L
: :
ON THE TIL OF
AMERICAN MISSIONARY
By 'VILLIAl\1 T. ELLIS
Thl , Dlstlngulshed ; American JOllrMhst I , Tr vetlnll Around the World for
the Purpose of Inve thi\Ii"1 ! the American . Forollrn MlssloMry from
a Purrly Disinterested. Seculal And Non.S"larlan Stl\ndpolnt.
lIIuslr ted wilh Drawlns ! nnd from PllotoCtaph , .
-
Ominous Muttering
Now f-teard in India
-
-
-
Calcutta , Indla.-It Is serlolls Ig.
noranco or the wwld's ( big news to bo
IInnWlue that there Is at III'csent In
ItHlIa n wldcSllI'clld senllmcnt o [ re.
Rl'lItmcut , IC not actual revoll , agaInst
Great BritaIn , whIch may lit all ) ' time
fllld Rporndlc f'Xllrcsslou III revolll'
tlon. Great Brltalll , with the Bolfcon.
fldf'nco of the Btrollg. doeR not seem
to hl payIng much allenllon to the
maltcl' , allhough flame peraonll , re.
eal/lng / that thl ! ! ) 'car marl < s the 1lflleth
nnulvel'sary of the mutiny , ere nerve
elllfll ) ' call1ng pUblic uttoulloll to cere
talll dlsturhlng signs.
Anyolle who gets as close to the na.
tlves liS the mll1olonar ) ' does-which Is
far closer thllll any other white man-
knows that the foremost subjecl ot
thought and agltallon 11I110n ( ; thom Is
what the ) ' consider theIr wrongs at
the hauds or the gO\'CI'nment. They
claim that they are beln dealt with
111 hlghhanded and oppressIve fash.
Ion ; tllat they are denIed anylhlns ap.
proachlng a proper measure o [ selt.
government ; that the 11\11111c omces
Ilte ellen to them In n decreasIng lie-
gree , anll that , In ahort , IndIa la beIng
ruled for the welfare o [ Great Drltaln ,
'
and not o [ IndIa.
The ulndl < l : for the Indians" Cry.
t-ow a falrmlnded observer cannot
h ) ' an ) ' means agree with all ot tlto
11l\ltlons or the IndIan agitators ; nor
can ho withhold a great' delll ot all.
miratlon for the faIrness antI dlsln.
tel'cstedness or the Drltlsh officIals.
t-evCl'theless , he Is bound to recognIze
the serlouslll'ss , not to say ominous.
ness , o [ this "Swadeshl" or "Inliia
for the Indians" agitation. WIthout
Iluttlng much credence In thl } talk ot
1 't' : i < 1N 1' . . . nt. EwrM , "
u _ . . _ _ "
. "vzI
thIs caste s'slem , with Its unbrilig.
ahle ellvlsloll9 , nn foreign Ilower oulll
In coutrol th/a / nallon or three hlln-
dt'ed rnllllon8 or people. This slLme
Rlllrlt of "Iml'lllaklsrnel" fate , whIch
leads a mall to dull acceptance or hIs
lot. mthcr than to n cherIshIng of the
spirIt of solf.lll111rovoment . and ambl.
lion whIch. marls the westerner ,
lCeIH hacl < the llOtlon from develop.
ment , RO thaI Its golden age Is In the
I illS t. ' 1'ho gl'eatest neell ot Indln Is
I1l1nlllr 111011.
As Is well Imown , the converts of
the mlsslonarlcs ha.'o been chiefly
fr0111 the lowest classes-those who .
nro below clLste , In fnct , the oulcasts ,
tlte swoellers. IIavl lg nothing to 10BU
by accepting Chrlallanlty , thOURnJlIIR i
of these have emhraced the gospel ;
and they are today enterIng the
Christian church In large num ers.
'fho 1110tlvea or many ure doubtless
mixed , but tlley at least afforll the
mIssIonary materIal on whIch to
wOl'k. 'fhe materlnl Is not oC the best ,
hut It Is human. 110re , as In all
heathen Ian lis , it Is to bo borne In
mInd that tlto mIssIonary Is really
after his converts' granllchlldren ; no
mlsslonar ) ' known to mo expects to
see a completelY transformed and
Chrlstlaalzed people como out ot raw
heathendom.
