PRESIDENTS MESSAGE , s
To the Senate niul House of Uepresouta-
TlR Congress assemble * this year n-
dor HIP shadow of n great calninlty. On
tlu > sixth of September , President Me-
Kinlov was shot by nn anarchist whllo
attrndlWK the P.iti-Americun Exposition
at IJuffnlo , and died In' that , city on the
fourteenth of that mouth.
Of the Ml aoveu elected Presidents ,
hois the third who bus boon murdered ,
cud tholiare rooltiil of this fact Is sunl-
dent to JiiMtlfy Brave alarm among all
loyal American citizens. Moreover , the
clrciniHtuncei of this , the thfrd assassi
nation of an American President , have a
peculiarly sinister siKnificance. Both
President Lincoln and President GnrfiehV
were killed by nssnHslns of types unfortunately -
tunatoly not uucoimnoii in history ; Presi
dent Lincoln falling n victim to the tor-
rlhlo passion * aroused by four years of
civil war , anil PruHident Gnrfield to the
roveuReful vanity of a disappointed olllce
seeker. President MeKinley was killed
by an utterly depraved criminal belong
ing to that body of criminals who object
to all government * ) , good and bad alike ,
who are against any form of popular lib
erty If It i < * guaranteed by even the most
Just and liberal laws , nnd who arc as
hostile to the upright exponent of a free
people's sober will as to the tyrannical
and irresponsible deipot.
It Is not too much to say that at the
time of President McKlnlcy'n death he
was the most widely loved 'man in all
His United States ; Avhlle we have never
bad any pnblie man of his position who
has been -wholly free from the. bitter
animosities incident to public life. There
could bo no personal hatred of him , for
he never acted with aught but considera
tion for the welfare of others. Thp de
fenders of those murderous criminals who
seek to excuse their criminality by assert
ing that it is exercised for political ends ,
inveigh against wealth and irresponsible
power. But for this assassination even
this base nnology cannot be urged.
When President MeKinley wan assas
sinated the blow was not aimed at tyran
ny or wealth. It was aimed at one of
the strongest champions the wage work
er has ever had ; at one of the most faith
ful representatives of the system of pub
lic rights and representative government
who has ever risen to public olllee. . Presi
dent MeKinley tilled that political olllce
for which the entire people vote , and no
President not even Lincoln himself
was over more earnestly anxious to rep
resent the well thought-out wishes ot the
people ; hi * one anxiety in every crliilH
was to keep in closest touch with the
people to find out what they thought
nnd to endeavor to give expression to
their thought , after having endeavored
to guide that thought aright.
That there might be nothing lacking
to' complete the Judas-like infamy of his
net , the assassin took advantage of an
occasion when the President was meeting
the people generally ; and advancing as
if to take the hand outstretched to him
in kindly am ! brotherly fellowship , he
turneil the noble and generous confidence
of the victim into an opportunity to strike
the fatal blow. There is no baser deed
In all the annals of crime.
Nation Mourn * VcKiulcy.
The shock , the grief of the country , are
bitter in the minds of alWe mourn u
good arid great President who is dead ;
but while we mourn we are lifted up by
I. ' the splendid achievements of his life and
the grand heroism with which he met bis
death.
When wo turn from the man to the na
tion , the harm done is so great as to ex
cite our gravest apprehensions and to de
mand our wisest and most resolute ac
tion , nils crimlii.il was a professed an
> archist , inflamed by the teachings of pro
fessed anarchists , and probably also by
the reckless utterances of Uio.se who , on
the stump and in the public press , appeal
to the dark and evil spirits of malice nnd
greed , envy and sullen hatred. The wind
is sowed by the men who pieach ; such
doctrines , and they cannot escape their
share of responsibility for the whirlwind
that ig reaped.
The blow was mined not at this President -
i
/ dent , but at all Presidents ; at every sym
bol of government. Anarchy is no nior *
an expression of "social discontent" than
picking pockets or wife beating. The an-
arc-last , and especially the anarchist in
the _ United States , is merely one tjpe of
criminal , more dangerous than any other
because he represents the same depravity
In a greater degree. The man who ad-
.voeates anarchy directly or indirectly , in ;
nny shape or fashion , or the man who i
apologizes for anarchist * and their deeds , ,
makes himself morally accessory to mur .
der before the fact. The anarchist is a
criminal who is not merely the enemy of
system nnd of progress , but the deadly
foe of liberty. lie is not the victim of
social or political injustice. There art )
no wrongs to rcmcjly in his case. The
cause of his criminality is to be found in
his own evil'passions and in the evil con
duct of those who urge him on , not' in
nny failure by others or by th Slate to
< lo justice to him or his. lie is a male
factor and nothing clue. No man or body
of men preaching anarchistic doctrines
should be allowed at large any more than
if preaching the murder of lome specified
pi-ivHtf Individual Anarchistic speeches ,
writings and meeting * are essentially se
ditious and treasonable.
IJrzei Law * Accninnt AuarckUt * .
1 earnestly recommend to the Congreiu
that in the exercise of its wlso discretion
' it should take into consideration the com
ing to this country of anarchists or per
sons profesBing principles hostile to all
government and justifying : the murder of
those placed in authority. If found hero
they should be promptly deported to the
country whence they came ; and far-
reaching provision should be made for the
punishment of those who stay. No mat
ter calls moro urgently for the wisest
thought of the Congress.
The federal courts should be given
jurisdiction over any man who kills or
nttempts to kill the President or any man
\ \ ho by the constitution or by law U in
line of succession for the presldeny , whtlo
the punishment for an unsuccessful at-
, ti'iupt should be proportioned to the enor-
' jnity of the otTi'iiso against our instltu-
> tions.
Anarchy is a crime against the whole
human race ; and all mankind should
bund against the anarchist. Ills crime
should be made an offense against the
law ofnations. . It should bo so declared
by treaties among all civilized powers.
This .great country wlil not fall Into
anarchy , and If anarchist * should ever
h-'coine .1 serious menace to Its Institu
tions , they would not merely be stamped
"out , but would involve in their own ruin
every active or passive sympathizer with
their doctrines. The American people are
t glow to wrath , buf when their wrath IB
'once kindled it burns like a consuming
fire.
