4
ar
M
m
&
ft.
THE NEW
SSffiJFOR 00R MflUY.
gBMff
If Uio marvelous ltttlo submarine
'torpedo boat which the United States
novornment has nearly finished at Bal
timore does all tho astonishing things
the navy cxperlB promise, she will bo
iii largo incasttro a real fulfilment of
"tho dreams of Jules Vorno In hie mas
terpiece of fiction "Twenty Thousand
Leagues Under tho Sea."
This is tho only new war vessel over
built by our government upon which
tho longing eyes of ambitious naval
officers wero not turned. It is tho
-first time tho navy department has not
been pestered by requests for assign
ments to duty on a now ship. And tho
reason is that tho now boat is looked
upon as a very promising submarine
coffin for tho first ciew that ventures
out in her.
Much of tho warfare of tho next cen
tury must bo conducted by submarine
lighting mnchlncs, and this extraordin
ary craft will, It Is believed, solve tho
wholo problem of under water war, to
which inventors and naval experts
aiijiBnBaznxia
mimmmmimmmmmmmmmEMifiM mmmMiWMmmm
pilfer WgStSmi sfefepi
have for years given such an incredible
amount of study. This experiment, if
successful, may render the great navies
of thu world powerless.
Tho now boat is the object of rapt at
tention from the naval nations of tho
world, who have learned in these later
years to look to America for instruc
tion in tho science of naval building.
Thqio ifl much speculation and uncer
tainty, however, even among our own
naval authorities as to whether the new
craft will, upon practical trial, do all
that her inventor, J. P. Holland, claims
for her. Experiments with submarine
war vessels heretofore have been so
disastrous, and the manipulation of
this ettango craft is so different from
anything hitherto taught in naval In
Htltutionu, that tho question of man
ning her li causing tho navy depart
ment n world of trouble
TJ.o Wonder of tho World.
Tho craft is a. wonder. It is nothing
mora nor less than a huge steel fish,
with lungs capablo of holding enorm
ous quantities of fresh air, and posscss-
tng a fclnglo great eye for surveying tho
uurfaco of tho oean on nil sides whllo
the vessel itjolf is submerged and in
visible. It hao (ins for diving and steering,
and Us ltnllty is furnished by steam
and electricity.
The boat is practically the Nautilus
xt Jules Verno reduced from dream to
reality. It Ib cigar shapod, pointed at
bolli ends; SO feet long, 11 feet in di
ameter, and with a displacement of 118
tons when floating. Submorgod it dis
places MS tons. Untlor ordinary cir
cuaibtnncca It runs on tho surface like
an ordinary torpedo boat, with a spocd
of filxtcon knota an hour. At will It
can bo loworod Jut enough to bo undor
water, eavo fr a turret of llarvoylzed
nlckel-stcol, which Is surmounted by a
chimney. Tho armour of tho turiet
In eight inches thick; tmd proof sgalmit
Tnpld firo gun?. Tho chlmnoy contains
n tube by means of which tho air Inside
-or th boat Is kopt fresh.
Kntirely Safo from Atlas!;.
In thl half aubmorged condition the
'buat 1j comparatively safa from uny
sort of attack. It offers so t,mall a
i
SWiSiw)' fiWJiiWfflJi4iiH tariff7 ;i Will ?. i iv T ri k - " - luniquauiniii i isstisi. KAUSH8Su&mi7s!
SOBMflRINE
target that to hit it would bo extreme-'
ly difficult At any time it can sink
entirely out of sight at a moment's no
tice. Tho chimney and air tube aro with
drawn into tho interior in a dozen scc
onds.tho opening is hermetically closed
and tho craft dives. It deecends by
taking water into compartments in
tended for that purpose, thus changing
Its specific gravity, and bIbo by Inclin
ing horizontal rudders so as to cause
the nose of tho atcol fish to turn down
ward. The depth attained is regulated
automatically, tho limit of safoty being
about G6 feet. At a much lower lovel
the pressure of water would crush the
boat.
This submarine marvel has a double
steel shell, nnd the spaco between tho
two coats is occupied by water ballaat,
coal bunkers and compressed air tanks.
Tho Interior of tho craft Is almost whol
ly filled with machinery. There Is no
spaco for officers or crew to sleep or cat.