So ho hearn with the short-comIngs
oC his ChrIstians. Ho laboriously trIes
to set th m' 011 theIr feet , and though
they Call a hundred tlmeH from the
Ideals of self-respect and selfsupport ,
comIng to him wIth the hlam1 assure
ance , "YOIl are m ) ' father and my
muther ; plel1so helll me , " he doe3 not
lese heart. For he hall ever before hIs
. " " " ' . . . . V , " . . . . ' : . . . . . : " " - : . " ' _ " "r- " . < . , 1 : .
. . < . ' 1. . . . . ' _ < . ' > , < ; . . " ' ; tMvi. . > : Z _
. Durning the Bodies of PI < Igue : Victims In India ,
a national uprls ng ngalnRl the whlto
man's rille , ( as ono 111'ecautlon , the I
native troops have novel' heUl1101" I
mltted to serve artillery 61nco the
muUn ' ) It annot bo denlee ! that the
deep-flowing , everlncreaslng ntlll
wldclr.manlfestcd tide of India's na.
tlonal sentiment Is worthr ot lUest
serious consldemtlon.
In every clt ' oC the empIre the
"Swadcshi" 'slgml mn ' be seen in
lI.bundance on the storcs of tradesmen
who have pledgeel thems\-lves to deal
, In Indlamade wares cxc flslvelr. This
commercIal and IndustrIal sldo ot the
"Sadeshl" movement has n dIrect re.
] ntlon 'to the h1llustrlal teachIng In
. lIsslon schools. The natt\'o papers
: It'U fun ot "Swadeshl" talk ; and it Is
not , vltOlI ) ' nbsont from the praiseworthy -
worthy national mIssIonary ol'ganlza.
tlon whIch Indians have organIzed , the
object beIng to further the ovangeU.
: mtlon by natlvo Christians alone , un.
aided b > ' foreigners , l url1lel'more , ono
frequently runs across "Swadeshl"
mass moetlngs ; I round one under
way in College square here , with hun.
dreds ot stmlents lIstonlng eagel'ly to
the Impasslonell spcecheR. It was
rather surprIsIng that the Y. M. C. A.
student leaders were able to gather a
crowd , full ) ' hal [ as large , only 50
yards awa ) ' .
'rho orlontal dearb' loves Intrlguo
aad ugltaUon ; especlallr Is this true
of the Dengall "bablls , " or educuted
Bengnlls , who nt'O foremost in the
"Swadeshl" movoment. Thp Dengnll ,
contemptuously declares the Brilon ,
Is an Idle , boastful taller , and nelthor
n Ugbter nor a worl < er. M ) ' own in.
qulrles de\'elolled the relJCatel1 assurance -
ance , on the part at Informed persons ,
that the "Swadeshl" 1110\'emont hns
not , to nn ) ' percel1Ublo degree , at
least , cxtclIllcll to the v1llnges , which
contaIn 90 per cent. ot the nl1t1vo pop.
ulntlon , Denrlng In mInd the undoubt.
ed ChrIstian rovtval whIch Is to bo
fo nd In some II11\'ts or II1l1la , amI the
Iotency or thlu new national movement -
ment , II Is evhlent that mIssion worle
hero Is bound to take an added Inter.
est during the next tow 'cars.
M < Iklng : Men of OutC < l&ts : ,
Whatever tenda to Imt the stamIna
ot manhood into thIs } Icoplo can ,
tributes IndIrectly to the mIssIonary
undertaking. For the Ill'st and Inst
tactor at Inllllm lite Is the caste sys ,
tern , whIch dooms the majorIty of the
pCOlllc to n lot osteomesl 10J'cr . , t . laT }
that. of tho' c w , It wel'I.itht tor
. . . . . . . . - . . . . . . . . " . . . . . . . . . . . . , . -
c'es the spectacle ot outcasts who
have been made over Into noble men
nnd women by the IlOwer o [ the
Christian religion.
How Sons Excel F < ItherG. :
, Undoubtedh' the missIonaries nre
transformIng theIr people. One oC the
MethodIst nlfsslonl\r103 at Lucknow
poInted out to mo a young 111an be.
longIng to theIr ChUI'ch , the youngest
ot thrco sons , whoso fnther never
earnell moro than eIght rupees a
month In hIs lICe , All the bo's are
products of the 1\Iethodlat school. Oue
of them Is '
secretal'Y to the gO'le1'l10r ,
and nil are In governmellt employ.
wlllnlllg tholr III aces 111 competitive
examlnntlon ; nllll the salar ) ' ot the
most poorl ) ' pnld Is 150 rupees a
month , or 19 times that of hIs fathor.