Country' * Co in mere ! it I Proiporlty.
During the last five years business con
fidence has been restored , tmd the nation
Is tolie congratulated because of its present -
' ent abounding prosperity. Such prosper
ity can never be created by law alone ,
-although It I * easy eiiough to destroy it
. 'Jjry mischievous laws. Fundamentally the
welfare of each citizen , and therefore the
welfare of the tgfcrtg&t * of citirens
which uiakca the nation , must rcat upon
individual thrift and energy , resolution
and intelligence. Nothing con take the
place of this.individual ennaclty : but wlso
legislation and honest and intelligent ad
ministration cnnjslvp it the fullest scope ,
tin1 largest opportunity to work to good
effect.
The tremendous and highly complex In
dustrial development which went on with
ever accelerated rapidity during the lat
ter half of the nlnptet-uth century brings
us face to face , at the beginning of the
twentieth , with very serious social prob
lems. The upbuilding of th great in
dustrial centers has meant a startling in
crease , not merely iu the aggregate of
wealth , but la the number of very large
Individual , nnd especially of very large
corporate , fortunes. The creation ofliwe \
great corporate fortunes has not been duo
to the tariff nor to any other govern
mental action , but to natural causes In
the business world , operating in other
countries as they operate in our own. The
process has aroused much antagonism , a
great , part of which Is 'wholly without
warrant. It is not true that ns the rich
have grown richer the poor hove grown
. On the contrary , never before
Roorer. average man , th/ > wage worker ,
the farmer , the small trulcr , been so well
oft"as In this country nt the present time.
There have been ounces connected with
the accumulation , ' wealth ; yet It re
mains true Unit a jwlune accumulated iu
legitimate business can be accumulated
by the person specially benefited only on
condition of conferring Immense incident
al benefits upon others.
Cuitlnti 1 * Advlnedt
The captains of industry who have driv
en the railway systems across this conti
nent , who have built up our commerce ,
who have developed our manufactures ,
have on the whole done great good to
our people. Without them the material
development of which wo are so justly
proud could never have taken place.
Moreover , we should recognize the im
mense importance to this material devel
opment of leaving as unhampered as is
compatible with the public good the
strong and forceful men upon whom the
success of business operations inevitably
rests.
An additional reason for caution in
dealing with corporations IB to bo found
in the international commercial condi
tions of to-day. The same business con
ditions \yhicb have produced the great
aggregations of corporate and individual
wealth have made them very potent fac
tors in international commercial competi
tion. America has only just begun to
assume that commanding position iu the
international business world which w
believe will more and more be hers. It
is'of the utmost importance that thlj po-
sijlon be not jeopardized , especially nt a
time when the overllawlng abundance of
our own natural resources and the skill ,
business energy , and mechanical aptitude
of our people make foreign markets es
sential. Under such conditions it would
be most unwise fo cramp or to fetter the
youthful strength of our nation.
Moreover , it cannot too often bo point
ed out that to strike wiMi Ignorant violence
lence at the interests of one sot of men
almost inevitably endangers the interests
of all. Disaster to jyeat business enter
prises , can never have its effects limited
to tilt1 men nt the top. It spreads
throughout , and while it is bud for every
body , it is worst for those farthest down.
The capitalist may be shorn of his lux
uries : but the wage worker may be de
prived of even bare necessities.
Iu facing new industrial conditions , the
whole history of the world shows that leg
islation will generally be both unwise and
Ineffective unless undertaken of I or calm
imjuiry and with sober self-restrnint.
Much of the legislation directed at the
trusts would have been exceedingly mis
chievous had it not also bo n entirely in
effective. The men who demand the im-
i possible or the undesirable serve as the
allies of the forces with which they are
nominally at war , for they hamper those
I who would endeavor to find out in va-
tiuual fashion what the wrongs really are
and to what extent tuid in what manner
I it is practicable to apply icmedics. Vet
i it is true tal there arc real and grave
evils , one of the chief being over-capital
isation because of its mitny baleful cou-
fie < iuences ; and n resolute and practical
effort must be made to correct these
evils.
I'uhllcit.y u Cure for Trn tH.
There is a widespread conviction in the
minds of the American people that the
' great corporations known as trusts , are in
j certain of their features and tendencies
i hurtful to the general welfare. Combina-
I tion and concentratiou should be , not prohibited -
hibited , but supervised and within rea-
Konnblc limits controlled.
The first essential in determining how
to deal with the great industrial comblna-
I tions is knowledge of the facts publicity.
In the interest of the public , the government -
ment .should have the right to inspect and
examine the workings of the great corpo
rations engaged in interstate business.
Publicity Is the only sure remedy which
wo can now invoke. What further rein
edies are needed in the way of govern
mental regulation , or tnxatjon , can only
be determined after publicity has beeu ,
obtained , by process of law , and in the
course of administration.
The Icrge corporations , commonly call
ed trusts , though organized In one State ,
always do business in many States , oft u
doing very little business in the Stale
where they are incorporated. There is
utter lack of uniformity in the State laws
about them ; and as no State has any ex
clusive interest in or power over their
acta , it has In practice proved impossible
to get adequate regulation through State
action. Therefore , In the Interest of the
whole people , the nation should , without
interfering with the power of the States
In the matter itself , also assume power
of supervision and regulation over all cor
porations doing an interstate business. 1
believe that a law can be framed which
will enable the national government to
exercise control along the lines above In
dlcatod. There should be created a cab
inet ofttcer , to bo known as Secretary of
Commerce and Industries , as provided In
the bill introduced at the last session of
the Congress. It should bo his province
to deal with commerce in its broadesl
scuse ; including among many other things
whatever concerus labor and nil matters
affecting the great business corporations
and our merchant marine.
Would Kxcllide Chinese.