Food must be brought along In cooked
WMMmwW
and compact shape, to be consumed In
such fashion as may be. Life on this
ship, if ship she is, will not bo a thing
of joy. Much of thu Interior spaco is
taken up by electric batteries and ac
cumulators. Electric apparatus re
quires a good deal of room, but It
makes no omoko and needs neither fuel
nor air. There arc also steam engines
run by petroleum, nnd tubular boilers
consisting of a labyrinth of pipes. Tho
Gtcam engines generate the electricity
that is stored in tho accumulators.
Truicllnj; on tho Wilt it's Surfncc.
Suppose that the boat Is traveling on
tho surfaco of the water, at a sixteen
knot gait, when tho pilot, looking out
through a glass window in the turret,
sees a hostile warship coming. Tlte
warship is of such vastly greater size
that he spies it long before the enemy's
lookout can possibly see tho diving
craft. Hp touches a button on an elec
tric switchboard at I1I3 side, which
transmits an order to tho engine room.
Without half a minute's delay tho boat
sinks until her superstructure Is just
THE NEW TOftrEDO BOAT.
aw ash, so that only turret and chlmnoy
remain above the surface. The pilot
is 3til ablo to continue his inspection
of tho warship through tho window
aforesaid. If tho vessel conies near,
and he thinks ho Is in danger from
lite big rlfiod guns, he touches another
button on the switchboard, and in one
lnlnuto by tho watch the submarine
craft is safe from all danger or pur
suit, plghtoen foet below tho waves.
The Instant the order Is given a bit
of mechanism Is sot in operation by
which the chimney and air tube aro
tolebcoplcally withdrawn. Water flows
into the ompty compartments, and the
horizontal rudders are Inclined for div
ing. An Indicator registers tho depth,
which is so regulated by an automatic
device that tho craft cannot descend
below the safety limit. Tho stoorlng
13 done by compass whon undor wator.
Tho interior of the submarlno vessel Is
lighted by eleetrlclty, with Incandes
cent lamps.
So long as the boat travola on the
rtrfaeo St Is run by its triple oxpRiislon
steam OBgmo, which, small but power
ful, teluato twin rW3 at tho stem.
s
WONDER
x k,1i jLi,l'.i3w..i..i..H,t. "
W!
aim
When tho craft has been wholly sub
merged these onglncs nro stopped, but
there is enough steam at high pressure
left in tho boilers to propel tho vessol
for a considorabio time longer. When
it is on tho point of exhaustion tho pro
pellers are connected with tho electric
motors, which will run tho boat for six
teen hours.
Make Its Own I'.lcctrlclty.
Tho vessel makes its own electricity
by means of Its steam engines and
stores it in Its accumulators. This
point gives to tho Holland boat an im
mense advantage over most of tho for
eign submarine vessels, which depend
wholly on electricity for motlvo power,
and aro obliged to go to tho Bhoro at
short intervals for tho purposo of re
filling their storogo batteries.
When tho boat dives valves aro
opened from tho tanks, which contain
air condensed under a pressure of 2,000
pounds to tho square inch. By this
means tho atmosphere Inside of tho
submarine vessel Is kept good for half
a dozen hours. In case It gets close
and bad, tho foul air may be pumped
out. It Ib not necessary for the craft
to come to tho surface even when the
air stored in her reservoirs has been
exhausted. In Buch a case a two-Inch
hosepipe Is unwound from the reel, its
free end being attached to a float,
which, when released, rises to tho sur
face of the water, carrying with It tho
hose. Through this fresh nlr Is
pumped Into tho vessel, and the storage
tank aro refilled under pressure. Thus
It will be seen that the boat is ablo to
stay under water almost Indefinitely,
not being obliged to come to tho sur
face to take breath. Three days' pro
visions aro carried for the persons on
board, four officers and eight machin
ists. Its Orijnn of Vision.
The most wonderful thing about this
boat, however, is tho organ of vision
for seeing whllo submerged. It has
a single huge eye, by means of which
it is able to survey tho ocean's sur-
face, though itself sunk some fathoms
deep, and Invisible. Tho vessel does
not need to rise above tho waves In
order that the pilot may perceive
"where ho io at." It comes up merely
to within a fow feet of tho surfaco, and
n long tube 13 elevated Vertically out
of tho water. Tho tube contains a sln
glo arrangement of lenses nnd mirrors.
