GOVERNMENT / ' WEW LINE OF
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Uncle Sam's tree planting and farm
cxpeits have just undertaken a prac
tical and scientific study of the use
and effect of timber windbreaks and
shcltcrbelts in the agricultural replens -
plons of 14 western states. This Is the
first time In this country that a study
of this much-discussed question lias
been undertaken over a wide region
under one plan , for the purpose of col
lecting data for the beneflt of the ag
riculturists who arc developing the
vestern plains. At present wind-
/ breakn are planted haphazard , one
kind here , another there. If one kind
Cedar Windbreak for Orchard and B arn , Saunders County , Cal.
is better than another , the govern
ment experts think that fact ought to
known , and It Is believed that the
study about lo bo undertaken will set
tle the question once for all. It will at
least collect such facts never before
brought together.
The work will be done by the
United States forest porvict1. In some
states the agricultural experiment sta
tions will co-oporato in the studies ,
and in these cases the forest service
will provide the necessary apparatus ,
and the other expenses will bo shared
half and half by the government and
experiment stations. The investiga
tions will be taken up in five states
this year and extended to the other
nine as rapidly as the investigations
are completed. Four of the states In
which the study will bo made this
year are Nebraska , Colorado , Okla
homa and Kansas. The fifth will be
either Minnesota , North Dakota or
Iowa. Ultimately the investigations
will cover Mlnnc&ota , North Dakota ,
South Dakota , Nebraska , Iowa , Kau
nas , Oklahoma , Coloiado , Texas. Now
Mexico , Utah , California , Washington
and Idaho.
The sudden ruin that hot winds
sometimes bring to growing crops in
parts of the west are well known ,
mowing strongly across the unob
J structed plains , those winds may in a
few days blast all hope of even a par
tial harvest. This Is particularly In
the lower portion of the central plains
icplon , and in years of unusually low
rainfall. Hero th6 winds most to bo
feared blow from the southwest or
south. In the northern prairie region
the former Is exposed to the hot "Chi
nook" wind , which swoops down from
the Canadian mountains. This either
dries out growing crops or , If It pre
vails before Iho danger of killing
fronts is past , causes loss through
urging vegetation forward premature
ly. Cold winter winds also do great
injury to crops , make the climate more
severe for stock and men , and Interfere
with an even covering of snow upon
the ground. ' This Is true from Can
ada almost to the gulf.
In soutliein California , dry winds
from , the north andnortheast , sweep
down from the Mojavc ilocort with do
structlvo results. Coming in Juno ,
these winds may reduce the wheat
yield to almost nothing. Windbreaks
of cucalypts and Monterey cypress ,
now in such common use to protect
orange groves and orchards , long ago
convinced possessors of highly valu
able irrigated land of the value of
tree planting for protection purposes.
Hut there are two sides to the wind
break question. Some prairie farmers
declare positively that belts of osage
orange , for instance , are a "nuisance. "
Others cite figures to show positive
benefit. Mr. Morris Thompson , who
lives near Downs , Kansas , gives his
yield of corn from a field protected
on the south by a row of tall cottonwoods -
woods as six bushels per aero more
than in places where there is no pro
tection. About 15 acres are benefited
in this way. It is highly improbable
that the wind-break occupies sufficient
land to offset this benefit.
The forest service proposes to find
out just when and how much wind
breaks Increase the yield of crops.
To carry out the plans , much tech
nical woik will he necessary. Instru
ments will bo used to measure boat
and cold , moisture and dryncss , both
above and below ground ; to register
the force of the wind near the wind
breaks and some distance away ; to
measure light intensity , and take note
of the effects of shade ; to register
frost at different distances from the
trees ; and to keep account of the ef
fect of the wind-breaks on the snow
which covers the ground to leeward
In winter. Many other measurements
and tests will bo made , and elaborate
data will bo collected by exports who
will have charge of the study.
Corn will bo the crop studied be
hind the wind-break this year. Trustworthy -
worthy conclusions cannot bo ob
tained by comparing results from dif
ferent crops. Uach crop makes its
own demand upon the soil , so that
what would destroy ono might do , little -
tlo harm to another. Corn is a par
ticularly good crop to experiment with
because It Is easily Injured by hot ,
dry winds , will not stand shading , and
Is very sensitive to frost.
The Instruments and apparatus for
each state will bo road weekly by per
sons assigned to that duty by the ag
ricultural experiment stations in the
respective states. The whole work
will bo In charge of an export for the
forest service , at Washington , who
.will bo assisted this summer by three
or four persons , also from the forest
service , who will study general condi
tions in the states under investigation ,
In regard to the effects of wind-breaks
on crops. The work will continue un
til crops nro gathered next fall , when
the actual yield of sheltered fields will
bo measured , and results compared
with near-by unsheltered fields. Some
of the observations will continue
through the wlntor.