With the solo exception oi the fanning
interest , no one matter ia of such vita
moment to our whole people as the wel
fare of the wage workers. If the farmer
and the wage worker are well off , it is
absolutely certain that all others will bo
well off , too. It is therefore a matter for
hearty congratulation that on the whole
waaea are higher to-day in the United
State * than ever before In our history ,
and far higher than in any other country
The standard of living la also higher than
ever before. Every effort of legislator
and administrator should ba bent to se
cure the permanency of this condition of
things and Its improvement wherever
possible. Not only must our labor be pro
tectcd by the tariff , but it should also be
protected so far as It Is ponlblt frou
the presence in this country or any labor
ers brought over by contract , or of those
who , coming freely , yet represent a sta d-
ard of living to depressed that they can
'undersell our men in th labor market
and drag them to t lotr r l vel. I regard
! It as necessary , with thlc enil in view , to
i re-enact immediately the Inw excluding
i Chinese laborers and to strengthen It
1 wherever necessary In order to make Us
, enforcement entirely effeetlvo. ,
1 If possible legislation should be pns ed ,
i Iu connection with the Interstate com'nl ' '
merce law , which will render effective
he efforts of different States to do away
vith the competition of convict contract
abor in the open labor market.
The most vital problem with which this
country , nnd for that matter the whole
Ivllired world , ha * to deal , Is the prob-
em which hns for one side the betterMent -
Ment of social conditions , moral nnd phy
sical , in large cities , nnd for another Blue
he effort to deal with thnt tangle of far
reaching questions which we group to
gether when wo speak of 'Tnbor. " The
chief factor in the success of each man
vugo worker , farmer and capitalist alike
must ever be the sum total of his own
ndivhlual iiualitie.s and ablltics. There
mist in ninny cases be action by the gov-
eminent in order to safeguard the rights
and interests of all.
Intmlurutlnit I.awn Unnutt factory.
Our present immiKratlon laws nre un
satisfactory. We need every honest and
olllclent Immigrant Utted to become an
American citizen. But there should be a
comprehensive law enacted with the oh-
ect of working a threefold improvement
over our present system. First , we should
ilm to exclude absolutely not only all
persons who arc known to be believers
n anarchistic principles or members of
anarchistic societies , but also all persons
who are of a Ipw moral tendency or of
insavory reputation. The second object
of a proper Immigration law ought to l > e
to secure by a careful and not merely
lerfunctory educational test some intelli
gent capacity to appreciate American In
stitutions and act sanely as American
citizens. Kinally , all persons should be
excluded who are below a certalil stand
ard of economic fitness to enter our In-
lustrial Held as competitors with Ameri
can labor. Both the educational and
economic tests In a wise immigration law
should be designed to protect and elevate
: he general body politic and social. A
very close supervision should bo exercised
over the steamship companies which
mainly bring over the immigrants , and
they should be held to n strict accounta
bility for any infraction of the law.
Tm-IiTnml | Kcclr rocity.
There Is general acquiescence In our
present tariff system as a national pol
icy. The lirst requisite to our prosperity
is the continuity und stability of this
economic policy. Nothing could be mop'
unwise than to disturb the business in
terests of the country by any general tar
iff change at this time. Our experience
iu the past has shown that sweeping re
visions of the tariff are apt to produce
conditions closely approaching panic in
the business world. Yet It is not only
possible , but eminently desirable , to com
bine with the stabilfty of our economic
supplementary of reclp-
system , , a . , r . , _ , . .i system ? . . .i.i. . . .i.m.
rocal benefit and obligation with other
nation * . Such reciprocity was especially
provided for in the present tariff law.
lU'ciprocity must be treated as the
handmaiden of protection. Our first duty
is to see that the. protection granted by
the tariff in bvery" case where it is needed - ,
ed is maintained , and that reciprocity
be sought for so far as it can safely be
done without injury to our home indus
tries. Just how far this is must be detoiv
mined according to the individual case ,
remembering always that every applica
tion of our tariff policy to meet our shift
ing national needs must be conditioned
upon the cardinal fact' that the duties
must never bo reduced below the point
that will cover the difference between the
labor cost here and abroad. Subject to
this proviso of the proper protection noc
pssary to our industrial well being at
home , the principle of reciprocity must
command our hearty support.
The natural line of development for a
policy of reciprocity will be iu connec
tion with those of our productions which
no longer require all of the support once
needed to establish them upon a sound
basis , and with those others where either
because of natural or of economic causes
we are beyond the reach of successful
competition. I ask the attention of the
Senate to the reciprocity treaties laid
before it by my predecessor.
Atjieric I'H Morehnt Marine.
The condition of the American nier- ,
chant marine is such a to call for imme
diate remedial action by the Congress.
It is discreditable to us us a nation that
our merchant marine should be utterly
insignificant in compari < M > n to that of otli
er nations which we overtop iu o her
forms of business. We should not longer
submit to conditions under which unly
a trilling portion of our great commerce
is carried in our own ships. To remedy
this state of thing * would not merely
sene to build up our shipping interests ,
but it would also result In benefit to all
who are intereatwl in the permanent es
tablishment of a wider market for Amer
ican products , and would provide nn aux
iliary force for the navy. Our government
.should take .such action as will remedy
these inequalities. The American mer
chant marine should be restored to the
ocean.
The net of March 14 , 1000 , Intended un
equivocally to cfltnlillHli gold as the stand
ard money and to imilnUIn at n parity there
with all forum or money medium In usu
ulth UR , has boon shown lo be timely mid
JmllclotiB. The price of our Oovermnent
hoiulit In the world's market , when com
pared with the prlco of similar obllgntlouu
uiued by ether natloiiH , IK u fluttering trib
ute to our public cYecllt. This condition It
U evidently desirable to mnlntnln.
Iu innnj respects the uoiloiml banking
law furnishes Kufllclcnt liberty for the prop
er excrclnu of ( he bunking function ; but
there seem * to be need of better safeguards
agalnit thu deranging Influence of commer
cial critics nnd llnnnclul panics. Moreover ,
the currency of- the country should be made
reiponnlvc lo the demands of our domestic
trade anil commerce.
The collections from dutlcM on Imports nnd
Interim ! taxes coutlnue to exceed the ordi
nary expenses of the Government , thanks
mainly to the reduced nnny expenditures.
The utmost cnre should be taken ot to re
duce the revenue * so that there will bo nny
possibility of a delk'lt : but , after providing
agilimt nny such contingency , moans should
be adopted which vlll bring the revenues
more nearly within the limit of our actual
needs.