The lowor end of It descends Into tho
steering room of the boat, where there
Is n pivoted circular table covered with
a white cloth. Tho device is an appli
cation of tho familiar camera luclda.
By moving tho pivot table thl3 way and
that tho pilot can scan the surface of
the ocean for mllca around. Every
eall, every ripple, Is as clear to his eye
as if he wore pn tho deck of a ship In
tho open air above.
In her bow tho boat has two torpodo
tubes for the discharge of automatic
torpedoes of the Whltohead or How oil
ariety. She carries Ave of theso tor
pedoes, which aro projected by com
pressed air. Such a torpedo lb a hol
low, cigar shaped receptacle, much like
a fish, carrying In its front end 200
i:oaU of gup wt.yn. Altar being die-
mmBasmsssmasBsaa
charged from tho tube It runs Itself, be
ing driven by a screw, with compressed
air for motlvo power. It may bo shot
with accuracy at a mark 200 ynrds
away and it will run 1,000 yards 01
more, exploding on Impact.
Cnn Don troy HtrongrHt llnttlmlilp.
Lot ouo of thoEo foarful projectiles
strlko tho strongest battleship, and
tho proud vessel of stool and Iron, n
floating mass of machinery that has
cost 51,000,000 to construct, is trans
formed In a moment Into an Iron coffin,
carrying officers nnd crew to tho bot
tom. Having dollvorcd tho fatal blow,
tho submarines boat glides away, to
como up presently near tho surface,
and with tho aid of her camera lucldn
to look around upon tho Bccno of tho
destruction sho has caused herself at
tho eamc time lnvlslblo and safo from
pursuit. Such a craft as tho Holland
boat would never try to attach n tor
pedo to tho bottom of aBhlp. Sho plcto
out a vessel for attack nnd makes for
hor, occasionally coming near tho sur
face Just long enough to permit hor
commander to mako sure of his course.
The Holland boat Is ablo to keep at
sea In bad weather. Its radius of Ac
tion, traveling on tho surface, Is 1,000
miles; submerged, It can go Blxty
miles. Its speed under water Is eight
knots and It can bo perfectly controlled.
Special devices provide against every
conceivable accident. In caso it is de
sired to check tho downward move
ment of tho boat quickly, a touch on n
button connects a compartment of wat
er at the bow with a tank of com
pressed nlr. Tho expanding nlr drives
tho water out of tho comparttncnt,thU3
lightening tho boat. If tho submarlno
vessel gets stuck in tho mud at tho
bottom, or for somo other reason Is not
ablo to rlBe, officers and crew will put
on diving suits and escape through a
hatchway.
The boat Is to cost $150,000. If it
proves n bucccsb, two othors aro to ho
built This one, Mr. Holland says, Is
not as big as It ought to be, but Its
size was limited by the appropriation.
Asgooji as It is finished, It will bo taken
for u trial trip down tho Chesapeake.
NICKNAMES OF PRESIDENTS
All of Them Wero Known hy I'nouilo
nyim Iiullcntlvo of Cluirnclcr
Washington waB "Father of Ills
Country," "American Kahlua," the
"Cinclnnatus of tho West," "Tho Atlas
of America," "Lovely Gcorglus,"
"Flower of tho Forest," "Deliverer of
America," "Stepfather of Ills Coun
try" and "Savloua of His Country."
Adams was tho "Colossus of Independ
ence," Jefferson waB tho "Sago of Mon
tlcollo" and "Long Tom" Madison was
"Tho Father of tho Constitution." Mon
loe was tho "Last Cocked Hat" and
John Qulncy Adams the "Old Man Elo
quent." Jackson was, of course, "Old Hick
ory," "Big Knlfo and Sharp Knlfo,"
tho "Hero of Now Orleans," "Gln'ral"
and "Old Hero." Van Buren was tho
"Little Magician," tho "Wizard of Kln-
dcrhook," "Follower in tho Footstops,"
"Whisky Van," "King Martin tho
First," "Sweet Little Fellow," "Politi
cal Grimalkin" and "Weasel." W. II.
