapons of war
and the chase , together with skins and
furs , were then the most important
kinds of property. Hence we find that
the more useful , stable and portable of
these articles were first used as money
and are so used to-day in barbarous
countries.
Beaver skins or "beaver" was the
unit of value when our forefathers
" traded with the
y Indians. Thus 1
\ I beaver equals 1
\ jj brass kettle ; 1
. | beaver equals 2
/ Jj * I shillings ; 6 beavers -
' \ \ ' vers etlual 1 Sal"
* 1 I lon brantly etc-
Y v- ' ' > -
/ i. $ \ I Fishhooks form-
O ' j'j' ' a ed the currency
MS , | | y on the northern
KM [ U/9 JL shores of the In-
\ jjt7ff dian ocean from
1 2 3 Persia to Ceylon ,
f. Beaver Skin. II. Latterly , how-
Fishhook. III. ever , pieces of
Wampum. bent wire were
substituted for real hooks. Wampum
was the currency of the more civilized
Indian tribes in New England and on
Long Island. It consisted of white
beads , made from the ends of a peri
winkle shell or black beads made from
a clam shell arranged in strings or
belts. It became the official money of
New England and New Amsterdam and
'lost its place as money between 1650
and 1700 , when the "Smart Alecks"
among the whites began to debase it by
leaving the beads unpolished or un-
pierced or by making them of bone ,
horn , glass and even of wood. The
colonists legislated much trying to fix
prices , and to save wampum from de
clining in value , hut it was being pro
duced too cheaply. Natural law was
against it and it had to go.
The use of shells as money is still
common on many tropical coasts. Their
wide use is probably due to the strong
passion , common to primitive man , for
personal adornment. This gives shells
a permanent value. Besides they are
very durable , comparatively light and
are convenient for small change.
Whales' teeth , arrowheads , beads , tusks
of ivory and engraved stones are some
of the other money materials of this
and later stages of civilization.
The I'nstnral Stage.
Man early tamed the domestic ani
mals. The sheep and the cow being the
most useful , they naturally , with their
skins ( and some
times with their / t
milk ) , formed the { \
currency and the I /
unitof value.Our LjLjiA - * /
words feepecun- T\ % s
iary and capital -jgShQ
come from the 4
use of cattle as IV. Sheep ,
money. Similar words in nearly every
language testify to the once general use
of cows and sheep as money. A man's
wealth was estimated by b > herds and
flocks.
It was in this stage that conquerors
stopped eating captives because it was
discovered that they were worth more
as shepherds and carriers of water ,
wood , etc. Hence also slaves often fig
ured as money.
Agricultural stage.
In the agricultural stage man owns
land , has fixed habitations and is pos
sessed of a far greater variety of prop
erty than when he was a nomad.
Though he continued to use cattle ,
slaves , etc. , as money , yet he some
times added staple farm products and
began to uee metals , especially copper
and gold , which at first were usually
estimated in terms of cattle and were
measured roughly instead of being
weighed.
Wheat , barley and oats are now , as
they have be n for 2,000 years , a medium -
'
um of exchange
[ $ * / & * & & in Norway and
MYVvS\ other remote
* / / $ \\W parts of Europe.
f vAmlMaize'or ) Indian
\ IV mil corn' once iovm
\ ffljl ec * the currency
3 > > * of Mexico , Cen-
5 6 tral America and
. - - f = ara- = - , j' ? some of the early
\ / c ° l ° ne3Tobac -
\ , ' | a J co formed the
W. ii M principal money
W JJT W of Virginia and
\ j' if Maryland. It was
le al tender inv
W * \ > V
vW Maryland inV
v\ Jk
V V/ 1732' The price
f % ' , \ of wives varied
/ MMfrom 100 to 150
7 pounds of tobac-
V.Indian Corn. VLTo-co. Dried Codfish
bacco. VII. Codfish , was one curren
cy in Newfoundland. Sugar , rum , gin
ger , olive oil , eggs , indigo and mo
lasses r.ee some of the products that
have bsen used in different countries.
The friends of tobacco and corn tried
hard to prevent these "crimes against
humanity , " but the copper , gold and
silver bug conspirators came out on
top in spite of special legislation in the
1
wmmmammmmmmmmmmmm mmmmrnKSM
interests of tobacco and corn. Thla was
a hard blow to our country. Thera lo
plenty of tobacco , corn , eggs and mo
lasses to give us all the "per capita"
we could carry if the crime of demone
tization had not been committed
against them , thereby causing prices of
these and other articles , except the
precious metals , to fall precipitately.
Economists tell us that these articles
ceased to be used as money because
they lacked some essential quality.