I call special attention to the need of strict
economy In expenditures. Only by avoldanca
of spending money on nhat la needless or
unjUHtlUfible can we legitimately keep our
Income to the point required to met our
needs that are genuine.
Interstate Commerce.
In 1887 a meaftiirc was enacted for the reg
ulation of Interstate railways , commonly
known as the Interstate commerce net. The
cardinal provisions of that act were that
railway rates .should be just nnd reasonable
and that all shipper * , localities and commod
ities should be accorded equal treatment.
That law wn largely nn experiment. Hi.
purlence has shown the wluiioui of Its pur-
pom's , but tins nUo shown , posslblj- Hint
no mo of Its requirement ! ! are wronjr , cer
tainly that the means devised for the en
forcement of KH provisions nre defective.
The act should be amended , The railway Is
a public servaut. Itn rates should bo fnst
to and open to sll shippers alike. The Gov
ernment should see to It that within Its jur
isdiction this Is so , and should provide a
speedy , Inexpensive nnd effective remedy to
that end. At the came time nothing could
be more foolish than the enactment of ICK ! .
latlnn which would unnecessarily Interfere
with the development and operation of these
commercial nceiicles.
The Department of Agriculture during the
last fifteen yearn has steadily broadened Us
work on economic lines , and has accoin-
Sllshed results of real vulue In unbuilding
omestlc nnd foreign trade. It has gone
Into new fields until It Is now In tonch with
all sections of our country and with two ot
the Island croups that have lately come un
der our jnristdlcUon , whose people taunt
look to agriculture for a livelihood. It Is
searching the world for grains , grants ,
fruits and vegetables specially fitted for In-
troductlon Into localities' ' In the tievernl
Btntes nnd Tcrrltorl's where they uiny add
materially to our -.jurcos. . , liy Dclentltlc
attention to poll Nuru-.v and poimllile new
vrotp , to breeding of new varieties of pUutn ,
iu experimental bhlpnu'titn. to unltnnl liunix-
tVr and applied chemlntry , very practical
'nld had been given our farming and Mock-
growing Interest ) * . The products of Ihe
nrm hnvo taken an unprecedented place In
" ur export trade during the year tbnl has
tint closed ,
'Protection of the Korcnt.
1'uhllc opinion throughout the United
Btuten has moved steadily toward n Just np-
irrrlatlon of Ihe value of foretrts , whether
limited or of natural growth , The great
mrt played by them In the orjfntltin and
imlntennncp of the national weiuth In now
niirp fully realized thnn p\er before.
\VlH > forest protection docn not menu the
vlthdrawnl of forest rt > ources , whether of
uwd , water ur grnnd , hut , on the contrary ,
gives the assurance of larger nndimore cer-
nln supplied. The fuiniiunentnl Itleii of
'urotry Is thp perpetuation of forests by
IPO. Forest protection In not nn end of
( self , It IH n ineuiiB to Incrennc and RUHtntn
lip resources of our country nnd the Indus-
HOB \\hlch depend upon them. The prpser-
Htlun of our forcHlH U nn Imperative Imsl-
IPHH niH'oKslty. At present the protection
of the fnrt'Ht reserves rests with the Gen
eral I.nml OuVp. the mapping out a ml de
scription of their timber with the United
States Geological Survey , and the prepnrn-
lun of plium for their conservative use with
the Hureau of Korrtitry , which la nUo
charged with the goncrnl luhnnconient of
iriivtlcnl forestry In the United Stutcs.
I'liVRc various functions should bo united In
he Hureau of Forestry , to which they
noperly belong.
Itrcliunutlon of Arlil l nM'l .
The reclmnutlon of the unsettled nrld nub-
Ic lundH presents n different problem. Here
t Is not enoupli to regulntp the flow of
streams. The object or the Government Is
to dlMtoKn of the lund to settlers who will
build homes upon It. To accomplish this
object water must bu brought within their
reach. 4
TinpUtneer settlers on the nrld public
lomnln ohoHi * their homes along Mrcurns
from which they could theniHelves divert the
wnti-r to reclaim their holdings. Such op-
I'ortunities nre practically iconp. There re-
niuln , however , vast iirens of public l nu
which can be uiHile nvnllublc for homestead
settlement , but only by reservoirs nnd main
line cannlN Imprnctlcnble for private enter
prise. These Irrigation works should be
built by the nntloiml Government for nctunl
settlers , und tlu > cost of construction should
so fur as possible be repaid by the land re-
chilnu'd.
In Ilnwiill nur nltn must he to develop the
territory on the traditional American llnrs.
We do not wish u region of largo estates
tilled by cheap labor ; we wish a healthy
American conuminlty of men who them-
xelvt's till the fnrins they own. All our
Iculslntlcm for the Islands tthoulcl bo shaped
\\lth this end In view ; the welMiplng of the
average home-milker must nfforil the true
test of the henlthy development of the
Inlands. The Innd policy should ns nearly
us possible bo modeled on our boniPHteitd
system.
It Is a plriiRiire to ? ny that It Is luirdly
more iH'oi'Huiiry to report UK to I'oito Hlco
than an to nny Htitte or territory within our
continental limits. The Ixlnnd Is thriving
as never before , mid It Is being nilnilnlHtoreii
ellU'lcntl.v and honestly. Its people nre now
enjojlng liberty and order under the protec
tion of the Tnltcd .Stiitc.s , nnd upon thin fnrt
we congratulate them nnd ourselves. Their
material I wellare must bi > HS carefully nnd
Jealously considered ns the welfare of nny
other portion of our country.Vc he
Hlxeu them the grout gift of frep IICCPKH for
tlii-lr products to the markets of the United
States. 1 ask the utlenllnn of the Congress
to the iippil of legislation concerning the pub
lie lands of Porto Hlco.
Culm nn t tlic Philippines.
