T WAS nearly 40 years DEO that the
UnlUxl States government first
nwoko to the necessity of conserv
ing the aquatic resources of tbo
ountry , nml began those operations
in behalf of fishes , fishermen and
flsh-cntera that have now attained
such gigantic proportions ] .
Several of the states had already
established their local ilsh commis
sions or boarda when in 1871 con
gress took Uio initial step toward ti
national fishery service by the passage of a
lolnt resolution creating the ofllco of commis
sioner of fish and fisheries.
The early years of the bureau of fisheries
were devoted to an investigation of the con
dition of the fisheries of the Atlantic coast ,
Great Lakes , and other sections , to studied of
the interior and coastal waters and their In
habitants , and to exploration of the off-shoro
Qshlng banks. The cultivation of useful ilshea
was soon taken up throughout the country and
-r quickly attained largo proportions. The natur
al expansion of the work waa materially aug
mented from time to time by acts of congress ,
and in a comparatively short time the opera-
Ions came to have a very wide scope.
From year to year , as the importance of the
fork has become Increasingly evident , uddl-
lonal hatcheries have boon built , the capacity
f existing hatcheries has been enlarged , the
icalo of the operations has been extended , and
low kindsof fishes have been added to the
mtput.
Today there Is scarcely n phase of aqulcul-
ture. of the fishing Industry , or of biological
ind physical science as connected with the
streams was centered at six hatcheries anfl
subhatchorloa in 1909. At one of these the
principal species handled Is the Atlantic sal
mon , at four the ahad , at three the yellow
perch , nt two the white porch , and at ono the
otripcd bass. In recent years the bureau has
operated n shad hatchery on the Delaware riv
er , and has detailed the ntcamer Fish Hawk
for shad hatching in Maine , Now Jersey , North
Carolina and Florida. The central station , In
Washington , is operated largely for experimen
tal and exhibition purposes
In order to counteract the effects of the
very exhausting fisheries of the Great Lakes ,
the government has maintained hatcheries for
many years , and now operates six belonging to
the United States and two belonging to the
state of Michigan. The fishes to which atten
tion Is given are these which enter most large
ly Into the catch of the fishermen , namely , the
white-fish , clsco , lake trout , and plko perch , the
annual output of which now exceeds ono and a
.
MAM/VG A PJ.AMr
iJy&V $
S&K& &
? * w&&w&8sss& w v -
j r ' .
i .
r
> /OW/YG SHAD GCS AT3TATIOM
WORTH CAFiOMfYA- *
Waters , that does not como within the purview
of the bureau.
It is conceived to be the better po'icy to ex
pend a small amount of public money In ma
king fish EO nbundfirt that they can bo caught
\\Ithout restriction and serve as cheap food for
the people at largo , rather than to expend a
much larger sum In preventing people fiom
catching the few fish that still remain after
generations of Improvidence.
Public or government fish-culture In Ameri
ca exceeds In extent and Importance that of
all other countries combined. However , the
neglect of some of the htatcs to provide the
minimum protection to certain species Inhabi
ting Interstate and International waters has
not only negatived the fish-cultural work of the
bureau nnd of the states themselves , but has
practically Inhibited It by preventing the pos
sibility of securing an adequate supply of eggs ,
thus making desirable and necessary the pla
cing of Interstate and International waters un
der the Jurisdiction of the general government
At the end of the firse ten jears of the bu
reau's existence , the fishes that were being
regularly cultivated were shad , carp , chlnook
salmon , Atlantic salmon , land-locked salmon ,
rainbow trout , brook trout and whiteflsh. In ad
dition to which the propagation of several oth
ers had been undertaken experimentally The
list now is six times as long and the annual
output Is ten times the aggregate for the ton-
year period ending In 18S1.
The main energies aru devoted to the Im
portant commercial fishes slnd , whiteflsh ,
lake trout , Pacific salmons , white porch , yel
low perch , cod. flatfish and the lobster , which
are hatched In lots of many millions annually.