'l'hls Is the sort ot thIng that Is bolng
nccol1111llshed all o\'er IndIa ,
' 1'he schools of India are the crown ,
Ing glOl'y or mlssloll wOI'lc ; they nre
the m1lls of
whleh ml111hood nnd
womallhood is the 11l1lshed product.
Of 11. few of them I shall speak more
111 detail lIext week , In my 1I11nl article
upon hulla. ' 1'he ) ' nt.o a distinct ani ]
Ilowerful contrIbution to the force
which ( \1'0 creating 11 modem national
consclouslless ill IlIllln.
One Ilhaso of mIssIons to whIch the
governmcllt contl'lbutes its support
11nanclal and othOl'wlse , Is the indus
tl'lal s heel worl. , ' 1'ho Illdian Ie
llroverblall ) ' Ul1ll1'ogl'esslve ulld unln
ventlvo ; the mission schools are teach
Ing the manulIl l1I'tS I1nd In JIloderI :
fashion , so that 1I0W 0I11el'11rlses fOI
the winnIng ot the lI\"elihood are be
Ing created al1ll old oneR rovlved.
For the Chl'lstlalls , be It understood
are proctlcall ) ' a caste b ) ' themsel'vm
In 1U0st Illnces , 'fhe ) ' are cast ort b )
I thf.lr families , frlentls and co'rellglon
Ists ; anti It Is necessary that SOUl (
menns ot livelihood , not delendonl
upon nolshborhood favor , ho taughl
thorn , Thus Illdustrial trnlnlng hns t
most prnctlcal I'elatlon to mlsslonar
success ; shwo not all , nor , In thesl
da's ot grellt IlIsathm'lng , a "er
largo Ilercentalo ot the natlvo ChrIs
tlnns can be elUlllo'el ! by the mIssIon
nrles In any calJncity.
The 110WOI'ful socIal lo.'orngo whlcl
Is exerted by female education In I
lanll where wllmen are lCpt "behlnl
the curtaIn , " Is almost Incomprc
hcnslble to one accustomed to Ull
I liberty of the west , nnll to the cquallt :
. or the smees , ' 1'he mIssIonarIes hav4
tarslphtedly ; s to " , Iprk to make thl
,
,
w . .
. . . . II
. . . . _
- - - - - - - -
\'or > ' sprlllgfl or hlllla society ChrIs.
UlIlI ,
Ph 'fllcal hardshftlfl are more numer.
nllS for IIIlsslonurleH In Jndlu limn tor
those In an ) ' orion tal lund , I came to
I1l1l1a In the hot flcason ; some mls.
slonOl'les were CI'uel enough to glont
ovel' this fllct , for most travelers see
flllla only In Its delightful "cool" aea.
SOli , and thtm wonder \Vh ) ' nnybody
sllOuld coml.lall1 . oC the cllmato , The
mlsllionarles ha0 my symllathy : pco.
plo who wOI'I ( us the ) ' do In n te11\pora.
ture 1'I1l1gln ! ; UII to 150 degrees are not
out for a pleasant time , 'frying to nc.
comlH1n ' thcm 011 their roullds nearly
finished me ; hereafter I prefer to l'end
nbollt thclr labors In n boole.
Accustomed though the American
! lo to the plllguo as all occaslonl hor.
1'01' which merely peeps In nt IIno ! ot
our sealwrts , It Is not congenIal to go
rallglng IIboul the native quarters ot
clllcs where the deaths ( rom plague
lIumber more thun 200 1da ) ' . Yet
thcre lies the mlsslolll1rY'fI lot , and he
will explaIn that very few whIte per.
SOliS dIe [ rom Illaglle , although chol.
era. exacts n heavy toll. Nobody
seems to Imow just whnt the plague
Is ; e\'en the natives hnvo como to a
hazy reallimtlon o [ the tnct that It
IR tt'ansmltted by Rome sorl of lilrt
germ. Therefore , d urh\g \ plague sea.
con , many nallves may bo seen wear.
