What Will Become Of Negroes When the Reds Get In? A Book Review By Loren Miller “The Negroes In A Soviet Ameri ca”—3c Pamphlet Published by Workers Library Publshers—P. O. Box 148, Staton D., New York City. There is a pretty widely held opin ion among Negroes that America is headed for a change in governmental set-up. There are few regrets either because the average Negro is well aware of the fact that he has fared badly under capitalism. The one question that bobs up when the mat ter of change is being debated, is: “What will the Reds do when they get in?” That’s a sensible question too. For years politicians have been making capital out of the Negro question. Many of them used it to feather their own nests and then promptly forgotten their Negro sup porters onoe they attained their own ends* In this work they have always had the help of amibitious Negro henchmen. The consequence is that any person, white or Negro, who comes to the Negro people with what he calls a solution of the Negro ques tion, is looked at with some suspi cion. There is a very legitimate de mand that he explain just what he proposes* In Thick of Fight Interest in the Communist position on the Negro question has been help ed along by the very obvious fact that Communists are always in the thick of the fight for Negro rights. Their persistent friendship has led to a demand for an answer to what the Reds plan to do when they get in. James W. Ford, Communist can didate for vice president in 1932, and James S. Allen set out to answer the question in their five cent pamphlet, “The Negroes in A Soviet America”, published by the Workers Library Publishers. Ford and Allen maintain that only a Soviet America can guarantee Ne groes their rights. For, they point out, only in such a society would the incentive to oppress and exploit mi nority groups disappear. »Tn fact, un less all exploitation and oppression wero done away with the socialist state itself could not exist. Once a Soviet America is attained, the new' workers’ and farmers’ government w'ould undertake a campaign to root out all vestiges of the past, w'hich keep people apart. It is idle to sup pose that the triumph of the Reds tomorrow would change the hearts of those w'ho have been taught to hate Negroes. But the new government wrould, and could, undertake an edu cational campaign to banish the old prejudices and misunderstandings. Any person w'ho know's howr power ful our radios and movies and news papers are influencing public opinion can understand w'hat a concerted campaign of this kL'nd yould do in a few years. In Poverty Together Negroes have other grievances than those that center around pre judice. For one thing, they are now living n dismal poverty. So are the poor whites. One of the first things a Soviet America would do would be to set the wheels of industry' turning again to produce all of the necessi ties of life that are now' so lacking. The practice of killng hogs and plow' ing up wheat w'ould be abandoned post haste. Instead the new govern ment would make every effort to produce food and clothes and the ne cessities of life. Not only' would these things be produced but they could be distributed to those who need them because there wrould be no owners demanding profits before the distri bution. America is rich in machines and trained me* to run the machines. A Soviet America would bring the tw'o together and any' technician will admit that in a short while there w'ould be a plenty for everybody. Negroes, as partners in the new state, would share in whatever is produced. But, Allen and Ford say, this new America cannot be w'ished into ex istence. After all, American capital are not anxious to give up their fat livings. Time and again, they have demonstrated that they will stop at nothing to stay at the top of the heap. They’re for majorty rule as long as they can manipulate the ma jority to their own advantage. Capi talism will vanish only when Ne groes and white workers and farm ers make up their minds to pitch in and build a revolutionary party to overthrow it. There is nothing un American about this procedure. The United States was founded in revolu tion and the slaves were freed only when northerners and Negroes raised an army and disposed of the slave holders. Choice Not Hard At any rate, it must be admitted that times are going from bad to worse. Statistics adduced by Alien and Ford show that the standard of living is dropping for all warkers. Other statistics show that Negroes are losing out in land ownership. Lynching continues unabated. Police brutality flourishes in every city. Negroes smply have to take a stand. They can’t prefer a country in which they are being shoved deeper and deeper into the mire. The Commun ists plan a now society in which the old evils will be done away with. The choice should not be hard. Italy Makes Bid World Opinion At Geneva -— Ethiopia Pleads Fcr Protection From League EIVTOR’S