Wore widely popular , however , are the distri
butions of the fishes of the Interior waters
which arc generally classed as game fishes Al
though representing only about 10 per cent ,
of the output of the hatcheries , this feuturo
of the work Is veiy Important , for It supplies
choice Kinds of fish for public rivers , lakes and
\ ponds , and for fishing preserves and prlvato
ponds and streams In all parts of the United
States. The fishes most In demand for these
purposes are the land-locked salmon , tbo dif
ferent species of trout , thu piayllng. the busses ,
the crapples , the sunfishes. and the catflshes ,
but various others also are handled.
Fish-cultural stations are established by
special net of congress , and their location and
construction are determined after a careful
survey of the available sites In n given otato.
The usual buildings are the hatchery proper.
a residence for the superintendent nnd his fam-
'ily ' , and necessary outbuildings At soiro sta
tions there may also be power house , fonnnan'ti
or fish-culturlst'a dwelling , races hall uud sta-
iblo.
The only permanent irarlno hatcheries nro
In Maine nnd Massachusetts , where the cod ,
.pollock . , flatfish , nnd lobsters an- hatched In
immense numbers. Other sea fishes that have
< n previous years been artificially propagated
and may again como under the hand of the
llsh-culturist are the haddock , the ncuppaug.
the shecpEhoad , the sea bass , the mackerel , nnd
the Bquetoaguo , Eomo of which weie hatched
on the steamer Fish Hawk. In Chesupeake bay
mid Florida.
The flab cultural work on the eastern
half bll'Ions. Under arrangement with the
Canadian authorities , two egg-collection sta
tions for whltcfis-h , clsco , and lake trout are
maintained at points In Ontario.
While surveying a new "bank" on the coast
of Alaska , the government steamer Albatrosa
in 20 minutes made the experimental catch of
cod and halibut shown In one of our Illustra
tions. As n result of explorations of the Al
batross on the Pacific coast , fisheries of great
importance have been established thero.
The hatcheries on the rivers and lakes of
the Pacific coast are devoted almost exclu
sively to the various enlmons. In California ,
where the bureau established a salmon hatch-
cry as early as 1872 , there Is ono central or
main station , at fialrd. on the McCloud river ,
with Important collecting stations on two other
tributaries of the Sacramento. In Oregon a
central hatchery at Oregon City , on the WI1-
lametto river , has three subhatchorles on trib
utaries of the Columbia , In Oregon nnd Wash
ington , and three subhatcherles on tributaries
of the Rogue liver , Oregon. In addition to several -
oral egg collecting station.
The Interests of the largo salmon fisheries
of the Puget Sound region arc saleguardod by
a hatchery on Baker lake , on the Sknglt river.
A Eignlficant feature of attificlil propagation
on the Pacific seaboard Is that in the Columbia
basin the hatching of the acclimatized shad has
begun on a email scale , nnd In the Sacramento
basin the cultivation of the acclimatized striped
bass has commenced under conditions which In
dicate that more eggs of this species may bo
obtained In California than In any of the stated
to which the fish Is native.
The hatcheries In the Interior icglona con-
Btltuto the most numerous class , , nnd their
output reaches the largest number of people.
Their operations are addiessed chiefly to the
BO called "gamo" fishes , which , while caught
mostly by anglers , nevertheless constitute an
important element of the food supply. At these
stations large numbers of fish nro icaied to the
fingcillng or yearling sizes before being re
leased ; lor this put pose more or loss extensive-
pond areas are required.
The fish-cultural work of the federal govern-
incnt has now attained a magnitude that can
not rcndlly bo comprehended , nnd Is Increas
ing at an exceedingly rapid rate. Especially
marked has been the increase in the Imtchory
product during the past ten years , owing la
part to the extension of operations at existing
stations , and In part to greater efficiency ot
methods and appliances. The work during the
fiscal year 1909 reached laiger proportions than
ever before , over three billion fish being pro
duced and planted.
While the bureau docs not lay undue stress
on mere numbers and considers the vitality
of the fish and the conditions under which they
are planted as ot paramount Importance , the
foregoing figures are certainly very suggestive
end an a further statement of the magnitude of
the flah-cultural work , It may bu of Interest
to record that the aggregate output of the
hatcheries from 1872 to 1909 was about 28 bil
lion , of which over 13 billion lepresents the
work of the past six. years.
