NEGRO
HISTORY
WEEK
FEBRUARY 8-15
STUDIES IN NEGRO HISTORY
(continued from last week)
by ROBT. L. MOODY
The first Negroes to be brought
to an English colony in America
were brought to Virginia in 1619.
Massachussets was the second col
ony to import slaves but it was the
first to legally recognize slavery.
Later it also became foremost rep
resentative of sentiment against
tlie system. Negro slavery exist
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Omaha
ed for more than a century in the
West Indies before the first Negro
came to the North American con
tinent.
Slaves «tit introduced to each
colony mainly because of the im
possibility of securing free labor.
Economic factors determined the
quantity and distribution of slav
es in the colonies. Slave labor
decreased in demand in the north
ern colonies because of the many
kinds of industries. Ir was un
profitable to raise slaves, put the
south was chiefly a farming reg
ion Firm life, the rai’d eiimate
and low cost of living made slav
ery jaotitable, therefarc it increas
ed aad became essential to sou'.b
ern life.
Slaves were not only usp 1 as la
bor ..s tut many become skilled
workers such as, black jmiths, car
penters, painters and harness ns
k-rc. Negroes wen brave ’n
many other things. Ctispus At
U.'.ks was one of the Jrrt four to
s’.cd V.ooa in behalf ot American
Hber v during the Boston Mass
acre Piter Salem distinguished
himself at Bunker Hill by killing
Major Petcaibn. Mary Negroes
received emancipation b cause of
honorable and brave military ser
vice during the American Rev<"l
unitionary War.
Although the majority were
kept in slavery and ignorance,
some Negroes became free and a
few became educated. There was
a desire for freedom and learning
in every breast. Some masters
were kind and taught their slaves
to read, to write and to do many
other things. But this desire for
freedom caused fearful insurrect
ion. Denmark Vesey in South
Carolina and Nat Turner in Vir
ginia are to be remembered as
leaders of such uprisings. There
were about 150 insurrections start
ed by Negroes.
Enmity between the Northern
and Southern whites over slavery
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[ WE. 6055
'
The government has placed rigid restrictions on
civilian use of copper, aluminum and other war
materials vitally needed for building planes,
tanks, ships and other war equipment. Many of
these same materials are needed in the con
struction of electric service facilities.
Like every other good citizen, the Nebraska
Power Company is co-operating wholeheartedly
by reducing to a minimum its use of any ma
terials needed to win this war.
For more than 50 years our Company has aimed
to provide all of its customers with ample, low
cost electric service at all times. It regrets that
now extension of service may be greatly re
stricted, unless the desired electric service is
necessary for defense or public health and safety.
Even this construction must be built under special
governmental priorities.
However, the Company does not expect these
restrictions to afiect your present efficient elec
tric service. Our entire personnel is alert to its
responsibility. We have ample power to supply
all ihe needs of our customers, and enough more
to fill the increased defense demands we can
now foresee.
Meeting these conditions naturally means some
sacrifice, but every one will agree that winning
the war comes first. When this war is over, the
Nebraska Power Company will be ready and
quick to resume its program of bringing the com
plete benefits of low cost and reliable electric
service to those desiring it in the territory it
serves.
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was influenced by three think's.
One was the Fugitive Slave I-aw
which made it lawful to punish
severely anyone helping a slave to
escape. "Another was the Dred
Scott Decision which was made by
the Supreme Court and said that
a slave was only a piece of prop
erty and his master might take
him anywhere in the United Stat
es that he liked. Dred Scott was
a Negro slave whose master took
him from a slave state into a free
state. This slave claimed that he
was free because he had been liv
ing in a free state, but the Sup
reme Court decided otherwise. 2.
The book, Uncle Tom’s Cabin
which was written by Harriet Bee
cher Stowe told about the unhap
py lives of slaves and their mas
ter’s treatment of them.
Finally the Civil war began as
the result of disputes over slavery
and the secession of the Southern
States from the Union. In order
to force the South into submission
and punish their withdrawal from
the Union, President Abraham
Lincoln threatened to free the Slav
es in the Confederate states (or
those states out of th(. Union.)
They did not act as though they
believed he meant what he said
but on January 1, 1863, the Eman
cipation Proclamation went into
effect and all slaves in the secede^
states were declared free.
Since the Emancipation Pro
clamation was simply an act of
war to punish the rebels, it was
possibly lawful to put the Negroes
back into slavery after war was
over and these states were res
tored to the Union. 1 So Decern,
ber 18, 1865, the thirteenth Amen
dment was put into the Constitu
tion to guarantee freedom to Ne
groes for all times. The Four
teenth Amendment (July 28, 1868)
made the Negro a citizen and the
Fifteenth Amendment (March 30.
1879) gave the Negro the right of
protection by voting rather than
by military control.
After these three amendments
were passed, the Negro continued
to have trouble. Many southern
states made laws against Negroes
which kept most of them from vot.
ing. The problems which arose
from emancipation were: 1. How
will these former slaves be gain
fully employed? 2. How shall
they be educated? 3. How shall
they be given fair participation in
government ?
Negroes were forced to accept
employment wherever they could
find it and very often the wages
and conditions were miserable.