NOTE—The Associat ed Negro Press presents below a comprehensive factual and interpret ative review of the most recent de velopments in the controversy be tween Italy and Ethiopia. Manifest ly, we have not had the opportunity yet to obtain direct correspondence (by mail) from our agents in Europe. The subjoined review, therefore, is presented for the benefit of our sub scribers whos domestic sources of information may not be as extensive as ours. New York, Sept.12— (ANP)— At the opening session of the League of Nations Council in Geneva, Switzer land, last Wednesday, Italy played her trump card to escape the indict ment of history and of humanity in connection with her planned war with Ethiopia. Her chief representative, Baron Pompeii Aloisi, submitted a volumni our. report to Council members, docu menting a long list of charges against the East African Empire. For readers who wish a full pic ture and understanding of the action at Geneva, a bit of retracing of some of the facts of Italo-Ethiopian re lations is necessary. First, it should be borne in mind that Italy possesses two colonies, Eri- 1 tree. and Somaliland, on the northern and southern boundaries of Ethiopia, respectively^ Each of these colonies j represents an encroachment upon Ethopia and are reflections of Italian policy in the last sixty years. Eri trea, the northern colony, possessing seaports, was as recently as the 19th century a part of the Ethiopian em pire. But, in order to satiate the greed of Italy, Ethiopia ceded Eri trea to Italy, hoping thereby to satis fy Italian voracity. This move on the part of Ethiopia did not serve the purpose and in 1896, the emperor, Menelik, was forced to defend the empire against Italian aggression. The Italians suffered a disasterous defeat at Adowa and were forced to sign a peace treaty guaranteeing Ethiopian sovereignty. Peace For Forty Years Second, the reader should remem ber that this peace has lasted forty years, and that although the two na tions may have regarded each other with some suspicion, as wras natural, there have been incidents important enough to suggest wrar. In fact, in 1923, 27 yeahs after Adowra, it was Italy w'ho supported Ethiopa’s claim for admission to the League of Na tions. A that time, wrhen other na tions, including Great Britain, level ed charges of backwardness and slavery against Ethiopia, the Italians absolved the black kingdom and strenuously demanded its recognition. Although, during the forty-year per iod, England, France and Jtaly, the three nations most vitally concerned in East Africa, entered into numer ous agreements involving Ethiopia, they were each careful to emphasize that neither had in mind encroach ment upon the territorial integrity of Ethiopia. As late as 1928, Italy en tered into a treaty of friendship with Ethiopia. During this long period of forty years, there w'ere no complaints from either France, England or Italy that Ethiopia had violated any of her agreements, or that she had placed in jeopardy any of the colonial inter ests of the powers surrounding her. Mussolini F’raises War Mussolini, Italian premier, is, howT ever, a vital third factor in the un derstanding of Italian-Ethiopian re lations. The background of the pres ent controversy must certainly de rive in Mussolini’s pronouncements on w'ar made in 1933. Mussolini at that time extolled the virtues and ne cessity of w*ar. Few people knew when Mussolini speech was delivered the direction in which he was look ing. But events of 1934, bring the stu dent of the situation down to date. The Ethiopians have claimed that Mussolini began his action against them in August. 1934. This claim was supported in a copyright article by Will Barber, special correspond ent of the Chicago Tribune in Addis Ababa, last week. The Ethiopians have listed the concentraton of Italian war supplies in its East .African colonies which began in August, 1934, less than a year after Mussolini’s pronouncement on war. From August, 1934, to Decemeber, 1934, when the so-called Ualual in cident occurred, was but a space of a few months during which Italy was pouring war materials into Africa The Ethiopians encountered the Italians at Ualual in Ogaden prov ince, bordering Italian Somaliland. They claimed that Ualual was in Ethiopian territory and that Italian troops, native or otherwise, had no business there. The Ethiopian claim ■ was based upon a treaty to the ef fect that the Ethiopian boundary should follow roughly a line parallel to the Red sea, 180 miles inland. This line shows Ualual to be 60 mles within Ethiopian territory. As late as 1923, Jtalian maps denoted Ualual in Ethiopian territory, indi cating the agreement of the Italians and the Ethiopians on the issue. Ualual Clash When the Ethiopians met the Italians at Ualual, there was a clash, Italy blamed Ethiopia and demanded reparations, including the payment of 200,000 thalers and a salute in Addis Ababa to the Italian