In making his oiiglnal plans for the sys
tematic in\ostlgatlon of the watern of the Uni
ted States and the biological and physical
problems they piescnt , Commissioner Unlid In
sisted that to studj only the food-fishes would
be of little Importance , and that useful < onclu-
Blons must needs rest upon a bioad foundation
of Investigations purely scientific in clmincter.
The llfo history of species of economic vnltio
choiild bo understood from beginning to ond.
but no loss roqulslto Is It to know the histories
of the nnimnls and plants upon which they Iced
or upon which their fed Is nourished ; the his-
very of their onomtes and filends and the
friends and foeu of theli enemies and fi lends.
$8 well as the cunents. temperatures , and other
physical phenomena of the waters In i elation
to migration , rcpioductlon and growth.
In pursuance ol thia policy the bureau has
secured the seivices ol many prominent men of
ficlonco , and much of the pi ogress in the aitl-
flclal propagation ol fkho. % In the Investigation
of lisheiy problem" , and In the extension of
knowledge of our aquatic resources has been
duo men eminent ar > zoologists who have boon
associated with tl.o Mork temporarily. Their
services have been the sei vices of specialists
for particular piohlcms , and through them the
bureau ban not only been able to glvo to the
public the practical results of applied science ,
but has contributed to pure science valuable
knowledge- all forms of aquatic llfo.
The Importance to thu fishing Interests ot
the work of the buicau in connection with the
economic fisheries la widely appreciated and
freely acknowledged. The statistical Inquiries
of the bureau afford the only adequate basis
for determining the condition and trend of the
flshoiles and the icsults of legislation , protec
tion , and cultivation. Among the numerous
epoclal matters In which the bureau has bene
fited the fisheries the following may bo men
tioned :
Hy bringing to the attention of American
fishermen new methods and now apparatus ,
new fishctles have Fnmetlmc-s been established
and now fields exploited.
Uy th Introduction of cod gill ucts the v'n-
ter cod fishery of Now England waa revolu
tionized In a single season shortly after the
use of such nets began t few Capo Ann
( Gloucester ) fishermen took by this means over
8,000,000 pounds of large-sired fish , and as much
as $50,000 has sometimes been saved annually
In the single Item of bait.
H > the dissemination of Information regard
Ing now fishing giounds Important fisheries
have been Inauguinlcd. Thus when the abun
dance of halibut oft the coast of Iceland was
made known by the bureau , a fishery was begun
gun which jleldod from 570,000 to $100,000 an
nually to the New England fishermen.
Owing to the appalling mortality among the
crows of the Now Englrnd flailing vessels ,
caused In laigo part by the fouiulcilng of ve ?
sols at sea , thebunau many years ago undoi-
took the Intioductlon Into the offshore flnliorlea
of n type of craft which would combine largi
carrying capacity and gicat sped with en
hanced safety. Uy correspondence , discussion
In the dally press , personal Interviews , ex
hlbtion of models and finally by Hit actual COL
structlon of a full rlzed rchnoncr ( the Granv
pus ) , with the icquhlte qualities , the buroa'j
wni enabled to inaugurate n momentous chang"
In the firchltecturo of fishing vessels ; so that
for a long lime the New England schoonei i
have been constructed on the new lines , with
a consequent n.lniml/.ing of disasters and a dn
elded lucicaso In efllclency.
In other fisheries and regions the uuroaa
has likewise advocated Improved typos of veil
[ jclu and boats especially adapted to local con
dltlons , and has published plans and specifier
( Ions ombodjing the results of studies of. ths
fishing flotilla of the world.
The icsults of the bureau's efforts In thli.
line In saving llfo and property , In Increasing
the usefulness of the vessels , and In Imnrovluy
the quality of thn catch as landed , cannot b
estimated , but the beneficial effects may ba
paitlj appreciated when it Is stated that durlnv
the ten years ending In 1SS3 , when the oil
typei of vessels were In use , there were lo * '
by foundering from the port of GloucestOi
alone , 82 veHsels , valued nt more than $100,000
with their crews of 895 men , while duilng tin
ten years ending in 1907 , the losses from tbl
cause aggregated only a fourth us many voj
eels and men
TERRIBLE CASE OF GRAVEL
Dakar City , Oro. , Man GufforeU 5
Years.