Ing shoes and sandals , to avoId cuts
on theIr feet through whIch the plague
mIght ellter.
Snnlws are a real peril in India ,
some 50,000 persons d'lng annual1y
[ 1'0111 snal < o bite. A certaIn mlsslonnry
upon whom I called had 1natlvo
nurse for each of hIs two little chll.
dren ; perhalls he thought I loolted as'
It I regarded thIs ns a mlsslonl\ry ex-
travagl1nce , for he explained that the '
dare not trust a chll l outdoors for a
mlnuto alone becnuso of the dangm
from snales. Altogether , mlsslonnry
work in Indll1 Is not an Edoer c ex.
perlence-especlal1y since at some
place the mIssIonaries labor for years
without 11 convert. One BrItish vet.
et'an has had on I ) ' three converts In
15 ) 'ears. At Benl1res the three strong
mIssIons nvernge only two or three
accessIons aenr. .
( CopyrIght , l1y Joseph D. Dowlcs. )
REAL. ESTATE MAN'S DREAM.
- -
Duys L.ast L.ot on Most Crowded Spot
on E < Irth : , But H < Isn't : ColI < lteral. :
"SpeakIng about the phenomenl1l
value ot real estate In the crowded
Imrts of l\Innhattan Island , " saId the
rel1l estate man , "I had a dl'eam last
nIght or a plnce where land was so
\'alllable that it made lnnd hero seem
11I(0 acreage propcrt ) ' .
" 'I'hls place \\'I\S on an Isthmus be.
tween the two hemlsphel'es , It narrow
strlll of land that was the most crowd.
ed apot. on earth. 'fhere was just. ono
street along through thIs Isthmus , and
all creation that passed ( rom ono homo
Isphere to the olher had to pass along
this thoroughfare ,
"Suro , Ulls was 11 place to do busl ,
ness , If UIOI'e ever was one , and by
gracIous there was a vacant lot on the
great Islhmus thoroughCare , just ona
\'Ocant lot , with a sIgn stuck up : 'For
Sale , to Close I1n Estate. InquIre of
So-and-So. '
"And or course , I sort ot saunters
Into the office IndIcated on the sign
right uway , and I says to the man
there :
"What are you asltlng for that letdown
down there at 22 ? " And ho says :
" 'A million dolll1rs a [ rent toot. '
" 'How much Is there of it ? ' I aslccd
hIm , and ho says :
" , 'Seventy feet , ' and I says :
. .
'Well , I'll taI < e It , ' just like that ,
because I knew It was a bargnln ;
never'd been offered nt that prlco in
the world , I lmow , except to close an
eslate , nnd the only wonder to mo was
that somebody hadn't snapped it up
before I came along.
"So I bought the only vacant lot on.
the great Itsthmus thoroughfare , ami
lhe man said ho'd have the papers
made out rIght away and I could drop
In at ! ) o'cloclt the next mornIng and I
III1Y the money anll ho'd hand o\'er the I
deed : and then I went out and stood , .
on thQ sidewalk and SI1W these \\'onll-
erful multitudes of all the peoples ot
lho earth , llUsslng In these amazIng
III'ocesslons ; crowtls thnt mnde the
)1eOl110 ) passing on Brondway and
Fifth avenue , New Yorl < , seem 11I < 0 the
,
lines ot strngglm's workIng their wny
I110ns to some count ) ' fall' ; and
I then I goes down to that vncant lot
at : : ! 2 , my lot , and slands there and
I sees 'em go by from there , and llI1ts
I m'self on the Imck nUll sayl. ] to myself :
I " ' \Vell , con , thanlt geodness , > 'ou'\'e
finall ' hIt on somethlllg ' '
I ) up that 'ou're
I goIng to muleo something ou ; large
moncy. '
"And I was congratulating mrselt :
, IIIw that , watc11lng the IImple go by ,
when all of 11 sudden it struck mo that
24 hours was a pretty shol't tlmo for
. 1110 to mlso $70,000,000 In , with 1110 a
. good wa's from home ; for thlo was a
I cash sale , ) 'ou understand , cnsh on de.