Harrison was "Tippecanoe," "Old Tip"
und tho "Washington of tho West."
Tyler was "Young Hickory" and "Acci
dental President." Polk also was
"Young Hickory," tho sobriquet being
used to resurrect tho Jacksonlan cle
ment. Taylor wns "Old Rough and
Ready," "Old Bucna Vista" and "Old
Zach." Fillmore was tho "American
Louis Phillippe." Pierce wa3 "Purse."
Buchanan was "Old Public Function
ary," and "Bcchclor President" and
"Old Buck." Wo havo now reached
Lincoln, the "Rail Splitter," "Honest
Old Abe," "Uncle Abe," "Massa Lin
kum," "Father Abraham" and the
"Sectional President," tho last name
being given by the southcrnero who
maintained that he represented the
north and not tho whole people. Then
comes Johnron "Sir Veto." Grant
was "Unconditional Surrender," "Old
Three Stars," "Hero of Appomattox"
and tho "American Caesar." Hayes
was tho "President do Facto," a namo
given him by tho defeated democrats.
Garfield was tho "Martyr President."
Arthur was "Our diet" and tho "Flr3t
Gentleman in tho Land." Cleveland
in the "Man of Destiny," "Grovcr,"
and "Stuffed Prophet." Harrison lo
"Ba'kbono Bon" and "Grandfather's
Hat."
T.otiM Az:iU.
The early years of Agasslz read
like a fairy tale of incredible achieve
ment. His bent toward natural scienco
showed itself almost in Infancy and
grew with his growth. At fourteen
wo find him sighing for a list of un
attainable books D'Anville, Rlttor,
and Italian dictionary, a Strabo In
Greek, Mauaert and Thiersch; and
also tho works of Malte-Brun and Sey
fert. Failing to get these ho copied
wholo volumes with the asslstanco of
his brother, among others Lamarck's
Anlmaux saus Vertcbres. His parents,
who bad destined him to n commercial
career, were with difficulty Induced to
consent to his studying medicine. At
twenty-three he wa3 not only a doctor
of medicine, but of philosophy as well,
and the author of a work on Brazilian
fishes, which won for him a name
among the bdcntlste of Europe and tho
personal intimacy of Cuvier and Hum
boldt. At twenty-five he began his
career as a lecturer and Instructor, und
at onco demonstrated that extraordi
nary ability as a teacher and that gift
of inspiring enthusiasm In his subject
which wore such marked characteris
tics of his later yoars. In IS 18 he made
his first visit to America, and two
yean, lntor accepted that profeasorahlp
at Harvard which determined the work
of his remaining life.
Tip-toe walking yraboliaea surprise,
eurtoaity, Ulterotlon or rayetory.
IS A NEW BOCCACCIO.
aADHIEt D'ANNUNZIO HAS
STAHTLED LITERALISTS.
Hnllcil In Franco n On of tlin flreat
ct Wnpl I'lctnrn Stinker of tho
Tlttiot 11H "Triumph of Death" unit
Other "itoallRtm."
ABItlEL d'Annun
zlo Ib tho namo of
tho new, Boccaccio
that haa amazed
Italy with his flory
pooms nnd novels
of Into anij who is
pronounced by cer
tain French critics
to havo established
tho Italian renais
""TtlTl
sance 01 icticra.
D'Annunzlo wbb born near Pcs
cara, a pretty vlllago on tho
Adriatic. At fifteen, whllo be
was studying at Prato, ho publlehod
a volnmo of poems of such n nature as
to draw to tho author tho attention of
tho authorities. Ho found himself sud
denly famous, and, flattered by his euc
ccbb, plunged Into a bath of dissipation
out of which ho camo with n now and
wider philosophy of life nnd language.