It Is expected that the results will
ho published both by the forest orv-
Ice and by" the Hxporlmont stations
which co-oporato In carrying out the
work.
WALKING COSTUMES
The illustration to the left shows a very smart costume that would look
Well made up in a dull elephant gray cloth.
The skirt Is hlgh-walstcd , and has a train , It is trimmed with gray satin
ribbon to simulate an over-skirt.
The coat Is fastened with a single button under a rosette of the gibbon
just on the bust , it then slopes off to the back ; the collar and cuffs are of palo
gray cloth , trimmed with ribbon. The sleeve Is plain , but has an epaulette on
the top.
Toque of gray crinoline , trimmed with a shaded feather.
The other neat little costume is made up In royal blue Venetian clol'.i.
The skirt consists of thirteen gores , the seams of which arc wrapped.
The coat Is a seml-llttlng sack , reaching just below the hips , a plcco of
silk Is let in between the side and front seam ; tabs of the material are placed
over it , in the point of each tab a silk-covered button is sown , the waistcoat
reaches down Just to the waist , and Is fastened by silk-covered buttons ; the
collar also Is of silk. The plain coat sleeve sot into a silk cuff at the wrist.
Straw hat , tilmmed with roses , and foliage.
HAVE THE MONOGRAM FAD.
Initials on Everything Is the Rule
Now with the Girls.
Girls have gone monogram mad
might be thought by the way Initials
are in evidence ! The background may
bi- silk , satin or wash material ; It may
be leather or metal ; in some way 01 *
another the owner's monogram is in
troduced , and by no means Inconspicu
ously either.
On purses the letters are governed
entirely by the size of the portmon-
nale , but as a rule the Initials are de
tached rather than being run together.
Traveling bags for girls who will
move about this summer are not con
sidered equipped until the owner's
Initials are put on. For this the let
ters are as plain as those In the al
phabet of a child , and each Is separate.
They are placed quite near the top , at
the middle of the side. Occasionally
they are to bo soon on the end , but
this is icgardcd as a freak. Hrass let
ters are preferred to those of nickel.
The newest key rings that girls
may have for themselves or use as
gifts end in a single Initial letter. The
plain cushions for hammocks or loung
ing chairs are embellished in lingo
Initials , sometimes or brass. In the
latter case they are thin , though wide ,
and when on a tan leather background
are certainly decorative.
Wash blousas show the monogram
done , preferably in small letters , on the
left side of the front ; hosiery has a
single letter on the Instep.
Trimmed Skirt Favorites.
Now that it is the fashion lo trim
the bottom of the skill with one deep
fold every woman seems to be adopt
ing It , , whether it is becoming or
not.
Decidedly it is not when the wearer
is short or unduly stout , as It cuts the
height , the wearer's height apparently
ending whore the fold begins. If , however -
over , she will slash the deep fold in
several places , and round off every
corner , she will ho able to wear this
up-to-dato style mobt MiccesHfully.
Only a small detail , but a most Im
portant one.
CHARMING COIFFURE.
Composed o ! ° a long spray of silver
npple blossoms , twined In and out of
the hair. ° ' *
VOILES IN PRETTY DESIGNS.
Popular Summer Material Is of All
Shndes and Colorings.
The new silk voiles are In countlesn
pietty designs. Over a foundation ol
black , green , blue , light and dark , are
largo'and small squares , marked off In
thin white lines. On the edge , to bo
used as trimming , arc four or Ilvo satin
bands of different widths , In the plain
color. A silk vollo In ( squares of black
and white lias on its border four bands
of black velvet edged with orange , pea
cock blue or cherry. The most' exclu
sive houses are using this material ,
each ono usually confining itself to one
color.
Quite unusual Is the voile of nattier
blue , lined off with white. Woven li
the border Is a cashmere band , the
colorsbaiinonlzlnKbeautif ullywith the
shade of blue. A red vollo , stamped
with white lozenges , with a cashmere
band framed In lines of whlto , Is whol
ly charming made up with a tunic skirt
and low , sleeveless bodice over a whlto
gulmpe. From a Paris Letter.
Well Groomed Hands.