. IIvOl'y oC the deed , nnd I Itnew lIeI"
. feclly well that I'd fInd a strIng at
men wnltlng In the ofilco In the morn ,
, lng , an ) ' one or them ready to snap
thIs bargaIn It I wusn't there with the
mone ) ' , and I suppose It must hn\'o
. been \\'orr'lng over how I was going
to get the $70,000,000 together 111 that
time that wol < o 1110 Uil.It-Now York
Sun ,
'fho cnillo Inductry fit the state 01
Tamllpns Is comIng to UIO front. Ona
stoclunnn and commIssIon man alone ,
Dnrtolo Uodrlgucz , shIpped 48,000
head last ) 'ear to Cuba and Yucatan ,
. whIch amountetl to $1,600,000. lIe
hns 11 11no ranch near the City ot
'l'nmlllco called Monte Alto , wflh 300
head ot cows nnd 'bulls ' , costing nbout
$500 11 hend , Iml101.ted from the Unlteel
I- States nnll Switzerland , Carerul os'
lImnto malle by 1110 shlppors to the
north ot ' 1'a1l111Ico places the total
\1mnber \ or atUo and horses In that
orea at 2OOO,000.-\lexlcan Horald.
I
w ' ,
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- - - - - - -
CATACOMBS Of ROMt '
CURIOSITIES OF THE EARL.Y
CHRISTIAN CEMETERIES.
Their Hl tory and Purpooe Made
Cle < 2r by Modern R oe < lrch-Gal. :
lerles Extending \ undreds of
Miles Under Ground.
Ron1lIodern research has estab.
IIshetl he'o ld doubt the orIgInal ex-
cluslvo use oC the catacombs by the
Clu'ltJtlanH na Illncol1 of hurlal and or
holding religious assemblies , anti the
vaduus nlhuI' theories IlI1t forth to ex.
IIIn.ln the orIgIn of thene cemeterIes
luwo 1111 been proved to be unfoundel1.
' 1'he ChrIstian mol1o of hurlal In the
catacombs 8eemB to have been cop.
leI ! frol11 the .Jew1 : , A short time he-
fore the bIrth ot ChrIst .ludea was
matle trlhutary to Home b ) ' Pompey
and man ' thousands of its Inl1ablt.nnts
were transferred to Home , where 11
slJCclal dlstl'lct on the rIght bank of
the 'I'lber wus assIgned for theIr l1llb.
Itntlon.
'fhese 11ml , Jewish settlers adhered
to the customs of tholr forefnthers ,
especlally In 11 matter so sacred as
funeral rites , and they Inld theIr dead
In rock ) ' RelJUlchers outsldo the gate
nearest theil' quarter. l1ero , In fnct ,
was llscovered ! 111 18GO the so-called I
.Jewlsh catacomb , whIch it may bo as-
sumetl was the prototype oC later
Christian selJUlchers.
'fhe earliest Romnn ChrIstians were
very probably converted Jews , were
naturally familiar with the JewIsh I
mode of bUl'lal , und in nIl prob , I
ablllt ' I1dopted It for themselves , A
gravestone dIscovered In ono of
the Roman catacombs bears the dnte i
of the thil'd year of the reIgn ot
Vespaslan , A. D. 71 , and thus affords
proof of the nntlqulty of the cata. I
combs as places of burIal.
111 enrly times Christlu.ns were
probably burled on property , a gardener
or vineyard , belongIng to prlvato Cnm ,
Illes , and in fact nearly all the an.
'
.3""r. . = . . . . . = -0 < - ' . _ _ --r r
. : ;
Entrance to Catacomb of St. Petronilla.
clent nnmes of the catacombs were
taken fl'om those of the owners of
the Innd.
With the passing of time and the
Incl'ease In the number ot Christians
the origInal cemeteries were extend.
cd , excavations on a larger scale were
undertalwn and gradually the cata. I ,
combs were fOl'med.
The catacombs ol'lglnall ) ' were lIsed , ,
exclusively as cemeteries , but latcr
the ) ' provided plnces for religions as-
lIembly anti In some cnses wOl'shlp.
In apostolic times they generally mot
In the house oC some weallhy memo
bel' of the conlluunlt ) ' , Later they
built churches. Arter Dlocletlan l'.l. .
303 ordered the chll1'ches to he destroyed -
stroyed the Christians e\'ldentl ' then
took refuge In the catacombs , which ,
although l < 1Iown by tholl' Ilersecutors
to exIst , could not be renched or
'entered , as neither theil' precise po.
nlllon 1101' tholr entranccs could bo
ascertallll'el.