In Cuba such prepress ban been made to <
ward putting the Independent government of
the Inliiml upon n linn footing tha.t bufort
the present susulou of Congress closes thli
will be nn accomplished fuel. Culm wll
then start IIH her own mlstrets ; and to tht
bountiful Queen of the Antilles , n slip tin
folds this new page of her destiny , we ex
tend our henrtleBt greetings nnd good wishes
Klsowhcre I have dNciiMBed the tpieutlon o'
reciprocity. In the ciise of Cuba , how
ever , there nre weighty reasons of mornl
Ity nnd of nutlunu ! Intercut why the policy
should be held to htivo u ppcuiur nppllua
tlon , mid I most parneslly arfl ; iour nttentloi
to the wisdom , Indeed , to the vital need , o
providing for n mihstnnllal reduction Iu tin
tnrllT duties on Ciibiin Imports Into I hi
I tilted HtatcR. Cillm linn In her const It u
lion iilllrmt'd what we desired , ( hut slit
should slum ! In International mutters In clos
IT und more friendly relation * with us thai
with any other power : nnd we lire boiliu
by every consideration of honor niu !
expediency to puss commercial measure * li
the Interest of her material well-helm ; .
In the Philippines onr problem Is larger
They arc \ery rich tropical Inlands , Inhabit
ed by mnnj varying trlbon , reprchPiithu
widely ill Herein stages of progress tnwnri
civilization. Our eiiriiPbt effort U lo help
IhcKo people upward nlong the atony nnir
dllllcull path that leads to self government
A\'p hope lo make our admlnlRtratlon of HIP
Inlands honorable to our nation by making
It of Ihe highest bciuMlt to the Filipino *
thomn'lvrn ( ; und ns an earnest of what WL
Intend to do , WP point to what we have done
Already u greater meiiHtire of material pros
perlty und of goMTiimentnl honesty and ctll
clenry has boon nttiilni'd In the I'hlllpplneH
thnu over before In their history.
The onlj fear Is lest In our overnnxletj
WP Rive them a degre of Independence for
which they arc unlit , thereby Inviting re
nctloii anil disaster. As fa nt as there Is
any roafonable hope thnt In a given dlstrlr
tlje people can govern themselves , nolf-gov
orium'tit has been xlvcn In that district
There Is not n locality tilted for self-govern
ment which has not received It. lint It inny
well In- Hut In certain CNHOS It will have to
be withdrawn becnuHp the Inhabitants show
themselves unlit to exercise It ; such In
stances have already occurred.
Htill Troubles Aliervl.
There nre still troubles ahead In th
IxlundH. Thu liiHiu'rectlon has become ut
iill'alr of local Imndlttl and marauder * ) , whi
deserve no higher regard than the brigand
of portions of the Old World. Kncournge
ment , direct or Indirect , to these Insurrectos
Ptnndu on the unine footing in eucouniKe
ment to hostile Indians In the days when w
still had Indian warn. Kxuctly as our nlm
U to give lo the Indian who rcmalim pence
inl the fullest und amplest conartiorntlon
but to have It understood that we will shov
no wrnknosa If he goes on the warpath , si
we must make It evident , unless we nr
false to our own traditions and to the do
nmndfl of civilization nnd Immunity , Unit
while we will do everything In our power for
the Filipino who Is peaceful , wo will take
Ihe sternest measure * with the Filipino who
follows the path of the Insurrccto and the
indronp.
I call your attention most earnestly to the
crying need of n cable to Hawaii and Ihe
I'hlllpplnt-s , lo be continued from the I'hll-
Ijiplnos to points In AHH. ! We Khoiild not dp-
for a day longer than nrcessnry the con
struction of such n cable. U Is demanded
not merely for commercial , but for political
and military consideration ! ) .
Tlie litlimiim Cniinl.
No single great material work wbleh re
mains to be undertaken on this continent U
of xuch cousetjucuce to thu American people
us the bulldluk' of a cnnul acroHu the Isthmus
connecting North and South America. ItH
Importance to the nation U by no inciins lim
ited morel ) ' to Its material effects upon our
business prosperity ; and yet with view to
these effects alone , It would be to tin ; luut
degree Important for us Immediately to be-
Kin It. While Its bcnctlclal effects would per
haps be most marked upon thu I'Hclfic ( Vviat
and the Gulf and South Atlantic HlateH , It
would ill HO greatly benefit other sections. It
Is emphatically u work which It U for the
Interefct of the entire country to begin anil
complete us noon a noHilbln ; It In one of
those works which only a grea nation can
undertake with prospects of SUCCCKB , nnd
which when done are not only permanent a -
sety In the nntlou'H material Intorcktu , but
standing monuments to Its constructive a hi I-
" "
"I"
. am , glad to be able to announce to you
that our negotiations on thin Hubject with
Great llrltaln , conducted on both eldoH In n
spirit of frlendllnt'HH and mutual good will
and reHnect , have resulted In my bring able
to lay before the Senate a treaty which If
ratified will enable us to begin preimrnllonH
for an Isthmian canal at any time , anil
which guarantees to this nation pvery right
that It has ever nuked In connection with the
cans ) . It specifically provides that Ihe
United Htntcfi alone shall do the work of
building and assume the responHlblllty of
safeguarding the canal , and Bhnll regulate
Its neutral use by all nations on temiH of
equality without the guaranty or Interfer
ence of any ontslde nation from any quarter.
Work on the .Nnr.r Must Continue.
The work of upbuilding tb Navy must
e ntpfldlly continued. No one point of onr
( ollcy , foreign or domestic , Is more hupor-
nut thnu this to the honor and mater nl
velfnrv , ami nhove nil to the peace , of our
tvatton In the future. Whether we desire It
r not , we must henceforth rvcoKiiUc thnt
we hnre Internntlonnl duties no iesi than
ntonmtloiinl rlghtn. Kvcn If our fl-ig were
muled down In the riilllpplnuH nnd 1'or.o
Ueo , even If we decided not to build the
sthmlan ( 'mini , we tihould need a thorough-
y trained. Nnvy of adequate Kite , or clue bo
iropsred definitely nnd for nil time to aban
don the Idea Unit our nation Is among lhoe
vhosv sons go down lo ihe BOA In ships. Un-
oss onr pommercp In always to be carried
n foreign bottoms , wo must hnve war cruft
o protect It.
