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About Custer County Republican. (Broken Bow, Neb.) 1882-1921 | View Entire Issue (June 11, 1908)
LITTLE : WAR CRAFT FACT08 IttttAVAL \ TRANSPORT SUBMARINES JIT TJ3CKfN@ Dreams that become realities ! Over and over again has the world wit nessed such development , and no claim can bo made for the future part which the submarine and the airship nro to play in warfare , which scorns Impossible or Improbable , although there are many military experts who smile at the idea that either the sub marine or the airship will over be much moro than novel freaks in mili tary equipment. But ou the other hand the big world powers continue to buy and build the submarine and to experiment in air navigation and there Is no telling what may not be accomplished In the years to come In perfecting these engines of war along practical lines. The recent shipment from New York city of two submarines , destined for the Philippines , and the near approach of the extensive maneuvers which have1 been planned for the rest of the homo flotilla nro again attracting attention to the type of craft which carries Its load line over the hatch. - \ In the discussions which have taken place relative to the merits of the typo there is a notable difference of opln Ion. There are now upward of 200 of this type afloat , or perchance sub merged , and It may bo small oxagger- tkUon to say that there are as many dWorgent views concerning them. There IB no naval power , great or small , but now has its submarines. The vast majority of these are merely variants of the Holland typo. Having evolved the typo , and having spent the best part of his life In perfecting It , Mr. Holland , of course , has Implicit faith In his invention. The following table shows that Branca now toads the world In this type of vessel , possessing SS , built and building. Number Number ' Nation. Unlit. Bulldliijr. Franco 41 41 Great Hritnln 30 21 United Stntes S 8 Germany 1 s .lapun 7 ? Itussla 22 7 Italy 3 It Austria ; : Holland 1 Sweden 1 1 Norway 1 This country has eight ready for service and eight under construction. The earlier boats of the class now In service have a length of 63 feet and a displacement , when awash , of 105 tons , and when submerged of 120 tons. The four newer and larger ones the Octopus , Cuttlefish , Tarantula , and Viper are 105 feet In length and have a displacement of 200 tons. But the prevailing tendency toward In crease In slzo has affected submarines as well as battleships , and the latest one to bo authorized Is to have a tonnage nago of GOO. It Is now realized that a seagoing submarine Is Impossible on a small displacement and that the op eration of the moderate-sized boats are very restricted. Consequently either the size of the boats must bo enlarged or else they must bo rele gated as substltutos for mine fields or for forts. Of the submarine as a sub stitute for forts very llttlo has been Bald , but there scorns to bo something In the iqea. it is conceivable that the presence of a submarine In a harbor would be as likely to keep raiding cruisers at a distance as would a fort. Submarines are mobile while forts are not. But destroyers might bo able to render them useless , which they cer tainly could not accomplish with forts. The Octopus and the other three of her typo , which are to take part In the coming maneuvers off Newport are equipped with powerful engines , mo tors and Improved mechanisms , but In general shape and the scheme of con- dtructlon , with slight modifications , follows that of the earlier boats such as the Plunger , Shark and Porpoise , v < L of greater utructura ) strength , and said to ho able to stand the pressure of being submerged 300 feet , though 200 Is the official depth that was required at the Newport trials. One of the many novel experiments that have been planned HOB In the ef fort to determine whether the pres ence of dirigibles can be detected by means of balloons or by dirigibles. A scientist , soon after the Kingston earthquake , accidentally discovered that submerged bodies may bo moro readily detected from a balloon soarIng - Ing at a great height than from a ship's rail. IIo had made an ascent In a balloon for the purpose of gain ing n comprehensive view of the ruins and altered coast line , and then noted that the further ho drew away from the water the clearer submerged ob jects became. In this way ho was able to note the changes which had taken place In the sen bed. Ills report gave a hint to our navy