Tho threo novels which sustain D'An
nunzlo'B reputation as a writer aro
"Placoro," published in 18S9 "L'lnno
contr (1802), and "Trlonfo dclla Morto"
(Tho Triumph of Death), which M. de
Voguo, In a critical essay In tho llovue
dca Deux Mondes, says has tho right to
bo considered ono of tho masterpieces
of tho times. Tho Italian author Is
unknown goncrally except to a few
French readers. An English transla
tion of "Trlonfo della Morto" Is now in
tho press and may go far toward ac
quainting English readers with the
GABRIEL D'ANNUNZIO.
stylo, sentiment, impressions nnd gifts
of D'Annunzlo. Tho Italian seems to
have little to commend except tho su
perb, nnd to somo rnthcr offensive, ego
tism of tho school that delights In lay
ing bare tho personal weaknesses of its
individual writers. D'Annunzlo hns a
clear tltlo to a nlcho In this gallery, for
ho cvidontly bollovcs that his passions
are more interesting thnn thoso of his
neighbors. Of courso tho French nn
nlysisto regard him with favor. One
phaso of his work that commends htm
to tho lnscrutablo French moderns ifa
his love of describing commonplace
filth and dubbing tho doing of It "real
ism." Jfiinnnn'ii Alirntrj-.
It Is not generally known that
Frldtjof Nansen comc3 of an old Dan
ish family, which left its mark on tho
history of Denmark before his branch
of it migrated to Norway 100 years
ago. Ho is directly descended from
Hans Nansen, who was burgomaster
of Copenhagen in 1GC0, and head
ed" tho civic forces during tho slcgo of
that city by tho Swedes. In E. C. Otto's
"Scandinavian History" wo read:
"When the nobles refused to give any
thing to defray tho expenses of tho
Blege, tho town council of Copenhagen,
headed by their burgomaster, Hane
Nansen, mnde an appeal to tho king
for tho curtailment of tho privileges
of the nobles. Tho clergy, under tho
guidance of the learned and ambitious
court preacher, Bishop Svanc, second
ed their proposals. while
theso motions were being mado within
tho hall of assembly the gates of tho
city were closed by the order of Hana
Nansen, and a strong civic guard
drawn around tho doors of tho build
ing. Tho nobles, taken by surprise,
gavo up their resistance to tho pay
ment of the taxes demanded of them,
but when Nansen and Svano next pro
posed to make tho crown hereditary In
tho descendants of tho king, whothor
malo or female, they opposed tho mo
tion with strong and bitter expres
sions of dissent. Ttio Important meas
ure was, however, passed
and on Oct. IS, 1GG0, Frederick III.
received tho homage of the several or
ders of tho state as hereditary king of
Denmark." All through this crisis
Hans Nansen distinguished himself,
not only aa a politician, but as a citizen-soldier.
It is Interesting to -loto,
too, that as a young man he mado
what wero then somo highly adventur
ous Arctic voyages, and explored tho
shores of the White Sea. On his moth
er's side Nansen Is descended from
the Counts of Wedel-Jarlsberg, a fam
ily of Pomeranian oiigin, which set
tled in Denmark about the time of tho
Thirty Years' War.
Dwarf Orni5 Trcn.
There Is an orange treo at Mu3kegon,
Mich., that is making a record in that
northern clime. Thn trco ia about four
teen inches high and on tho branchos
are twonty-e'ght miniature oranges and
blossoms In various singes of develop
ment and one fully developed orange.
The latter Is about the size of an ordi
nary lion's ogg. hut lonnd. Tho troe
is planted in a large tin oan filled with
earth and U treated as a house plant.-
Detroit Trlbww.
fFv
Mm
RESPECTABLE RIDERS.
It Is Juit nil Well to Tnlk Clfllly as
Mot to Vnrtncro.
"Hollo, old gentleman! Aro wo on
tho right rond to Ncwburg, and what's
tho namo of this placo7" called out ono
of two whcolmon who, whllo spinning
along a countty road, had hatted be
Bldo a corn field In which an old man
was plowing. Tho old man thus ad
dressed "whoa'd" hlo mule, wrapped
tho reins about tho plow handlo and
began fnlrly tumbling down tho hill be
tween tho rows of corn.
"Don't bother to como; wo can hear,"
expostulated tho cyclist, but tho elder
ly plowman only increased his opced
and finally otruck tho road.