' 1'ho catacombs were also used OCCa'
nlonall ) ' as places oC concealment.
Sevornl pOlles usell them as hIdIng
places from the bcglnnlng of the second -
end COlltur ) ' onward. St , Stephen was
mlll'llered In the catacombs , where ] \1
had lived for some lime dllrln ! ; the
Valel'lall Ilersccllllons , I1nd hIs sup ,
CilSOI' , Sl. Slxtus'as , also martyred
! n the catacomhs.
1.01' se\'eral centuries the cata.
combs Wl'ro used as places of dev ! )
lion , 1'ho entrall es of the cata ,
combs wel'o rcnllcred IlIIhlle. Shafts
01' nil' holes catled IlImlnarla were
01ICucd rot' IIIII'IUS ) ( > S of ventllatloll ,
Abollt the 1lJllIdh of the fifth cen-
tUI' ) ' It IlortJon of the catacombs was
r1lled br the barbul'Ians In hOllCS of
flndlng tl'l'u5m'es , nnd thus hegan the
dovastatlon which lell ultlmatel ) ' to
their negl't and ruin.
I'rom the thirteenth to the fifteenth
century all Iwowledgo of the ancIent
cemetel'le ! : ! Ijeems to ha\'o Ilerishell
'rhe fIl'clllemal failing In oC a lJ01'tlon
of the hIgh roal1 ontsltle lho Porta
Balarla In li 7S led to the II 1 SCO\'OI' ) .
or the Catacomh of St. Pl'lscllla.
Pnbllc Intl'l'etit In the subtelTaneau
ChrlRtIl1I : cemetol'les was Itwalwned
IUlIl urchal'ologlst ! : ! tm'uetl lIwl' ! at-
tentJou to thell' lxlllnlnatJun anll
6tlld ) ' ,
The name catl1comh Is , comllllra.
tI\'Cb' sJl'akln ! . molloi'll , The Chrl ! ; ,
tloll cellll'tl'l'llt ; were named elthor
after Eomo saillt blll'led In the1l1 01
the Ilol'Hon who orlglnntl ) ' O\\1l1.HI the
land where thc ) ' were tlltllated. 'rho
\ISO at the IIl'OsCllt nll1ll0 dates bacl <
to about the sixteenth contm' ) ' .
. Almost all the cntacombs 111'0 out.
shlo the wall8 of the ell ) ' , ' 1'ho ag.
grogate length of thoh' gallerIes Is
lJald to he abont 5S7 miles , and the '
111'0 cxca"'l1h 11 on dlffel'ent levels antI
-rI1SS : ! allli recrOSM eacli othot' . lIenco
allhough the area whIch the ) ' nntI' ! .
110 Is not consIderable , ) 'et It the
gnllorl08 wel'O atretclll1d In a contlnn.
ous line the ' woult ! extenll l111'oush
'the whole 'of Ittilr , .
,
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. , ' . tt\ ' ' . , ; ' ' \ , " " ; + ; , ; . , . : ; ) . . . '
i > _ " > > , 'i , . " , , , ' . " ) > ' > . ' > ' ; ' . ' " " ' . . d % . . . . < . .t : , " . , > ! to. : > , ,
L G HO poyjyi1iy ; ; ; : ; ; 1 . t
INCH .DIcJ' PPE'E.RJ.NG GUN 0 0 Q o.
Now that lhe AmerIcan balUeshlp
11eot Is 'Well on Its way to the PacifIc ,
leaving the Atlantic coast practically
wIthout any warships for its protec-
I tlon , the question naturally arises in
the mInds ot n great l11any people as
to whut would happen if forelg-n com.
pllcatlons should suddenly arlso with
some of the European powers ? \Vould
the bIg cities along the coast-Doston ,
: Now York , PhiladelphIa , Daltlmore , .
and other cities-be at the mercy of a I
hostllo 11eet. Onl ' a few > 'ears back ,
during the SpanIsh-American war ,
when the American 11eets were or-
I
ered to Cuban watm's In the course
o [ the Spanlsh.Amerlcan war , some
were troubled because t lo
shore resorts of the country 'Were suc.