Inasmuch , however , n the American poo-
do have no thought of abandoning the pnth
ipon which they hnve entered , and especial
y In view' of the fact thnt the bulld.ng of
ho iHthmlnn C'annl Is fust becoming one of
IIP mutters which the whole people arc
inlted In demanding , It Is Imperative that
) iir Nnvy should be put nnd kept in the
highest state of efficiency , ami should he
undo to answer to our growing needs , Bo
nr from being In HUT way a provocation to
war , nn adequate and highly trained nary Is
IIP best guaranty ngalnit wnr , the cheapest
nnd most eflectlve pence Insurance. The cost
of bnlldlng nnd maintaining such n navy
ri-pwcnlH the very lightest premium for In
Hiirlng pence which this nntlon can possibly
> ay.
Our people Intend to abide by the Monroe
Doctrine nnd lo In-dirt upon It ns the one
mire menus of FCC tiring the pence of the
Western uomlimliere. The Nnvy offcrw us
the only mean * of making our Insistence
upon the Monroe. Uoctrltie anything but a
subject of derision to whatever nation
chooses to disregard It. Wo desire the pracc
which comes as of right to the Just man
armed ; not the pence granted on terms of
giiomlny to the craven and the weak.Inc.
U Is not possible to ImuroTlsc n nnvy after
wnr breaks out. The chips mimt be butll
nnd the men trained long In advance. Some
auxiliary vessels can h * turned Into make
shifts whUh will do In default of any better
for the minor work , and a proportion of raw
men can be mixed with the highly trained ,
their diortcomluga being mnde good by the
Bklll of their fellows ; but the ellldent light
ing force of the Navy when pitted uir.tluit
nn equal opponent will be found alniimt ox-
clnihvly In iho war Hhlpo thnt have been
regularly built nnd In the officers nnd men
who through yenru of falthfe performance
of wa duty liave'tiofn ' trained ! handle tln'lr
formldnble but complex and delicate weap
ons with the hlghcwt efficiency. In the late
war with Spain the ships Unit dealt Ihe de
cisive blowii HI Manila nnd Santiago had
been launched from two to fourteen yearn ,
and Ihey wore able lo do ns they did bccnuse
the men In the conning lowers , the gun tur-
retn , and the engine-rooms had through long
ycura of practice nt ten learned how to do
their duty ,
While nwnrdlng the fullest honor to the
men who actually commanded nnd manned
the ships which destroyed the Spaillhli sea
forces In the Philippine * nml Iu Cuba , we
must not forget thut nn equal meed of
pral e belongs lo those without whmn
nblthet blow could have been struck. The
Congrcsomeii who voted years In advance the
moiify to lay down the slilpi , to build the
guns , to buy ih armor-plate ; the depart
ment ofllclalH nnd the bushiest , men nud
wage-workers who furnished what the Con
gress had authorized ; the SoeicUrlcs of the
Navy who UHkod for and expended the np-
liroprlatlons ; and finally the olllcer.s who , In
fair ncatlior nnd foul , on actual Hon ser
vice , trained nnd disciplined thet crows of
the ships when Ihere was no wur'ln sight
nil ure entitled to u full uhaic In the glory
of Manila and KnnUuRo , and the respect nc-
corded by every true American to those Who
wrought such signal triumph for our couu
trv. It was forethought and prevmratloi
wuleh secured UH thp ovorwholmlng triumph
of 18l > 8. If WP fall to Hhow forethought
mil preparation now , there may come n
time when dltumtyr will befall us Instead of
triumph ; and should ihls lime come , UR
fault will rent prlnurlly , not upon thosi
whom the accident of events puts In supreme
promo command at the moment , but upoi
those who have fulled t/ > prepare In ad
' 'mice.
No Ccssutloti In the Work.
There should bo no cessation In the wor !
of completing our Nauni Ho far Ingenuity
has boon wholly unable to dovlhc a ViibHtl
tute for the great war craft whoso hammer
Ing giinw boat out the mastery of the h cl
KoaK. It IK uiiHiifo and ninvlse not to provld
thin .rear far Hi'voral additional battle xhlp
and henry armored trulsers , with auxlllui ;
mid lighter craft In proportion ; for the ox
net numbers nnd character I refer you ti
thp rpport of the Secretary of the Navy
Hut there Is something we noeil even mor
than additional ships , and Ihls IN .idilltlonn
9 and men.
IncrciiHC o ! the Army llnneci > iir.r.
It IH not neccsBsry to Increase our Army
beyond Ita present nlze at this time. Hut I"
in iit'iGssary to I'1'1'1 ! It nt Ihe highest poln
of ellldency. The Individual iiultn who a
oilleern nnd enlisted men compose thb ) Army
are , we have good reiitou to believe , nt IIMR
i\x eftlclcnt as those of nny other nnny In tin
entire world. It Is our duly to te thu
their Iralnlng IN of a kind to Inmire the hleh
est possible expression of power to the *
unltft when acting In uomhliintlon.
The conditions of modern war are such n
to juake an Inllnltety hc.ivler ileimiml thnn
over before upon ( lie Individual obnr.iote
and capacity of the ofllcor nnd the enllstet
man , nnd to make It fur more dinicult fo
men to net together with effect. At proBCli
the IlKhtlnc musl be done In oxlPtided order
which means that oneli man must net for
himself und nt the same lime net In com
bination with otluTH with whom he li no
longer In Ihe old-fnsliloni'il elbnw-to-elbow
touch. Under such conditions a few men of
the highest oxcollmice arc worth more than
many men without the wpeelal "kill which In
only found as the result of vpcclnl training
applied to men of exceptional physto.uo and
morale. Hut nowadays the mont vulu.ible
flKhtlni : m.in and the moH dlfllcnlt to per
fect IH the rldpmnn who Is nlxo u skillful and
dnrlnc Vhler. The proportion of our cavalry
regiment * has wisely beeil liicreiscd The
Americnn cavalryman , trulnol to maneuver
and fight wltli equal facility on foot anil on
horpehack , IH the best type of soldier for
senerul purposes now to be found In the
world.