"I wanted to tnko a look at you,"
ho panted, leaning against tho Btono
wall; "you're tho most respectable
coundln' fellers I've eccn slnco Biinrlse;
been tryln' to plow thla hero corn patch
protty nigh all tiny, and ain't dono
much moro'n tell a lot o' chaps on
them wheel mnchlncs how to git to
places. Kind o' thought might as welt
mnko n sign post o' mysolf and Btnnd
round hero Bom'ers p'lntln up tho
road. Wouldn't mind so much," ho
continued, balancing his hat on his left
enr whllo ho mopped his countennnco,
"If somo o' them city houscplanta
didn't think themselves so tarnation
smnrtl You spoko civil Hko, nnd called
mo 'gentleman' Just now, and I'm will
In' to toll you nil I kin, but whon n
pnsEcl of npBtnrtB comes whlzzln 'long
a-rlngln' their bells nt nothln' but rab
bit tracks, with legs on 'em that looks
ns If they had boon fired at by that
new-fangled X-Y-Z sharpshooter, and
calls mo Deacon Hayseed, Poppy Grasa
and Daddy Corn Cob, It's not agreeing
with mo, nnd they finds out it ain't
"I asks a feller this mornln' who ho
thought ho waB talkin' to, nnd ho said,
'a modern Cinclnnatus,' and then ho
winked at another feller. Now, I llkca
to bo winked nt Just as much as any
body, and I told that feller that per
haps ho wao a modern Now YorkUB nnd
owned tho earth, and wus rldln 'round
to boss tho Job, but I'd bo blamed if ho
didn't look Jist Hko tho greenest,
tlurndcsa grasshopper I'd over seen
n-straddlo ono o' them patent go
nrounds. "'We're scorchtn',' saya one. 'Glad
of It says I, 'fur maybo you'll bo
ncedln' tho practice later on. I talka
respectable to them r.s talks respcctablo
to mo, ond Nowburg'a straight ahead
then to tho right evory tlmo and tho
namo o' this placo Is Claudius Smith's
Turnpike. If you'll stop at tho house,
round the curvo yonder, tho folkB'lt
glvo you somo buttermilk, fresh
churned city llvera liko buttermilk."
And the old man climbed back to tho
plow, where n lot of horso flics wera
laughing at tho way tho mulo was try
ing to kick them and couldn't St
Louis Post-Dispatch.
OKAY IN THE RANKS.
Kmlly Morrell Wood, California' Oldecfc
Womiui KufTrncUt.
Mrs. Emily Morrell Wood is tho old
est woman suffragist woman In Califor
nia. She hopes to live long enough to
be nblo to cast her first 'vote. It i
probablo that univorsnl suffrage will
win in tho golden stnto. Mrs. Wood
Is a native of Now York and Is upward
or 8G years old. Sho went to Califor
nia in lboO with her husband In tho
bark Palmetto, of which ho was part
owner. The cllmato suited him bo
nlcoly that ho decided to mako Califor
nia his home. Mrs. Wood has lived la
San Francisco over Blnco. Sho was a
schoolmate of Elizabeth Cady Stanton.
Her father and tho father of Mrs. Stan
ton were judges on tho samo bench.
Some years ago Mrs. Wood becamo af
flicted with cataract and was totally
blind for four years. A Burglcal opera
tion was performed and her sight waa
restored completely. Sho la n great
reader and very fond of needlework.
Her lato husband was a partner ot
John Lorimer Graham, tho famous New
York barrister. Sho Is ono ot tht
EMILY M. WOOD.
Anneko Jans heirs. Her great grand
father was married to Rachel, who waa
the granddaughter ot Anneko Jans. Tho
old lay's memory of matters long
slnco past Is perfect, and her health la
remarkably sound for ono of her years.
Ml llrlen GIniLtono.
Helen Gladstone, the daughter ot tho
great statesman, is thought to resem
ble her father In appearance, and also
possesses a large degree of his remark
ablo vitality. When graduating nt
Nownham febo invariably kopt her
table In the best of spirits by her amus
ing stories and witty repartees. For
ordinary society conventions she shows
little respect, and is qulto indifferent
as to drosH, appearing at all sorts ot
functions in plain, sensible costumes.
Sho la a universal favorite among her
friends.
r.uHUoil tu t'iilitratlon.
"My misguided friend." said tho fat
man with the puffs under tho eyes, "I
will admit that I am a capitalist. That
part ot your aosortlon shall go unchal
lenged. But whon you say that I nm
not n producer you are wrong. I havo
bean backing a comic opera company
for two months.'
t WmMm f