They say that some were perishable ;
others bulky and hard to transport ;
others could not be easily divided for
the purpose of mo.king change ; others
wera not uniform in size or quality ,
while nearly all lacked stability of
value. But every tobacco , corn , mo
lasses or egg producer and every lover
of the weed , of omelets or of johnny
cake and sorghum knows that they
were demonetized because they were so
plentiful that the shylocks could not
monopolize them as easily as they
could the precious metals.
Manufacturing ; Stage.
The manufacturing stage Is not clear
ly defined. Hoe3 were once -money in
r. . . - . . , t 7 China and they
\ /f \ f ? are t0-dav In
| py ) < l If Anam. Little
11 \ I hoes' such as tne
IrfjA Aj \ II one here figured.
iffl real hoes and beN -
oil vv
N m II ) \ canie a truemon-
M | Hand made
jJLJJ | 1 l\ \ nails once circu-
8 9 lated as money in
VIII. Chinese Hoe. some Scotch vil-
IX. Handmade lages. Some of
Nails. the other money
articles that may perhaps belong to
this stage are 'cotton cloth , straw hats.
cubes of salt , tea , beeswax , knives and
6ilk cloth. It was probably in this stage
that the precious metals began to be
measured and weighed more accurately
and to be cast into standard forms.
Commercial Stage.
1. Internal Trade. When men began
to live in cities , to have regular mar-
10 11
12 13
X. Bronze Decussis. XI. Iron Manilla
From West Africa. XII. Chinese
XIII. Copperas. "Cash. "
kets where products were exchanged
and to have shopkeepers or merchants
and professional traders , there v/as
great need of a more exact and scien
tific money such as could be supplied
only by the metals. These began to be
cast or stamped into regular forms ,
sizes or weights. Bronze bars and
stamped bronze pieces were used in
Greece and Italy. The bronze piece
here represented shows the evolution
from cattle money to stamped metallic
money. Weights in the form of sheep
indicate that sheep were in Biblical
times the unit of value in Palestine.
Iron was used as money in Sparta.
Pieces of bent iron ready for the black
smith pass as money in west Africa
and elsewheie.
"Cash" or "sapeks" or "le" is the
only native coin and the only legal
tender of China as well as the principal
money of small accounts. Cash consists
of round disks of a kind of brass with a
square hole in the cente. * . The evolu
tion of cash is interesting. About 200
B. C. the Chinese were still using a
bronze currency representing knives 5
14 15
v % , < , • • * /
Wo < v
16
w s 1\ \ * /
"
17
XIV. Romano-Campanian Coin. XV. •
Gold Solidus of Julian II. XVI. Mexican - I
can Silver Dollar. XVII. English {
Gold Sovereign. ,
2-5 inches long , with a hole In one end '
of the handle. By 500 A. D. the knives !
'
were 7 1-5 inches long and the hole or
ring was larger. Later the handle dis
appeared and the ring was attached to
the blade , which was increased in
thickness to give the same weight as
formerly. Still later the blade was '
gotten rid of and the ring was pierced
with a square hole for the string. Thus >
transformed the original and cumber
some knife money became a comparatively - J
atively convenient currency , though
the value has depreciated greatly , part
ly because of reduced size and inferior
cuality of metal u ed.
i
Cash Is the basis of all price compu- JLi H
tatioca in China. Considerable sums > 1 iHf
may .be paid in gold or silver , but they * Hare
merchandise and are . t H
are treated as
Sought and sold by weight without a * > . ,7jBH ;
government stamp to guarantee weight ' j H
and fineness. \Mi H
The as was a brass coin used in Italy Jri l
until after 200 A. D. * I j H
2. International Trade , When trade 'f J H
became international there was still V l H
greater need for the most accurate and / > i H
reliable counters of value possible. Real f ifi lH
coinage began when governments first * { l M M
guaranteed weight and fineness with an Jll H
official stamp. A great part of this lm- |
mense gain to commerce and clvlllza- xi B
tlon was lost when , after awhile , mon- S B
archs began to abuse this coining privi- S H
lege and to break faith with their subjects - H
jects by stamping light weight or oth- sl l
crwise debased coins as genuine. Such Ja l
coins would continue In use , but would 2 H
soon depreciate in value. ( l
a
Figure 14 represents one of the ear- /Hl H
liest sliver coins. It was struckin tf'l H
Rome about 300 B. C. [ 1
Gold was coined in Rome In 206 B. C. t ( | H
Figure 15 shows the gold solidus of /l H
Julian II. The solidus weighed four ii l
scruples from 312 A. D. to 1453 and j i H
formed the baais of more modern Euro- J ? |
pean coins. The florin , coined in Flor- . l/j M
ence In-the fourteenth century , was the < * ' * 1 1
first regular coin of western Europe. i. ; j H
Ir. soon became the recognized unit of M1 1
value In commerce and was replaced > .V - |
only by the English sovereign , which -4 B
-