A well groomed hand Is a rarity ,
oven though many people nro careful
about the nails. The hands show ago
much quicker than the face , for few
people spend as much llmo on the
hands as ( hey do on the face , and
then the hands are In water more than
the face , with the result that they are
drier and more apt to wrinkle. Soft
and white hands are best acquired by
night treatment. Use a toilet cream
that agrees with the akin , and rub It In
thoroughly before retiring , being espe
cially careful to rub and massage the
knuckles well. Then slip on a loose
pair of gloves to keep the cream on
the hands. Red hands aie caused by
poor circulation and often by tight
cuffs or bracelets. Small gloves often
make the hands rod and leave marks
on them from the scams In the gloves.
The only way to effect a euro Is to
remove the cause.
New Color Combinations.
Orngo and gray Is ono of the now-
cst combinations. A superb gown of
gray moussellno do solo Is made over
an underdiess of orange satin satin
as sort as the moussellno. The skirl
Is closely gathered and plaited back
and front , falling loosely from the belt
posed unusually high. The plaits are
however , fastened extremely clone
freed only below the knees. A wldo
band of silver embroidery , done In
gray filet In relief , breaks the line of
the skirt ; from back and front the
band of embroidery moots on the sides
and mounts to the bolt lino. The
corsage Is composed of the em
broidery.
Coat of Black Silk Muslin.
A stunning long coat Is made of
black silk muslin , braided all over
with whlto. Wldo white silk braid out
lines the edges , forms odd strappings
and finishes the elbow sleeves ! with
quaint bows. The back Is very short-
walsted and is finished with big gold
buttons.
Stockings with Tan Shoes.
Nowadays If ono wants to bo ultra
smart ono munt have dark blue stock
ings with one's tan shoes. This fashion
was first adopted by the men , but
women have embraced ft enthusiastic-
.ally and now every snmit girl number ? ?
Jtmong her belongings spvcial pairs Qf <
fetich hosiery. „
REAKING
ORSE
PALLTh/NGs / DON'T CLUB THE BRUTE-
, . .
TR\vnrNH A tlAMn-COtT to. tVVC.
It would glvo inn as much pleasure
as anything I can think of to bo nblo
to hniul you a "auro euro" for balkors ,
lint I hardly think I luxvo anything
icw to say on this subject. When wo
come to Iho genuine Inbred bnlkor wo
nil huvo to admit thnt we are get tins
pretty close to the high stump. My
experience Is that the balking vice
mare than any other requires different
Handling for each Individual case. I
liavo never scon one that could not
1)0 ) started by some menns , hut when
you speak of "euro" I'll KO buck and
sit down. Hy cure I mean such cor
rection of the fault thnt anybody can
drive the animal. This cannot ho donn
In all cases because , us a famous
liorse trainer has well put It , "you
can't cure all the balky drivers. "
For a sulker that will throw himself -
self and refuse to got ni > , "hog-tying"
Is as good a remedy to apply as wo
are likely to find. Tie all four foot to-
get her and then BO and weed the
onions or sit down In the shade and
read the news for an hour. Two hours
may he necessary In some cases. You
can very near tell when ho has given
up. His eyes will bos when you come
near him. It Is better , however , not
to KO near him for three-quarters of an
hour. Ho must huvo time to gather
In tho. fine points of your argument ,
lie Is usually very particular to keep
on his foot after one or two applica
tions of this remedy , and the chances
aio be will not balk at all with you ,
but the next man that gets him ? Who
knows ?
The "guy rope" works satisfactorily
In some cases. Tie small rope around
the animal's nock and take half hitch
on lower Jaw. Lot a good husky man
pull steady on ( his rope. Ho will start
with a lunge , and In many cases , espe
cially young horses , will give up the
standing habit. When other Ideas fall
ropld whipping across the nose with a
light whip will start him. I have seen
THE AERATION OF
DRINKING WATER
fly J. W. Lawrence , Profcooor
Mechanical
Colorntlo.
The aeration of water for drinking
purposes Is not now , but Is becoming
more general In vailous parts of the
United States.
The aeration of water prevents
stagnation , icmoves disagreeable odors
arising from the decomposition of
vegetable matter , and checks the
growth of algao. There Is disagree
ment as to how much oxidation of or
ganic matter takes place , but it is well
understood that aeration is of great
imnndl tn wntnr that Is lined for drink-
Ing. The greater the agitation of the
water , and the greater the amount of
air passed through It , the hotter the
water. Sweet water , as found In na
ture , Is never chemically pure , but contains -
tains mote or less foreign matter
easily determined by the chemist.
