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Political Fort Sumter
FILIBUSTER CHECK NEARS SHOWDOWN
By Richard L. Strout
Staff Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Washington — The biggest fight in the next Senate may be
over before the public knows what it is all about.
It is the effort to curb the filibuster. *
Involved in it is the battle over civil rights legislation, the rela
tionship of President Eisenhower and the Republican Party to the
increasingly restless Negro vote, the deep schism among Democrats
and the unstable alignment of American political parties.
Most likely the filibuster fight will be over quickly; most likely
the drive to curb obstructionist tactics in the Senate (generally used
by southern members against civil rights legislation) will fail.
But it now looks as though this could be an opening gun, a pol
itical Fort Sumter.
The administration is committed to civil rights legislation which
can be blocked, or emasculated, if the filibuster remains. That will
be a continuing issue.
In the same way, the Democratic Party faces the sharpest split
in a half century.
The antifilibuster fight now raised by six Democratic Senate
liberals may be defeated quickly, but it is hard to see how a stable
balance can be achieved thereafter.
In the background is the curious position of the two parties,
the GOP in control of the White House, the Democrats of Congress. ,
The public seems to have put both parties on trial. Not for a cen
tury has a presidential election turned out that way; probably not
for an equal time have party labels meant so little.
First Senate Test
The antifilibuster fight is the first big test.
What is it all about?
An 11-man filibuster in 1917 blocked the arming of merchant
ships and President Wilson appealed to the Senate against “a little
group of willful men."
The Senate in three days adopted a rule permitting two-thirds of
those present and voting to limit debate by invoking cloture.. The
result followed 20 years of campaigning.
* But in 1948 a long step was taken in the other direction. It was
taken, as often happens, under the guise of moving forward.
Arthur H. Vandenburg, the Republican Senate president pro
tempore, ruled that two phases were involved in applying cloture.
First was a motion to take up a particular measure. Second was the
measure itself. The 1917 cloture rule, Senator Vandenberg said,
applied only to the second. No limit at all could be applied to the
motion “to take up.”
In other words, two filibusters could now be applied to block a
bill and thwart a possible big Senate majority and on the first no
cloture could be applied at all. N.
The Vandenberg rule was reversed next year (1949) by Demo
cratic Vice-President Barkley. But the Barkley reversal was itself
challenged. In a historic vote Senator Barkley was overruled, 46-to
41. The northern GOP conservatives united with the southern
Democrats. It was a striking example of a coalition with which
Washington is more familiar than the rest of the nation.
It was here that a so-called “compromise” amendment to Rule
22 was offered by GOP leader Kenneth Wherry. Southern senators
read the terms with delight. They liked these two provisions: (1)
cloture couldn’t be used against a motion to change the rules; and
(2) instead of requiring a two-thirds vote “of those present and vot
ing” it required an absolute majorfty of 64 senators to apply clo
ture.
Those two provisions have pretty well sewed up civil rights leg
islation since then.
i netKs nasty Action
The South feels it is entitled to a veto power over matters so
vital as social relations. The filibuster, Senate spokesmen argue, Is
a legitimate protection against hasty legislation.
Negroes, on the other hand, point out that they have a popula
tion of 15 million, annual purchasing power of around 16 billion dol
lars, about 5 million voters, and a Supreme Court decision banning
segregation.
These are the unseen elements — the intangibles — beating
against the Senate filibuster.
On January 3, 1953, a bloc of Senate liberals tried to revise
rule 22 as Congress opened. Leader was Senator Clinton P. Ander
son (D) of New Mexico. He argued the Senate is not "a continuing
body" and hence new rules were in order. The argument turned on
a technicality: la the Senate "continuing”? On January 7 the Sen
ate voted, 70-to-2L to table the Anderson motion.
Opponents argued it was not a civil rights battle at all. Result:
the filibuster continued. The same coalition of Republicans and
aouthern Democrats prevailed. The vote: for tabling: 41 Republicans
and 29 Democrats; against, 5 Republicans, 15 Democrats and 1 Inde
pendent (Wayne Morse, who subsequently became a Democrat).
President’s Role Vital
President Eisenhower’s role in the renewed battle is Important.