has since remained the standard unit . Hflfl
of value for international trade. 1 1
The commercial world has chosen j JI H
gold as money because , all things con- ' ' 3 H
sidered , it is better fitted for this pur- $ \ 1 |
pose than any other metal or substance. i 3
It owes its position entirely to its in- # l t
trinsic worth. It has needed no special . . , ' | H
legislation to sustain it , nor has the * < * > > H
almost unlimited special legislation in c ' H
the interest of silver and other metals i H
and substances been able to make them i |
"as good as gold" in any modern civilized - ] H
ized country. It has come by evolu- i |
tion and will not go even by revolution. ' |
We have passed the fishhook , wampum , H
tobacco , iron and silver stages of civilization - ' H
zation and have entered the golden H
stage. Each year sees some progressive • H
country stop experimenting with the H
fickle and fluctuating silver standard • H
and declare for the stable and world Y |
recognized gold standard of value. Possibly - , • H
sibly we may , by foolish legislation , H
make silver legal tender for awhile and , - H
drive gold out of circulation , but our H
commercial interests will continue to * fV H
use gold , and soon all interests will bo I i M
glad to drop Mexico and China and to H
return to the society of civilized na , ' H
tions. Byron W. Holt. 3jT '
*
* W
Suppoin You Shoul 1 Io .MUtaken. ' & i H
Farmers who think that free silver * : M
will help them to get rid of their mortgages - / |
gages should consider carefully what 4 * " '
effect a 1G to 1 law will have on the y
lenders of capital. The silverites are tS fe
telling you beautiful stories about the * tI B
great volume of money which will be v 1 |
ready for loaning at low rates of in- * jH |
terest assoon as we adopt the silver |
standard. But suppose the scheme . . M
should not work in the way they ox- / i' M
ject ? Suppose that as soon as it be- y jf fl
comes likely that a free coinage lav/ - " Srlk |
will be enacted there is a general de- * , RW |
mand that all mortgages should at * Pu .J
once be paid ir full ? Thepromise of
cheap money when free silver comes H
won't help you now. Where are you fl
going to get the money to pay oft H
your mortgage ? Do you suppose any | a M
man is going to make loars while there V
is a possibility of his being repaid in f '
50-cent dollars ? And if you can't raise } '
the money when it is called for , and if ' H
your farm is sold at a sacrifice , where ( _ H
will you be then ? - JB
Think these things over. Don't be I
fooled by the free silver idea that 9
cheap money means low rates of inter-
est. The facts are just the other way. -
Interest is far higher in all silver-us- I
ing countries than in gold countries. [ M
If we go on the silver standard the men | l
who have capital to lend will charge
more interest than they do now in .
(
order to cover the risk of being repaid f -1
in depreciated silver dollars. So if ' 'I
you succeed in borrowing under free Ik
coinage you will pay higher interest % M
on the loan. Ask anybody who known 99
the facts whether interest is not much ' 11
higher in Mexico , India or the silver -1
South American countries than in the |
United States , England or Germany , " t
with their currency based on gold. ' , , ,
'
Then make up you mind that you will ;
vote for the financial system which , |
if left undisturbed will benefit you far „ I
more than free silver will. J M I
BlfiT Prices for V.irmer * ' Products. * * " j &i
The Chautauqua News of Sherman , V * '
N. Y. , contains in its latest number an
advertisement which we copy free of r ,
charge : rsr
WAR PRICES.
In order to assist those who believe s
in the "white metal" I will pay the following - ]
lowing prices in Mexican silver dollars /
( no change given ) for live stoclc and /
Produce delivered at Sherman : i
Steers welshing 1,000 pounds or / y
orer. line and fat n c per pound /
Heifers neighing 000 pounds or f ' * a
. fine and fat '
orer.
5 c f
per ponnj , -
, .
Slcep. fat and h.-ary 5 fi
e per pound t
lCml , < . fat and heavy 7 , pcr , > -
\ eals. Jine and fat 8 c per pound /
I'igs welshln ; 100 to 150 pounds..5c per pound -I f
Hest Holstein milk cows ? 50 * >
per head T
-So. 1 butter
- creamery 28 c per pound
* Ine factory cheese
10
c per pound \
'rhese dollars contain more pure silver - .
ver than tb * United States dollar.
Those who deliver stock in drove3 ' '
should bring an extra horse to fe > %
draw home their money. rff %
Dated August 1. r %
A. B. SHELDON. V- v %
Mr. Sheldon is able to do what ho X'
promises to do. He is giving the farm- f\ W
ers of Chautauqua the benefit of the Jh * * < ffl
inflated prices , which the advocates ( ip S' if
of a 50-cent dollar desire and is do'n * * ' II
it without asking the United States - km
government to become a repudiator and i D
a swindler. \ D
The first false teeth fl
were made en I
lead plates. , B
iim