Cored to be leCt to the mercy ot what
proved to bo the well-nIgh harmless
SpanIsh fieet. Appnrentl ) ' they as.
sUlUed that It was essential to the
success oC the enemy that It should
shell summer hotels with a great expenditure -
penditure of powder. And now once
agatn nn American fleet , comprising
a large proportion of the vessels of
the Atlantic squadrons , has left the
eastern coast of the countr ) ' for a period -
riod of several months. No war is
now In progress , but the "radloplune , "
swifter than thought In Its flight , pes.
sessed of tbe ] Jower to 11ft shIps from
their watery ways anl1 transpol't them
thousands of miles through the nIl' ,
has 'et to be Invented. "What woul !
happen to New York or Boston or Bal.
'tlmoro or WashIngton should war
break out unexllectedl ) ' ? Are these
ports'ampl ) ' protectetl ? " usl.s the man
In the street.
The war department makes little
nolso about the < : ondltlon of the coast
defenses. Such activity as one sees !
about the fortll1catlons reveals little. '
The sun spreads a flood ot g ld upon
the sott , grassy covering' ot theIr
slopIng sltles , and , somehow , one does
not thInk of theIU as hnpregnable fort.
resses. Such guns as ono sees look
innocuous enough. The ) ' do not seem
as formIdable as one imagines they
ought to look. In fact , however , these
fortresscs are mailed 11sts with Do velvet -
vet coverIng. Army ofilcers nssert
thnl no hostile war vessel could reach
the upper bay of ew York harbor if
It could be seen. It woull1 be annlhl.
lated before it reached the Narrows.
Gunnery has shared In the modern
tendency to specIalize and to become
highly scIentific In Its practice. Gun.
ners are now specialists. A battery
Is a hlghl - organized mechanIsm
wOI'ldngalmost automatlcall- the
old days the men who 11red the guns
used to see what the ) ' 11red at. To.
da ) ' , with guns capable ot throwing
a theusand-pound shell as far as the
eye can sce on a clear day , the men
who dlschargo the guns no longer
necessarily see the object which is to
bo struck by the gIant hall they re-
lease. Until the shot Is 11red the gun
Itself cannot he seen above the ] Jara.
pet. IIltting the target has become nl.
most an exact scIence , 13) ' mechanIcal
means the strikIng o [ target has become -
como so Del\rly an Infalllablllt ) ' that
the tugs whIch tow the 110atlng lar-
gets are slJ)1a1'llted ) from them by only
GOO feet of line , ' 1'ho men upon the
tugs have no more expectation of be.
Ing strucl. than If the ' \\01'0 a mile
behInd the SUII , 'fhey never have
been struck. although the dlfforent
batteries have fl'equent pJ'acUce. 'fhe
song ef the shell to the men oa the
tug ; Is not IIko the song of the LoreleI ,
for death deeM not Collow in Its wal < e.
' 1'0 be sure , 11I < 0 motoring , ono has to
become accustomed to face what
seems like hnilendillg' dealll , Faith in
the gunnel' , as In the chauffeur , and
In the gUll , as In the motor car , Is an
cssen tla ! .
What Is done b ) ' the guns In some
ot our forts Is lIIustmted by what has
reccntly been accol11pllshed at two of
the forts along the AllanUc coast. At
Boston recentl ) . a target foul' and 11
half mlles Crol11 the fort and movIng
along the horizon at the mto or 11vo
miles an holti' was strucl < b ) ' every
shot 11red fl'om a ten.lnch batter ) ' In
less lllan four mInutes , the number ot
shots being six. 'rho following dllY u
battel'Y ot 12Inch guns 11Orformed the
same fent , bunchIng ; the shots morQ
closeh' than dId the tenlnch guns.
'fho shots ot both batterIes wel'o so
close together I\t the target that the ) '
mIght ha\'o been Inclosell In 11 rec.
tangle ten b ) ' O reet.
Dattory Parrot , Cat. ) ! Imborn , at
Fortress : \ onroo , recentl ) ' was called
upon to 111'0 at a movlns target un unknown -
known dlstllnco awa ) ' . Actuall ) ' It wns
about Ulreo I\nd ono.ha ) [ miles nWI1) ' .
PyramIdal In Ghape , It looked ns It
mo\'ed across the wnter' allout 115 n
- - - , .
leg.o'.mutton sail on n sIt 1ftwould ap.
pear at n. dIstance of four miles.
F.J.'ory shot wns n hit , .and the fourth
and last destroy d the target. The
ontlro round WI1S fll'ell In one mlnuto
nud nine seconds.