officers , and this knowledge Is now to bo applied to the detection of sub marines rather it is to bo utilized for the purpose of determining whether submarines are as amenable to detec tion from balloons as are tropical sea beds. The radius of action of the Octopus and her typo Is about 100 miles from base. Those vessels are equipped for warfare with two 18-Inch torpedo tubes. Submergence Is accomplished through the filling of the various bal last tanks , which Include the forward and after trimming tanks , a midship tank , main ballast tank and several auxiliary ballast tanks which are dis tributed In various parts of the boat. The Octopus carries very llttlo re- servo buoyancy , about 800 pounds , and submerges by pointing the bow down about eight degrees , using the horizon tal rudder for this purpose. To main tain submergence after reaching the desired depth , the bow remains pointed down about three degrees , with slight variations In each boat. In making ready for diving the boat is trimmed down by the head , and after having filled the trimming tanks to the required extent , so as to leave the amount of positive buoyancy re quired , about SOO pounds , the craft Is In shape for the plunge. As the craft gains headway the diving rudder Is put down and the vessel dives. The depth , registered on a scale , is regu lated by the diving rudder. To main tain submergence after arriving at the proper depth a man has to receive spe cial training In operating the diving rudder. To return to the surface the amid- shlp tank is first blown. This holds 1,000 pounds of water , which is forced out under ordinary circumstances in five seconds by means of compressed air. Another vital Interior feature , both for breathing purposes and for motive power Is the compressed hlr system. The air is stored In a series of 2,000-pound flasks and other lessor ones. The latter are used for firing torpedoes and for blowing out the tanks. The motive power Is a power ful gasoline engine for surface run ning and an electric motor for sub merged running. The speed Is from 11 to 12 knots on the surface and about nine knots when submerged. Ono of the features recently in- etalled Is a cupper signal buoy , 15 Inches In diameter , which Is arranged to bo readily released from the Insldo In case of danger while the boat la submerged. This rises Immediately to the surface , Indicating the exact position of the craft , and serving as a distress signal In case of nn accident , The ball buoy and a reel of 200 foot of threo-Blxteouth-lnch bronze wlro are Incased on the bridge , just in front of the conning tower , In a boxllke com- partinent Arrange the Building Conveniently for Handling the Milli. Product. The accompanying plan for a farm dairy will give u general Idea of the requirements for such a building. Ac commodation Is made for handling the milk of 30 cows and making butter. A cement floor IB in every way superl- ASTOLICEANDMITES Don't Bourtl Tlicm. Other foes of little chicks nro ex ternal parasites , lice and mites. Wo frequently find lice oven among win ter brooder chicks. Lice on the head are most troublesome. They fasten themselves to the back of the chick's head , near the base of the brain and gradually kill the chick. It Is a piti ful sight to see the little chick scratching the back of Its head tryIng - Ing to dislodge the pest. Good re sults are usually obtained by greasing the head of each chick with five per cent , carbonated vaseline. Kerosene and lard , equal pa its , prove equally effective. The chicks can bo rapidly treated and should be attended to as eoon as there Is any suspicion of head lice. The louse may be seen readily by means of a small magnify ing glass. It can also be detected with the naked cyo If one Is very care ful to examine the right place , al though one must look carefully to ECO it. To kill mites , clean all coops and brooders perfectly , then apply thor oughly , either whitewash , kerosene oil , or some of the prepared Insecti cides. Be sure to fill all the cracks and crevices as these are the places where mites will be found hiding dur ing the day. Burn all the litter and add new. A spray pump may bo used for applying the Insecticide , as it drives the liquid Into the cracks and crevices better than can be done with a brush. Whitewash can bo applied with a pump and then smoothed over with a brush , doing rapid and effec tive work. Mites dlffdr from body 1IC9 In that they suck the blood from the fowls' bodies , while lice have biting mouthparts and live on