They were forced to live in poor ly
crowded sections of cities.' )fter*
they were helped by the Govern*
ment and charitable agencies.
Some even thought that being free
meant idle because they had seen
their masters idle and henca
thought that gentlemen did net
work.
But the Negro’s part in the evils
of Reconstruction is not as great
as some believe. The American
Missionary Association, American
Baptist Home Mission Society, the
Puesbyterian Board of Missions
and the Freedmen’s Bureau cji
their best toward educating Negro
es. Many of them eagerly accept
ed these opportunities. Two dif
ferent ideas developed about the
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THE VOICE OF LINCOLN DOWN THE AGES—“I always feel inclined, when I happen to
Bay anything to soldiers, to impress upon them the importance of success in this contest. It is not
merely for today, but for all time to come, that we should perpetuate for our children’s children that
great and free government which we have enjoyed all our lives. . . . Still, let us not be over
sanguine of a speedy, final triumph. Let us be quite sober. Let us diligently apply the means, never
doubting that a just God, in His own good time, will give us the rightful result.”
LINCOLN’S VOICE
DOWN THE AGES
s
kind of education that was best
for the Negro.'- Booker T. Wash
| ington believed that education
should be that of training the
hands as the most important. He
founded Tuskcgee Institute upon
this principle of vocational educ
ation. W. E. B. DuBois and other
leaders believed that academic ed
ucation was better.
During the Era of Enfranchise
ment Negroes held local, state and
national offices but there vas
never a majority of Negroes in all
branches of government. Only
twenty-ljhree Negroes served in
Congress from 1868 to 1895. Miss
issippi sent two senators—Hiriam
Revels who completed an unexpir
ed term and B. K. Bruce who serv
ed for six years. Some of these
who served in the House of R :p
resentative3 were: John II. Lang
ston of Virginia, Joseph H. Rain
ey of South Carolina, George H.
White of North Carolina, James
T. Rapier of Alabama and others
from Louisiana, Mississippi, Geor
gia and Florida.
As military control over the
Southern states was lifted and the
Southerners regained control of
state government, efforts were
made to disfranchise (to take a
way the right to vote) the Negro.
Great care was taken to avoid 'im
mediate conflict with the Fifteen
th Amendment so each step was i
subtly taken. Mississippi (1890) i
led out by amending its constituj
tion so that each person who vot
ed must have his poll tax paid up
to date and also demanded that he
should be able to read, understand
an give reasonable interpretation
of any part of the Constitution.
In 1898 Louisiana invented the so
called ‘‘Granfather Clause.” This
took away the right to vote from j
any person who had not voted be
fore the Civil War.
%
In spite of much trial and segre
gation, Negroes have proved to be
effiicient in every field in which
j President Lincoln, affectionate
ly dubbed “Father Abraham” by
the rank and file of his soldiers,
always spoke to them in a spirit
they have been given an opportun
ity for dvelopment. The follow
ing group will prove this fact:
Artists—Henry O. Tanner, E. M.
Bannister, William Scott, Laura
Waring, and Aaron Douglas.
Architects—Paul R. Williams,
Albert I. Cassell, and Hilyard F„.
Robinson.
Stage—Bert Williams, Ira Ald
ridge, Richard B. Harrison, Charl
es Gilpin and Paul Robeson, Ethel
Waters.
Science—Doctors: Charles H.
Turner, Ernest E. Just, Georgo
W. Carver, Julian H. Lewis and
W. A. Hinton.
Inventors—Berramin Baun'ker
made first American clock. Jan
E. Matzeliger invented a lasting
machine for sewing on the soli of
the shoe to the upper part. Gran
ville T, Woods invented many el
ectrical appliances. Elijah J. Me
Coy invented the lubricating mach
in«. Many other inventions by
Negroes have been bought by such
firms as the Ford Motor Comp
any
Sports—Joe Louis Barrow, John
Henry Lewis, Ralph Metcalf, Jesse
Owens.
Educators—Booker T. Washing
ton, W. E. B, DuBois, Kelly Mill
er, Mardecar Johnson and Robert'
R. Moton.
Literature—Phyllis Wheatley,
Jame3 Weldon Johnson, Paul Law
rence Dunbar, Countee Cullen.
Langston Hughes and W. E. B. Du
Bois.
Ifitorians—Benjamin Brawley,
Charles S. Joh-son and Carter G.
Woodson. •*?
Musicians—Marian Anderson,
Paul Robeson, Harry T. Burleigh,
J. Rosamond Johnson, Dorothy
Maynor, Roland Hayes and Nath
aniel Dett.
Written by Robert L. Moody.
of comradeship when he visited,
their camps. His speeches and
writings if eighty years ago seem,
like messages to the indomitable*
men of our Army and the people
of America today.
On a sultry August day, lS6i
addressing the 166th Ohio Regi
ment, he declared: “I always feel
inc'ined, when I happen to say
anything to soldiers, to impress
upon them the importance of suc
cess in this contest. It is not
merely for today but for all time
to come that we should perpetuate
for our children’s children that
great and free government which
we have enjoyed all our lives....