A general HtalT uhould bu created. As for
the prei nl ntnff ami supply departments ,
they should be fllled by details from the
line , the men so detailed returning after a
while to their line < IutI&s. It 1- , very unde
sirable to have the ceiilor grades of the
Army committed of men who have come to
till the portions by the mere f.ict of seniori
ty. A system .should he adopted by which
there fluill be an elimination frrndo by grade
of those who seem unlit to render the be t
sen Ice In the next grade. Ju > jtci ! > to the
veterans of the Civil Wur who are Etlll In the
Army would eein to require tlut In the
matter of retirements they be given by law
the mime privilege- * accorded to their com-
rndes In the Navy.
The process of elimination of the leant fit
Khould be conducted In n manner that would
render It practically Impossible to apply pn-
lltlcal or noclnl pressure on behalf of any
candidate , BO that each man may be Judged
purely on hln own merits ,
I'very effort Bhould he made to brlnt ; the
Army to n coustnntly Increasing Ktiite of
efficiency. When on actual serrlre no w trk
save thnt directly In the line of such snrr'ce
should be required. The paper work In the
Army , ns In the Navy , should be gr ntly re-
iluroil. What IH needed Is prov.d power of
command and capacity to work web In the
Held , ( 'militant care. Kl < M < , t''H.iry to prevent
dry rot In the transportation and commit-
s-nry departments.
Our Aiuiy In KO small and so mii'-li scat
tered that It IH i4ry dlfllcult to give ihi >
higher ollleers ( OH well ns the lower oHleerH
and the enlisted men ) a chance to prui'tlrp
maneuvers In masg and on a ronipHiutlvoly
large scale. In Unit of need no amount nf
Individual excellence would avail nguinxt the
pnralysU which would follow Inai'l liy to
work an a coherent whole , under nUllful nnd
dnrlug leadership. The Congress nhoiild pro
vide men UN whereby It will be pOkH'ble ' to
hnvo Held exerclueH by at lentil a division nf
rtcnUr * . and If ponxlhle nlwo a division of
nntJunul guardsmen , once a year
Army IteiirtT.inlzntlnn.
Much good has already como from the act
reorganizing the Army , pimcd early In the
present year. The three prime reforms , all
of them of literally lnetlmible value , are ,
lint , the BObntltntlon of four-year details
from the line for permanent appointment !
In the no-ealled staff dlvlsloni ; uocond , the
establishment of a corp ot artillery with a
chief at the head ; third , the establishment
Of a maximum nnd minimum limit for the
Army. It would be difficult to overestimate
the Improvement In the eQlclenry of our
Army which thete three reforms nre making ,
and ha TO In part already effected.
The reorganization provided for try the act
has been substantially accomplished. The
Improved conditions In th * Philippine * have
enabled the War Department materially to
pdnce Oie military charge upon our i
ml to arrange the number of told fine
o brine , thl' number much nrarcr-jj
nlnlmuiu than to the maximum llmltT
hcd by law , There la , however , nA
nipplemcntary IcglKlntlon. Thorough iu
nry education niuttt bi > provided , nnd In u
Hlon to the regulars the advantages ot tbl
dncntlon should he given to the oincer * oC
h * National Guard and other * In civil life
who desire Intelligently to tit themselves for
losslblc military duty. The officers should
ic given the chance to perfect thcmnelTcn
ly study In the higher branches of this art.
At West 1'olnt the education should be of the
ilntl most apt to turn but men who nre gooil
n actual nrld * rvlee : too much strvus
Ot be Inm on mathematics , uor shoiiul pro-
cleney thprcln be held to e.stablUh the right
f entry to a corps d'ellte. The typical
Americnn ollleer of the best kind nceil not
IP a good ninthomntlclnn ; but be must no
inle to umMer himself , ( o control other * , anile
o nhow boldncfis ami fertility of resource
In every emergency.
Hint the Army Is Mt nt nil a mere Instru
ment of ( to * ! ruction hns been shown ( InrTnn
he last three /Wrs. In the 1'hll pplm * .
: ul > , and I'oito Hlco It has proved Itself &
great constructive force , n most potent JnV
ileineot for the upbuilding of a peaceful Civ-
llsnlton.
No other cittzens deserve BO well of the
republic an the veteran * , the survivors or
thooe who saved the Union , They did the
> ne dptsl which If left undone would hnvp
meant thai all else In our history went for
nothing. The men who In the taut three
veari biive done so well In ttuKast and tli
\\fftl Indti-H and on the mainland of Anla
Imve shown thm thle remembrance Is Mt
lost. In any serious crisis the United StnM1'
must rely for the great maiw of Its flshiln *
men upon the volunteer soldiery who do nut
make n permanent profession of the mill-
tary cnieer ; and whenever such n crlnto
srlBts the deathless memories of the Civil
Wnr will glTe to Americans the lift of lofty
purpose which comes lo Hume whose fathers
nave stood vnllnntly In the forcfrnut ot 1i
battle. ,
Our Coiniilur f-'ervlce.
The consular sertlcc Is now organized Bii-
dcr the provisions of u Inw pasiied In 1KWX
which IH entirely Iniuleijimte to cxlHtlng coa-
dltlonH. The Interest shown by no njnujr
commercial bodies throughout the country IB
the reorganlznllotiiof the m-rvlct' IH heartily
conimonded to your attention.
The guardianship uiul fostorliiK of our ri\i > -
Idly expanding foreign coniinorco , the pta-
teetlon of American citizen. * renortlug to
foreign eountrtin In lawful pursuit of their
affalrH , nnd the maintenance of thu dignity
of the nation abroad , combine to tnuko ft
essential that our consult ) should be in on ot
chHrapt r , knowledge nnd onteipr so. U Is
true that the service IH now , III the main.
efficient , but n standard of excellence cannot
he permanently maintained until the prior
ctplen Bel forth In the bill ! ) heretofore sub
mitted to the Congress on thla subject nre
eiuctcd Into Inw.
I bespeak thp nioit cordial support from
thp Congrcns und the people for the St.
Ijouli KxpnRltlon lo Commemorate the Ono
Htindredtli Anniversary of the Ixiulslntui
I'ttrcliase. .We eimifhtly hope that foreign
nntloiw will appreciate the deep Intvritit our
country lakes In thin exposition , anil our
view of KH Importance from Overy slnnd-
point , and thnt they will participate In KO-
curlnj ItH siicceM. The nntlcnal goforn-
incut should bo reprexenlpd by a full anil
complete not of exhibits.