the skin and feathers , causing Intense Itching and annoyance. Mites live on The construction of this style of trap nest Is as follows : The front of the neat box should bo 11 Inches wide and 20 Inches high ; two Inches from the bottom a circular hole eight inches In diameter Is cut. A door Is placed at the top eight by ton Inches square by which the hen la removed. The trap consists of a board ten Inches square , with an eye screw on each side. The door slldoa up and down on n No. 9 wlro passing through the screw eyes of the trap door. A mill bent in the shape of an "L" and filed flat on the bottom side la driven Into the center of the bottom tom of the trap door with the bottom or to n wooden floor for a creamery When properly put In , a cement floor will last indefinitely and can bo kept clean and sanitary , whereas a wooden floor Is short lived , rots quickly and Is always a source of contamination. the fowls' body at night only , hiding In cracks and crevices during the day. They appear rod when gorged with blood , or white when there Is little blood In their bodies. To kill the lice wo must treat the hen's or chick's body , as the lice live there practically all the time. There are several kinds of these lice , but t'uy all yield to the some treatment , namely , a good dusting. The dust fills up the breathing pores In their bodies , and thus suffocates them. A good insect powder may be made from equal parts of fine ground tobacco and powdered sulphur. Snuff Is also used. There nro a number of insect powders on the market > and most of them prove very satisfactory. The essential thing is a finely pulverized substance thr.t will go through the feathers. Having curefully dusted the chicks ( and hens , If the chicks are running with them ) clean the houses and re move to clean ground. A good dust bath should be arranged so that the hens and chicks may help keep them selves clean. An excellent dust bath Is made by drawing a load of "chip- dirt" and dumping It In the yard where the little follows may have ready access to it. For winter use a box partly filled with fine sand , road- dus't , land plaster or coal or wood ashes answers very well. A mixture of sand and land plaster seems to please them more than either one alone. Some use wood ashes alone , but a mixture of wood ashes and road dust , or fine sand , makes a heavier bath and therefore more ef fective In 'cleaning the lice out of the feathers. Good Alfalfa Field. I have a two- year-old field of alfalfa from which I cut last year on Juno 30 3ys tons per acre , on August 1 l1 ton'per acre , and on October 24 over a ton. It also gave five weeks' pasture before the snow foil. I do not Irrigate , my al falfa , as It is only 12 to 20 feet to water. Trap Nest of Simple Construction part of the "L" projecting toward the Insldo of the box. About one Inch nbovo the middle of the entrance a hole Is bored largo enough to admit a No. 9 wire that Is bent as shown. The top side of the bent piece of wlro upon which the nail of the trap door rest * is also filed flat , and the trap is su by placing the "L" shaped nail of th . trap door on the wire , ns Illustrated. The wlro hangs on the Insldo of the next box , ns shown. The hen in passing through the entrance on either side of the wire moves It enough to re- 'lease the trap door and lock hersokf In. The length of this nest may bo from 1G to 20 inches. These are styles suitable to be carried out In almost any woolen material of not too thick a texture. The first and second show the back and front of same bodice ; it has a tight fitting lining on which Is arranged back and front deep points of figured silk. That in front Is attached to right side of lining , then hooked over to the left , as the fastening of lining Is down the center front. The back piece Is fixed on the lining. The material Is slightly full at waist both sides and fronts. The sleeve puffs are of material , the tight tinder-sleeve of silk. The braces are of the Qiaterlal finely tucked horizontally , then mounted on a plain lining , the edges bound with crosswise silk like vest. The fronts cross below the waist , the ends finishing under the deep-pointed bands. Silk cord and pompons form a trimming. Materials required ; 24 yards 44 Inches wide , 191 yards lining , 1 % yard , silk 22 inches wide. The other drawings Illustrate a rather simpler otylo tucked each side front to the bust , and at back to the waist. The deep oval opening Is strapped at edge with the material , the vest being white fine cloth braided. The sleeves are tucked In the upper part , the tight under-sleevo matches the vest. Materials required : 2Va yards 40 inches wide , * yard white cloth , about 8 buttons , and 1 % yard lining. METHODS OF PERFUMING HATS. ? aper Box Lined with Silk Perhaps the Most Effective. The perfumed hat fad grows apace , und every milliner has her own way of doing It. 