In the 1952 election his spokesman, Henry Cabot Lodge, said that
he was authorized to tell the press Mr. Eisenhower strongly opposed
the filibuster.
When the tete Senator Robert A. Taft, then party floor leader,
put the matter to a GOP caucus in January, 1953, and a majority
sustained Mr. Taft, the President did not interfere.
(Senator Taft opposed the idea that the Senate was not a con
tinuing body and based his opposition to a filibuster rules change on
that point Theoretically he was against the filibuster but he also
maintained the coalition with the southerners.)
' Recently Mr. Eisenhower has let it be known through Senator
Irving M. Ives (R) of New York that he is sympathetic to a rules
change. *
To achieve this it is evident more Republican votes are needed.
Southern Democrats Will oppose it as a bloc.
Republican H. Alexander Smith (R) of New Jersey said here
that Rule 22 "virtually prevents any consideration or vote on Presi
dent Eisenhower’s civil rights recommendations ’’
Congress will make a momentous decision right at the start.
State of the Nations
Eisenhower and 1957
By Joseph C. Harsch,
Special Correspondent of The Christian Science Monitor
Washington — The hiatus of the 1956 elections is over. The
■ Congress is beginning to reassemble. The usual end-of-term resigna
; tions are on the President’s desk. Some have been accepted. Some
| new appointments are_ made and others are being planned. New at
titudes toward high policies, both foreign and domestic, are foaming.
In other words, Washington is a place bustling with preparations
| for the start of a new administration which in many ways will be
! a projection of the old one but in some important ways will be a
new beginning. What is the emerging shape of the future in Wash
' ington?
• • * *
Two important facts are influencing the molding process which
is going on.
First, there is a difference now between the position of Presi
dent Eisenhower and of many of the men associated with him in
government. He is beginning his second, and also his last, term.
Under the Constitution as amended he may not run again. But
many of those around him have continuing political careers or the
hope of them. Therefore he is less intimately concerned than are
these others with immediate policies and projects whose purpose is
maneuvering for political position.
Of course, he continues to be interested in the welfare of the
Republican Party. He has made a historic contribution to it. He
has put it into control of the White House twice. He has led it in
the formulation of new policies which increased its"noting strength
in many parts of the country. He gave it, a year ago, a legislative
program which paid off in votes in big northern cities in November.
But the future shape and direction of the party are already. In
effect, largely in the hands of those who are thinking of the 1958
and 1960 elections. It is up to them to decide whether it will con
tinue along the road of Mr. Eisenhower’s “modern Republicanism”
or find some new inclination not yet apparent even to themselves.
Second, Mr. Eisenhower has a deep and amply justified convic
tion that he enjoys from force of circumstance an unusual oppor
tunity to exercise the danger of atomic war from the surface of the
earth. Among those close to him it Is said that it was conscious
ness of his opportunity, plus a sense of the urgency of this task,
which was the controlling factor in his decision to run for a second ^
With these two facts as a starting point one can project fairly
accurately the shape and color of the year ahead.
To President Eisenhower the “meeting at the summit” in Gene
va in the summer of 1955 was a starting point for his major historic
role. He will be interested, of course, in what his lieutenants do in
the way of shaping and proposing domestic legislation. He is inter
ested in the maintenance of a sound economy, which means the
avoidance of damaging inflation. He is interested in schools and
highways. He is interested in liberalization of the Immigration Act,
and in construction of more equal civil rights on the foundation of
the Supreme Court's desegregation decision. But above all he is in
terested in reviving the “spirit of Geneva" and in building a more ^
permanent structure on that beginning.
Thus it will be the younger men in the party with continuing
political prospects who can be expected to take the lead in domestic
policy and legislation. It is of vital interest to Vice-President Nixon
whether the doors of the United States are opened wider to immi |
gration. It if of vital interest to Attorney General Brownell whether
the Republican Party gains the credit for steady progress from seg
regation. Future elections can well turn on what is done during ,
the next period in these areas of domestic policy, and individual pol j
itical fortunes as well.
* • • * v
But to President Eisenhower the vital thing is whether over
these same years immediately ahead progress is made away from
the danger of general nuclear war. His long personal meeting with ;
Prime Minister Nehru of India takes on increasing importance in
this connection. As those around him concentrate on legislative
policies which could build Republican pluralities in coming elections, |
his own mind reaches out for ideas upon which a more stable peace
might be built.