Flowing springs and running brooks
of this water are pure enough for all
purposes , and safe enough for use , If
not contaminated by the carelessness
of man. Hut springs and brooks of
pure water" nro not available to all. It
is often necessary to confine water
that Is to bo used for drinking pur
poses In ponds , reservoirs , cisterns ,
tanks , etc. ; It then becomes stagnant
and subject to many contaminating
changes. This has been known for
ages , and men have sought to belter
those conditions where they exist.
Aoratlon is a means whoioby a better
ment Is broiiKht about , and there are
many ways In which this aeration Is
accomplished. The old familiar chain
pump Is an example ; the endless chain
with Us little bucket passing rapidly
through the water creating qulto a
disturbance and doing Us work fairly
well. The pumping of air into a cis
tern , the water of which has become
foul , because of having stood foi
some time , IB another method ; an ulr
pump forcoH air to the bottom of the
cistern. wllcio It bubbles ii |
through the water , oxidizing am
Sweetening It. The air-lift , pump is
bnlkcrs go to work Ilko honest men
after being driven n whirl by the
head and tall trick. Tlo knojt In horse's
tall and loop halter , rope over this an
short as possible. Let him spin until
ho gets dizzy , unloop halter and turn
him the other way. I suppose the
point Is that anything which will take
the animal's attention from his pot
Idea constitutes a remedy for the tlmo
holng. I worked ono halkor on a
mower two or three days by tying his
tall to the singletree tight enough to
toke part of the strain. After that ho
would pull by the tugs without having
his tall tied. They certainly tax our
Inventive faculties , these balkors.
It Is easier to say what not to do
with a balker. Don't ham in or him.
Ab soon as you lose your temper and
BO to clubbing him you might ns
well turn him out. The Rural New
Yorker says that balky horses are
sometimes started by clubbing , but
they always balk harder next time ;
at any rate the majority of them do.
I think balkoru are always the result
o : bungling on the trainer's part.
There are "natural balkers , " I'll ad
mit , but the tendency can be corrected
by careful handling In breaking. Such
a colt must bo gradually worked up
to the pulling point. He muat learn
to stretch a tug on a light rig before
ho Is put on a load of any kind.Vo
have to study the question from his
standpoint as It were , sympathize with
him , and encourage him Instead of
trying to force him too fast. You can
sot hotter results In loss tlmo by put
ting n collar and tugs and lines on
him ; for Instance , put a rope In .bo
tugs and pull back on It while you
drive him around the yard , than you
can by hitching him with a strong
horse and dragging and slugging him
along the load. When they are dis
couraged and nulky , It Is a hard matter
to make them see any bright side to
life In the harness.
A IIORSK WRANGLER.
ono of the simpler forms of pumps
hat performs this office and does It
quite thoroughly.
The aeration of wafer Is often per
formed In a small way , but there are
nany towns and cities of considerable
slzo that are now giving attention to
this matter. DoKalb , 111. , Point Pleas
ant , W. Va. , are two , places frequently
nentloncd. Hrockton , Mass. , has an
aerating tank DO feet high and 02 foot
n diameter. Air Is passed up
through the water at Hrockton by
moans of many perforated pipes in
the bottom of the tank.
Another method Is to cause the wa
ter ( lowing Into a storage reservoir to
came In with considerable force , pro-
lecting the stream Into the air , caus-
ng It to mix with the air before It
comes to icst In the reservoir. There
s a system at Cambridge , Mass. , which
throws the water 40 feet Into the air.
SILAGE DISTRIBUTOR I
T. . tl In . 4 It O ( * ? . t -t l _ H
A * * * * * * * than 3G .n i - A
In a silo more feet In depth
It Is not necessary to have a man to
tramp the cut corn. If the surface Is
leveled two or three times a day while
filling , the sllago will pack Biifficlently
to keep. Hut there Is one objection to
doing this. If the cut corn IB allowed
to pile up In the form of a cone , the
heavier parts will roll to the outsldo
of the pile and the grain and leaves
will not bo evenly mixed.
Several devices have been Invented
for distributing the cut material In
the silo , but few of thorn are success
ful. One of the most satisfactory dis
tributers where n blower Is used con
sists of two boards , eight or ten Inches
wldo and about half as long as the
diameter of the silo , nailed together
at right angles to form a trough. A
-lneh 1 board hi nailed over ono end
of this trough , the other onrt being
loft open. For use , the trough Is suspended
ponded from the roof with the open
side downward and the closed end
toward the center of the silo. The
open end rents nbovc the top of the
blower pipe. AB the cut materUl
leaves the pipe It follows along this
trough until It stilkes the closed end ;
then it Is scattered about the nllo. If
a little euro Is exorcised In adjusting
this device It will glvo very good in
sults.