'The essential thing , " says one milli ner , "Id any kind of a box. But it must be large enough to hold the hat with out crushing the feathers. Ono woman used a little tin Ice chest which had been unused for a long tlmo and was free from smell. A big white paper box can be set inside the tin one. Then comes the matter of scenting the pa per box , which must be lined with silk. silk."The "The most successful scented hat box I ever saw was made of paper and there were four inside pieces of silk which served to line it. They could be removed. When filled with scent they wore simply overpowering and the pa per hat box was a bower of the richest sachet. And Into this the hat was placed. "Tho cover was put on the paper box and the whole thing was set away in the tin chest. The chest being alr- Ught held the scents within. And so , the hat became scented. It held its scent even In the wind for three months. " PARISIAN "FLUFFY RUFFLES. " Plaited corselet skirt and jaquette of putty-colored cloth ; waistcoat of black satin , and simple straw hat with gray and blue wingn. Toilet Vinegar. Here is a toilet vinegar which Is simple enough to malto : Lavender flowers , seven ounces ; alcohol , eight fluid ounces ; diluted acetic acid , 56 fluid ouncox. CUSHIONS FOR SUMMER DIVANS. Filet Covers Are Pretty and by No Sw Means Hard to Make. > , 4 The woman who does not confine the cushions of her summer divans en tirely to madras and washable cottons should have one of the new filet pillow covers which are much easier to make than they look. The pillows should bo quite small and flat , about the size used In baby coaches and the covers made of alter nate squares of filet and hand embrolj& > dered linen , edged with Cluny lace , j should button on that they may bo often washed. Select for the linen squares an open work design In which eyelet work pre dominates ; use only enough of the satin stitch to make stems or a few dots. Do not have too much work on these squares-the ; main thing is to have them quite open to show the col ored silk or mercerized pillow cover beneath. Even easier Is one of the covers made from an entire filet square that ust fits the pillow. The cover maybe bo alike on both sides , or , If that Is oo expensive , the underside may beef of sheer lawn or of Inexpensive filet let. Some of the Imitation fllet squares are very good looking and If dyed with : ea to a creamy tint will make charm ing sofa pillows at comparatively llttlo cost. Sometimes these covers are finished with a narrow overcnsted seam ; moro often they have an edge of Cluny put on flat , without gathering. The com bination of these two laces Is particu larly effective. The Outdoor Girl's Gloves. Unless you are a typical outdoor girl with a large Income , do not Invest In chamois skin gloves for summer. The athletic girl who drives a great deal likes this large loose glove for rough wear , but they are not a good Invest ment for the typical summer girl. They make the hand look large , and while : = * they wash as clerks guarantee they will , like the chamois skin you use for cleaning windows , they have weak spots and wash through on the latter. A good silk glove Is a far bettor in vestment , but do not bo Inveigled Into buying brilliant blues , greens , purples and rose colors to match your silk or linen frock. White or soft shade of \ tan are In better taste ; black gloves ' are hot In summer and should be worn by those in mourning only. The Cameo Popular. Cameos scorn to be with us to stay. According to a recent fashion note , they are even being utilized for the drop earrings that are fashionable just at present , and the dainty effects are to bo found in largo and small pins , in belt buckles and In bracelets. Per haps there Is no moro effective use for the cameo than In a bracelet set In jet or old gold. One beautiful de sign noted in one of the shops recently was wide carved jet setting for a most delicately carved cameo. Then there are large brooches which are exquis itely outlined , and oven hatpins. That the cameo is extremely popular is demonstrated by the many imitations , some of thorn exceedingly good , which are to bo found. m I