Mr. Eisenhower and his lieutenants are not moving down diverg
ing roads. They are becoming specialists in different tasks which
are complementary — not divergent, but still different. His great
goal is to climax his career with a safer peace than the world yet
enjoys. His first efforts will be devoted toward that end.
From Around Nebraska
The Pierce Leader revealed an amusing story last week about
a farmer who had gone to a farm sale and purchased a manure
spreader. It was a spreader mounted on rubber tires which were
filled with air.
The farmer pulled his purchase home and hitched his mules
to the spreader. They were used to the rumbling old hard-wheeled
affair which the farmer had used for many years.
With a big load of fertilizer on the newly-purchased spreader
the farmer was starting out of the yard when one of the tires
blew. It let out a long, familiar hissing sound which ended in a
resounding bang.
Now the mules weren’t used to all this and they dug in and
set out on a dead run. The farmer maintained his stance on the
load of fertilizer, however, and guided the changing animals into
a fence corner. The frightened mules had no choice except to
stop. Whereupon the farmer backed them out and started once
more to unload the fertilizer across the field. And with the first
turn of the wheel, the flat tire let out another wheeze as the re
maining air was squeezed out as the wheel went around. Once
more the mules started on a run, this time with no fence corner
1 into which to be trapped.
The Leader didn’t tell the details of what happened next
but suggested that "old time” mules had probably better stick
with the old things such as wagons with blowout proof tires.
* * •
The kids at Ord started back to school this week after a
Christmas vacation which had been marked with destruction of
their school building by the explosion of the boiler in the heating
plant. Classes were being conducted all over town, making use
of churches and community halls. Basketball games will be play
ed in the nearby St. Paul, Nebraska Gymnasium and at the Loup
City gym. Some music classes are being dropped temporarily and
other unusual arrangements are being worked out.
Meanwhile, costs of making the needed repairs have been
set at a maximum of $110,000 instead of the first estimates of
$350,000. Temporary heating equipment is being installed to per
mit use of the undamaged part of the building.
• • •
Christmas trees at Blair and many other towns were gathered
and burned in special religious services Sunday, but not so at
Ogallala. There, the trees have been collected and taken to Lake
McConnaughy where they are tied into bundles, fastened to heavy
rocks and placed on the Ice of the lake.
When the ice melts the trees fill settle to the bottom of
the lake and provide ideal nesting places for fish to lay their
eggs. A Wildl'fe club and the Ogallala Boy Scouts are carrying
out the project which wildlife men say will have a marked effect
on the propogation of fish in the lake.
♦ * * *
Police and residents of Lexington had a scare last week when
a white phosphorus bomb was tossed into a lawn and exploded.
Fears that a "mad bomber” was on the loose at Lexington were
rampant but a careful search failed to turn up anyone, according
I to the Dawson County Herald. _
The bomb exploded with a loud roar which was heard for
blocks around. It burned brightly with a brilliant white light.
The phosphoroes from the grenade burned the paint off the side
of a car which was standing nearby and police said that the
burns from the phosphorous would have been very painful to a
human.
The following day the “spoon” or fuse of the bomb was found
and an effort was started to trace it through munitions depots to
find who had access to the bomb*' *
• • •
Franklin county had 34 ne# trriMHnn well* drilled in 1956,
according to the F^nHia Coonty Sen*in~l The number of well*
in the county is now 159 and la becoming a major factor in the
prosperity oi that wen.
'
• * •
David City's largest industry-an egg processing plant
has announced plans for an enlargement of the physical plant of
the firm. The new addition which will be 48x42 feet and the
equivalent of three stories high, will house egg drying equipment.
The plant, under its present operations employs 75 to 80 persons
and has a payroll of approximately $130,000 per year. These
figures will greatly increase after the addition is completed.
• • •
The Co-Operative Creamery at Madison, Nebraska, showed a
nice gain in business during 1956, according to the Madison Star.
More than 3 million pounds of butter were churned and over
100,000 cases of eggs were purchased. Most of the eggs are
shipped to Texas. The plant will conduct its annual meeting late
in February when bonus checks will be given those who have
sold to the creamery.
• • •
Fairbury has purchased a new fire truck which has cost.