Still, let us not be over sanguine
of a speedy, final triumphant. Let
us be quite sober. Let us dilig
ently apply the means, never doubt
iug that a just God, in His Own
good time, will give us the right
ful result.”
lie denied no citizen the right to [
express an opposing opinion, but |
he called upon all factions io str id |
up for the country's defenders, j
Answering serenaders from the ,
Wl.it,.• House portico November 10, j
j 1864, he said; “May i ask thos§ j
who have not differed with me, to 1
join with me in this same spirit
towards those who have? And
now let me close by asking three
hearty cheers for our brave sold
iers and seamen, and their gallant
and skilful commanders.”
Lincoln did not possess the pol
ish of formal society, but no Presi
dent has paid a more graceful
compliment to the work of women
in war time. In an address March
18, 1864, he praised their efforts:
“I am not accustomed to the lan
guage of eulogy. I have never
studied the art of paying compli
ments to women. But I must say.
that if all that has been said by
orators and poets since the creat-.
ion of the world in praise of wo-1
men were applied to the women of
America, it would not do them jus
tice for their conduct during thi3
war. I will close by saying, God
bless the women of America!”
How Lincoln would deal with
isolationists and agitators is hint
itfaMaMlMMliMlaMiA
WAITERS’
COLUMN
(BY H. W. SMITH)
The employes of the Union Pnc
ific RR. paid a very fine tribute
to Mr. Othello Roundtree at his
funeral on Monday afternoon as!
he was one of the highly respited
and outstanding citizens of Omaha
Mr. Joe Thomas read the resolu
tions in a very diplomatic way.
The Paxton boys are catching
step with the new war time and
the Race horse headwaiter is al
ways doing his bit to help Defense
and the crew of waiters are ready
at all times to put their shoulders
to the wheel and help as they are
all very loyal citizens.
The boys at the White Horse
Inn are all in the running and are
giving quick modem service and
also they take time out to pay re
spect to a fellow brother when he
passes on, as we noticed Mr. Louis
THE MISSOURI LYNCH MOB
by Myrtle M. Goodlow
I see the gathering crowd
Boisterous and loud
As they go their way,
To take another’s life away—
The law they do not respect
For those who have sworn to
protect
Their duties now gladly neglect
For they too are on the job
And leading members of the
mob,
The fiends dance with glee
As the victim pleads for mercy
In his dying agony
And as they pour the gasoline
They shout with joy and screa n
That the job is quite well done
As they slash the dying victims
tongue.
And drag his body o’er the
streets—
Writhing in agony from head
to feet.
Through all the years to come
They shall remember their evil
job—
Well done.
For a guilty conscience will
never let—
One member of the mob ‘to e’er’
forget—
For they shall always hear his
dying scream
And see his tortured body a3
they dream
And when their life on earth is
done
And their judgement hour shall
come
They shall answer to God,
For the life of the victim they
robbed!
ed in the following quotation from
Carl Sandberg’s biography, THE
WAR YEARS:
“Pointing to the death penalty
as a requisite of military organiz
ation, he (President Lincoln) in
quired: “Must I shoot a simple
minded soldier who deserts, white
I must not touch a hair of a wily
agitator who induces him to des
ert? This is none the less injur
ious when effected by getting a
father, or brother or friend into ai
public meeting, and there working
upon his feelings till he is persuad
ed to write the soldier boy that
he is fighting in a bad cause, tor
a wicked administration of a con
temptible government, too weak
to arrest and punish him if he
shall desert. I think that, in such
a case, to silence the agitator and
save the boy is not only constitu
tional, but withal a great mercy.”
Raybonetta
Spanish and American
Dishes — Chili
Tamales
—Day and Nite—
2307 North 24th Street
_
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n
White at Mr. Roundtree’s funeral
which was very thoughtful.
The Omaha Club boys are all on
the job and we truly hope theru
will be no more illness to devel
ope in the crew, but we all take
the count of 10 and go down some
times.
We talk; d with the musician’s
head and he informed us that
Capt. Burns has been on the sick
list for some time and we hope for
him a speedy recovery, as he is
one of the good spokes in the
wheel with a very fine crew.
Mr. John Evans of the Roma
Hotel is on the job and can hold
his own at all times as he is a
quick thinker and a fast stepper
at all times.
The Omaha Guide needs subscrih
ers and you want the latest new3.
Now a fair exchange is what mak
es business and we should have
more names on the books and if
we will fill up the pages, they will
need more books.
The Waiters Union is carrying
on in a very fine way and we hope
for them good results from their
efforts. Are you a union waiter ?
The Brotherhood Club of Clair
Chapel Methodist Church will spon
sor a program on Sunday after
noon Feb. 15, at 3:30 pm. and we
hope to have a large attendance,
as we have used our very best ef
forts to produce something that
the public would like to hear.
The funeral of Mr. Foster Nel
son of 2601 Wirt Street, was neld
at St. Johns AME church on Sat
urday afternoon Feb. 7th at 2 p.
m. and was largely attended by
friends of both races. Mr. Nelson
was one of Omaha’s outstanding
citizens for many years and we
extend our heartfelt sympathy to
the family and relation.
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it