Ono of the 11rIng tests Is cnlled
" 11re command. " In thIs test the gun. ,
ners are expected to change the 111'0
from ono target to another' the
three in the strIng as directed and hit
It without changing the speed ot the
flro. The tnrgots ure supposed to represent -
resent the vitals of a warship. ThIs
mythIcal vessel Is consIdered to have
a Creeboard , or l1elght out of water , of I
24 feet. In estimating lho hits , the
basIs Is that ot a representative bat-
Uoshlp. A shot which does not actual.
Iy hit the target , but which would have
pIerced a vessel hnd it been where the
target was , is counted 11 hit. Officer&
on the tug towing the targets work
out tlie score by menns of the "rango
rnlc. ; : " This Is an Implement whIch
looks like a garden rake with a short
hnndle , The spaces between the
teeth each reiJresent a gIven number
oC yards. When a shot strUms tll
officers sIght nlong the handle and . . . .
note how many spaces to the right or J
left of the center the shot hit.
A gunner of the oW school would
turn gra > ' If he had suddcnly to' adapt
himself to the new mcthods In the
face of the enemy. Hairline tele.
scopes , surveying instruments , barometers -
eters , thermometers , anemometers ,
weather vanes , tide gauges and stop
watches ure required to secure the
rcqulslto results. The accuracy of the
fire Is obtaIned only by tnklng Into
consIderation such details as the curv.
ature of the earth , the speed of the
target 01' the hostile warship , the
ran go or dlstanco of the object
from the gun , the pressure or
densIty of the all' , the speed and dlrc , , >
flon of the wind , the temperature and
age oC the powder when placed in the
gun , the heIght of the tldo at the mo.
ment of flrhlf ; the shot and the "drift"
of the projectile. There can be no
guesswork in sec\\1'Ing \ such nrtlstle
results as malting hits with successive
shots.
The effect of all of these factors
In the combination under all possible
conditions has been worked out by .
experIments and computaUons and the - . .
result utilized In devIsing apparatus . ' "
whleh automatically regIsters the information - ,
formation whIch is essential at such
a speed that half a dozen half-ton
shots can be thrown Into a hip from n.
sIngle batter ' in the space of less
than four minutes. The "drift. " of the
shot is the dlstnnco to the right
whIch re\'ol\'ing projectile from 11
rUled gun w1l1 go In the course of a
gIven distance. The range and the
poInt where a vessel w1l1 bo nt the
moment a shot could reach It are reckoned -
oned in actual practlco at least once
In every 20 seconds. The establlsh.
ment ot 20 seconds as the interval
when a fresh survey shall be talcn is
hasel ! upon the fact that no boat could
change Its speed or its course sum.
clently In that space of time to affect
the probability of u shot hItting It.
Receives Praise From Roosevelt.
Senutor lIenry Clay Hansbrough of
NUI'th Dalwtn 1:3 ono of the few senators -
tors who have recelvod 11ratse from
President Hooso\'olt directly. After
the passage ot the denatured alcohol
bill last session , an act whIch meant
a great deal to the farmers , nnd for
whIch the senator waged persIstent
tight , thQ president sent It personal
letter commClHlll1g him and Inclosed
the pen with whIch the bill was
signed.
AV < lllable : Substlt te for Tin , , ,
Aluminum is regarded as probably
the most avnllable substltuto for till
In the great majority of uses to whIch
thnt metal Is IllIt , owing to the diminu ,
tlon In the prIce of aluminum , the
11ractlcallr limitless BUPllly or the raw
motorIal , and the favorable physical
IlI'operties of the metal. As the pro'
ductlon oC aluminum
Is cheapenocl so
w1l1 the \ltJes for it Increase. 'rho clo.
mantl Bteadllr keeps ahead of the
SUll11ly.
. .
Royal Visitors' Tips. i
Some London papel's say that cus.
lom fixes $250 a dar as the amount
to bo paid In tills by roral visitors
nt WIndsor cnstle. ' 1'hls I1mount Is
frequently exceeded , nccordlnE ; to
these newspaper authorltles , 11Ild ono
ot thom Rtates that I nlser WUholm's
recent short sta ) ' with KIng HIlwaI'd
cost hIm 10,000 la
, gratuities to scr-
vants.