$19,500. The outfit will be delivered in about five months, the
Fairbury Journal estimated. Rating of the pump on the truck is
750 gallons per minute,
• » •
The Wilber school district has sued thirty-six property owners
to force them to allow their properties to be annexed to the Wil
ber district. The thirty-six had held out during a consolidation
move which enlarged the Wilber district. The Wilber board con
tends the land owned by the thirty-six property owners rightfully
belongs in the enlarged Wilber district and that they should be
paying taxes to support the Wilber school. The Crete News re
ported the suit
• • •
Another revision of the electric rates which are in effect at
Fairbury is to be made soon according to the Journal. New rates
were put into effect several months ago and these have been
found to be unsatisfactory. Protests of patrons over sharply in
creased bills and an abrupt drop in current use and electric
revenues has prompted the new revision.
• • •
A man at Ames, Nebraska, recently took his first ride in an
auto which he has owned for seven years. The Schuyler Sun
showed the picture of a 1907 Buick which the Ames man had
labored over for many hours to make it run Last week everything
was ready and he took it out for a trial spin. The same hobbyist
also owns a 1912 Reo, a Model 'h 1914 White and a 1916 Maxwell.
The old Buick is a right hand drive, has gear shift and brake
lever outside the body and has no front doors.
THEY WOULD READ YOUR AD
TOO, IF IT APPEARED HERE
^'YOU STILL HERE?!!"'
. fi\ -■ 'xi
JJnISZO SOftCetYOUT Of MS
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Could tliU be your child?
Hew Harbor
The harbor at Monrovia, Liberia,
Is under development under aus
ptees of the United State* and wa*
epeoed as a free port July 90, 1040
la Return
In Liberty, Kj , the Casey Coun
ty Hews advertised: 'To the per
son who to so destitute ss to be
forced to take two lengths of gar
den hose and a sprinkler from the
lawn of the First Christian Church
—If you will rail nt the pastor'*
study, ha will gtvs you the five
year guarantee for the hose, your
dinner, and any religion that may
rub off an sou."
FATHER RESUMES
RESPONSIBILITIES
Calvin Steward, Dallas, Tex.,
father of three children, was
stricken with polio In June
1955. He was wearing two long
braces when he went home
from the hospital but now
wears only one. He has recent
ly completed Barber School
and took exams for a state li
cense in November. Above he
exercises under the supervision
of physical therapist Marjorie
Barre. Polio Foundation chap
ters aid patients to return to
useful lives. Your contribution
to the March of Dimes supports
National Foundation chapter
programs.
Highest Mountain
Franca has the highest mountain
In Europe west of tha Caucasus,
Mont Blase, which tower* to 15,7*1
| feet.
Was b Dangerous
Don't wax a floor to tb* point that
It become* a ihld hazard, especially
If there are old people m children
fa* the femflv
Quick Deeeert
Broil some canned grapefruit teg
menta with your next broiled din
ner for * quick deaaert. Uae % cup
of the Juice from the grapefruit
mixed with a dash of nutmeg, cloves
and V« cup brown sugar. Dot the
grapefruit butter with this as well
as the sugar mixture and broil about
• minutes.
Organised Dishwashing
Drainers and dralnboards under
! neath them help to keep the dlshn*
organized after washing; It size
cuts down on the water which must
be wiped from them.
Save your hands by using a mop
or a soft brush. This may not keep
the hands completely out of the
enter, but It helps.
SOUP IN SECONDS ~
THE FREEZER WAY
f i he trcezer can come to tne res*
cue when it is homemade soup
time. When soup is on the menu
again, make enough for several
I meals and freeze it. In a little more
than the time it takes to make
soup for one meal, you can make
[enough for several with the aid of
the freezer and approved packag*
ing material such as Vapocans,
square, waxed-board containers
with rigid plastic lids.
All soups freeze well. Just fol
low your favorite recipe, under
cooking vegetables slightly. Quick
cool the soup and package in
square, waxed-board containers.
'An easy way to cool the soup is to
' place tne pot in a sink of ice water.
To serve, slide the frozen block
'of soup out of the tapered Vapo
can, place it in a sauce pan, cover,
and heat over a low flame for
around one hour,
hh i 11»+++11
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