Charles Kurz , 1C18 Center 8L , Dakar
City , Oro. , says : "For 25 years I suf
fered agony from gravel. So Intense
vas the pain when the stones were
passing , that I had to
llo on my back and
brace my feet , often
b o 1 n g forood to
scream. On ono oo
caslon two stones became -
came lodged nnd I
could not pass tha
urlno for two days. I
spent hundreds of dollars
lars without roller. At last I began
taking Doan's Kidney Pills. They nro
the only remedy that wards off these
attacks. "
Remember the name Dean's. For
sale by all donlors. GO cents n box.
roster-Mllburn Co. . Buffalo , N. Y.
Sinn of Recovery.
"If when the devil Is sick n monk
ho will bo , " said Iloso Stahl nagoly ,
"then the devil gets well In double
quick time. Witness that young Mlvll
with the ItulloH , ' my kid cousin. Last
winter ho was 111 , BO III ho didn't have
any ncnso of humor loft nor any sense
either. 1 was staying at the same ho
tel , and when I went In to look after
him ho virtuously remarked thnt bis
room wan no place for a'Chorus Lady *
and promptly shooed mo out. ( A few
years ago' I tipankojl that kid. ) Then
ho got scared and sent for a doctor
nnd the doctor sent for a trained
nurse. For several days I got bulle
tins of his progress from the cham
bermaid. The fourth morning she set
my mind completely at rest.
" 'Suro , ma'am , " Bald Magglo , 'an * I
think ho do bo gettln' along very well.
The inirsui was sltlln * on bin lap this
mornlnT"
Whcro Mllllonn Are Entombed.
The catacombs at Homo were the
tiuilal places of the early Christians.
They are about G30 miles In extent ami
are nald to have contained 6,000,000
bodies. During the persecutions of the
Chtlstlans under Nero and other Ro
man emperors the catacombs were
used for hiding places. Under Diocle
tian the catnrop'bs were crowded with
these for whom there was no safety
In the face of the day. The art of the
catacombs Is unique and most Inter
esting Simple designs arc etched in
the slabs which coal the ( ambit. Now
nnd then are small chapels whoso
paintings nro to bo found. All are
Ulblo Illustrations , co that the cata
combs may be said to bo a pictorial
Ulblo In effect. The Christian Herald.
Ho Had No Eye for Color.
There came to the homo of n negro
In Tennessee an addition to the fam-
! y In the shape of triplets. The proud
athcr hailed the first man who cama
Uong the road and asked him In to
oo them. The man , who was an trlsh-
imn , scorned greatly Interested in the
nfants as ho looked them over , lying
la n row before him.
"What does yo' think ? " asked the
laront
"Waul" pointing to the ono In the
middle "I thl ik I'd save that ono. "
ivcrybody's Mnqnzlno.
Bores Barred.
A reporter asked Mr. Roosevelt nt
ho Outlook ofllco how ho got through
so much work , and at the same tlmo
BO many people. "I shun bores , "
vas the reply. "I don't waste a tnln-
ute of my tlmo on bores. Do you por-
: elvo that I have only just ono chair
n this loom ? You nee , my hunting
ixpcrlcnces have shown mo that great
bores aio always of small caliber. "
To harbor fretful and discontented
noughts Is to do yourself more Injury
ban It Is In the power of your great
! st enemy to do you. Mason.
Woman's Inhumanity to man makes
dlvorco Inwvors hnnpv
Cut Out
Cooking
Easy to start the day
cool and comfortable if
are in the pantry ready
to serve right from the
package. No cooking
required ; just add some
cream and a little sugar.
Especially pleasing
these summer mornings
with berries v or fresh
fruit.
fruit.One
One can feePcool in
hot weatheron _ proper
food.
"Tho Memory Lingers"
POSTUM CKUEAfc CO. , ttd.
Uattle Creel ; . Mich.