For the s-ake of good administration , sound
economy , und the advancement of science.
the CoiiMiH OMUv nH now coiiRdlutPd should
he made H permanent government bureau.
Growth of tliu I'nulnl l orvlcp.
The remarkable growth of the postal ser
vice IH HhowM In the fnct thnt Its revenues
have doubled nnd UH expenditures have nenr-
ly doubled within twelve yrnrn. Its pro
gressive development compels constantly In-
crcnxlng outlay , but In thin period ot busi
ness energy und prosperity It * receipts grow
so much faster than IU cxpciiscH that th
annual doilclt hns been steadily reduced
from $11,411,7711 In 181)7 ) to $ n.O'Jn,727 In
1IK)1. Among recent postal ndvnnuos the
HUCCPSD of rural free delivery wherever e -
tabtlxhod hnx been so marked , nud actual
experience line made Its bciielltH MO plula ,
the demand for KB extension IB general nud
urgent. '
It'tn Jimt ( but the great agricultural popu-
Intlon nhnuld Bhnre In the Improvement of
the service. Tito number of rural routes now
In operation Is ( lOW ) , practically all eitnb-
llslied within ( line yeats , and there are
llX)0 ( ) applications nwnltlng uetlon. It Is ex
pected that the number In operation at tlia
close of the current flHcnl year will rench
8,1100. The mail will then lip dally earfleil
to the doors of 5,700,000 of our people who
hnve heretofore been deiiendcnt upon distant
olIlcoK , nnd one-third cu all ( hut portion ot
the country which IH adapted to It will bo
covered by thin kind of rrvco. |
The full moamire of pontal progrcM which
mlffhl IIP realized hnx long bron hauipcrcO.
and obstrneted by thp heavy buiden | in-
posed on ( be government \through the In
trenched \voIl-nmIerNtood abiiBos wh eH
'inve crown up In connection with uocoml-
"hms mall in.itter. The pxtcnt of this bur
den appears when It IH Hinted that Whllo
thp Kecoiid-chiBs matter makes nearly three-
nftliH of the weUht of all the mall. It paid
for the lant Mscal year only $4 , IMJC < of Ihe
nggrcgnto postal revenue ot $ lllcail'n. ( ' If
the pound rale of postage , which produvcf
the large IOSH tlnm entnllMl , nnd which was
fixed by the Congress with the purpose of
encouraging the dlRscmluatlon of public In
formation , were limited to the legitimate
neu'MHipors nnd periodicals actually con
templated by the | nw , no Just exception
could be tnkon. The I'ost-Onicc Depnrtiuent
ban nuW undertaken to remove the sbu e
HO far nn IH possible by a stricter appllcntlon
of the law ; nnd It should be stiHtnlnetl In IU
effort.
Settlement of tlic ChlncHc KmbronUo
Owing to the rapid growth of our power
and our InlercstH bit the I'adllc , whatever
hnopeiiH In China munt be of the keenest
national concern lo us.
The general ternm of the settlement/of / ths
iltiestlonn growing out of the antlforolgn
uprlsIngH In China of 1000 , having bcun for-
initiated In n Joint note addressed to China
by. thu representatives of the Injured pow
ers In December lant , were promptly ac
cepted by tht Chinese government. ' After
protractfd conferences the plenipotentiaries
of the ( "evcral powers were able to nlgu a
Dual protocol with the Chinese pk'nlpoten-
tarlrn nn the 7th of last Hepteinber , sottlnj
fort h ( be ini'smirefc t U n by China In compli
ance with the dfinandH of the Joint note , nnd
expressing their satlnfftctlon therewllh , U
will be laid before the Congress , with a re
port of the plenipotentiary on behalf of tba
United Btntes , Mr. Wllllrtin Woodvllle lloek-
hill , to whom high praise Is due for the tact.
good Judgment , and energy he has displayed
In performing an exceptionally dlfllcult and
delicate tank.
Under the provisions of the Joint note ot.
December , HKX ) . China hsR agreed to revlao
the trentleH of commerce and navlgnlloa
nnd to tnkp such other steps for the purpose
of facilitating foreign trade ns the foreign
power * mny decide to be needed.
During these troubles our government ha
unswervingly advocated moderation , and hns
materially aided In bringing nhout an adjust
ment which tends to enhance the wclfnr *
of Chins and to le.id to n more beneficial
Intercourse between the empire nnd th
modern world ; while In the critical period
of revolt and masHncro we did our full shnra
In , safeguarding life and property , restoring
order , anil vindicating the national Interest
and honor. It behooves us to continue In
tlioix- paths , doing what lie * In our power
to fosler feelings of good will , and leaving
no effort untried to work out the great nolle/
of full and 'nlr Intercourse between China
and the nations , on a footing of equal rights
and advantages to all. We advocate the
"open door" with all that It linpllen ; not
merely the procurement of enlarged com
mercial opportunities on the coasts , lint ac-
CPSS to the Interior by the waterways wltU
which China has been so extraordinarily fa
vored.
Death of Victoria.
The death of Queen Victoria caused tht
people of the United Statt'fl deep and heart-
foil sorrow , to which the government gar *
full expression. When I'reBldent MeKinley
died , our nation In turn received from every
quarter of Ihe Ilrltlsh Umpire expressions
of grief and sympathy no lens sincere. Th
death of the Kmprcss Dowager Frederick
of Germany also aroused the genuine sym
pathy of the American people ; and this
sympathy > vas cordially reciprocated by
Germany when the 1'resldeat was assas
sinated. Indeed , from every quarter of th
civilized world we received , at the time ot
the l'r sldent's death , insurances of such
erlef and regard as to touch the hearts ot
our people. In the midst of our amictlon
wt reverently thank the Almighty that w *
ar at peace with the nation * of mankind }
and w firmly Intend that our policy shall
b * * uch us to continue unbroken th e In
ternational relations of mutual respect ao4
good will. TUHODOUB ROOtBYBOT.