flag. Ethopia rejected the claim for reparations, but offered to place the money in escrow in the matter were submitted to arbitration, and to abide by the decision of a neutral ec minis s ion. Italy spurned the offer to sub mi*; the dispute to arbitration and prepared for war. Ethiopia ap peaed to the League of Nations in January of this year* The League of Nations repeatedly sought to duck its obligations under the provisions of the League cove nant, cited in the Ethiopian appeal. The memorandum was shunted at the January' meeting and again in April. In May, the concentration of Italian troops in East Africa had reached such alarming proportions that the League could no longer com pletely ignore its obligations and set up a conciliation commission to de termine responsibility for the Ualual affair. This commission was given until July 25 to reach a con clusion. The commission, consisting of two Italians, and a Frenchman and an American, chosen to repre sent Ethiopia, failed in its first ef forts. It broke up. Ethiopia in sisted that responsibility for what happened could not Ibe determined unless the question of the ownership of Ualual was settled. Italy ob jected to considering this point of the dispute. At Italy’s insistence, the League had removed original maps denoting Ualual in Ethiopian terri tory. League members met again, authorized the selection of a fifth conciliator and ruled out the point as to which nation Ualual belonged. Neither Nation to Blame The Conciliation commission, now consisting of five members, want to work again, instructed to present its conclusions at the League of Na tions council meeting, September 4. The commission came to the conclu sion that neither Italy nor Ethiopia was normally responsible for the Ualual incident. Thus when the League Council convened September 4, the situation was somewhat as follows: The Commission of Conciliation, consist ing of two Italians, one American, one Frenchman and one Greek, had removed Ualual as a cause for war. Long before the Commission and the League had acted, world opinion had reached the same conclusion and Italy, in pursuit of her war aims, found herself openly defiant of world opinion. iTtaly had poured nearly 200,000 troops into its East African colonies and immense amounts of war materials, Italian statesmen and the Italian press -were clamoring for war. The Italian press had vigorously defied Great Britain and. Japan. For the glory of Italy, there was to be no turning back. In contrast to the bellicose prepara tions and statements of the Italians, Emperor Haile Selassie had striven to enlist every known agency to in sure peace. Collectively and individually, the nations and the world public had been appealed to. The Ethiopian emperor had joined with America in prayers for peace. He had appealed against the embargo on arms to Ethiopia, an embargo which left the Ethiopian People defenseless against Italian aggression. Stripped of prejudices of race and color, the cause of justice and peace was on the side of the Ethiopians. Italians at Geneva It was in the light of the absence of a cause for war, so far sustained that Mussolini’s agents at Geneva prepared a long series of indict ments against the Ethiopian em pire. These indictments were in cluded under the following headings: First, Ethiopia’s refusal to de fine her frontiers with the Italian colonies, consequently the illegal oc cupation of Italian territories by Ethiopia. Second, continual offense against the immunity of Italian diplomatic and consular representatives in Ethiopia, which was their inherent right. Third, permanent offense against the lives and goods of Italian citi zens living in Ethiopia who were prevented from developing economic enterprises, whatsoever their nature. Fourth, offenses and attacks against the lives of Jtalian citizens, even on Italian territories them selves. In respect to all these charges, it is significant to note that they are of the latest coinage, that they did not constitute a factor in Italian policy prior to Mussolini’s 1933 pronouncement on war, or even prior to the outlawing of the Ualual incident as a cause for war, and that no other nations, with territoires contiguous to the Ethiopian empire, have been so grievously injured by the Ethiopians, in spite of cause for resentment on the part of the Ethiopians. Will Barber of the Chi cago Tribune writes of Greek hotel proprietors in Ethiopia who draw the color line against the Ethiopians in their own country* Slavery in Ethiopia But even more important in Mus solini’s aim to seduce world opinior from the side of Ethiopia through his agents at Geneva were Italy’s charges in respect to slavery and other alleged practices in the Ethiopian empire. These charges were listed as follows: First, that Ethiopia •‘©cognizes slavery as a legal condition. Second, that raids continue on a large scale for the capture of indi viduals destined to slavery. Third, that the slave trade is practiced even now. Fourth, that the Ethiopian govern ment participates in slave trade, cither accepting slaves in payment of taxes or by permitting the de tachments ol regular troops to cap ture slaves. Fifth, that along side slavery there exists the gabbar system, under which subjected populations are re duced to a real servile state. Sixth, that the Ethiopian govern ment has not taken any account of its obligations assumed under the League and the recommendations made to her by a commission of ex perts on slavery. As opposed to these charges of Italy, there are the current reports ; of American and British newspaper correspondents in Ethiopia who have descrbed the nnocuous form of slavery exixsting there and the umperor’s efforts to stamp it out. These newspaper correspondents agree that as rapidly as possible, without economic embarrassment to themselves, Ethiopian slaves are be ing freed, and that responsibility for whatever is left of the slave trade attaches to Arabian slave traders, not the Ethiopians. Barber declares that the British are the only ones who have aided the Ethiopians in the breakng up of the slave trade across the Red sea routes. Agan Barber writes: “A Harriet Beetcher Stowe would have extreme difficulty in writing an ‘Uncle Tom’s Cabin’ about slavery in Ethiopia.” The children of slaves are automatically freed by law. Italy defines Ethiopian slavery as an offense to civilization, al though within the last 100 years, no one would have so defined slavery in Italian, British, French and Ameri can possessions. When Rome was most civilized, the English were bought and sold in the Roman slave marts. Tortures Versus Lynchings Baron Aloisi also told of inhuman prison conditions in Ethiopia and cruel practices of torture, as un fitting Ethopia for League member ship. But Ethiopia has no prison practices more brutal than those imposed upon American Negroes in • prison camps in the southern states, and there is no lynching of innocent ; citizens or foreigners in Ethiopia. The Italian representative at Geneva made his denunciation of the Ethiopian government and of the Ethiopian people the basis for a demand that Ethiopia be expelled from the League. He declaimed that Italy would refuse to sit further with Ethiopia as an equal. To press correspondents, he made it clear that Ethiopia must either be expelled from the League or ftalv. On Thursday, when Prof. Gaston Jeze of the French Sorbonne, arose to reply to the Italian charges, on behalf of Ethiopia, the Italian baron refused to listen, claiming that the Ethiopian representative, in the ex ceptions taken to the Italian charges, was insulting the 'Italian government. Jeze’s language was much less strong than that of the Italian used in condemning Ethiopia, but his speech indicated that Ethiopia’s case is in competent hands and that Italy has little chance of diverting world attention from her destructive military policies by assembling her scholars to oconjure horrible pictures of Ethiopia. Rising to reply to the Italians, the French jurist stated in part: “A grave peril threatens the peace of the world. Time presses. This is no moment for dilatory measures. The question is whether in a few days’ time a war of extermination will be under way. That s the point upon which the council must at once , deliberate. Haste Necessary There is no question of once more embarking on a dilatory procedure, intended to take time only, the ef fect of which would be to give the Italian government the possibility of choosing the most favorable moment . for letting loose the war it seems for 1 long months past to be preparing, and thus place the council in the presence of an accomplished fact.” Ethiopia pledged its loyal coopera : tion to any procedure for concilia tion, but wished, Jeze said, “to de j nounce its adversary's maneuvers (as herein chronicled). By publica i tion of a memorandum and docu ment Italy wishes to produce the ef 1 feet of surprise and cause Ethiopia j to lose her head* Ethiopia will not allow herself to be misled by this maneuver. It is a puerile piece of tactics to endeavor to dishonor one whom one intends to despoil or suppress. Italy, having resolved to conquer Ethiopia, starts by declaring Ethiopia has gone mad.” Jeze said Ethiopia could appreci ate Italy’s “outrageous insults” in their real value because it recalls I that “the Italian government, turn by turn, leveled at all its European neighbors in recent periods, accord ing to the needs of its policy, the most ignominious insults. “Ethiopia is aware that had it possessed sufficient quantities of arms and amunitions necessary for defense, as in the case of European countries, those verbal attacks, not withstanding their violence, would not be followed by the act of war. 1 That unfortunately is not the case and that is why the peril is serious. “Why does Italy invoke the pre text of civilization ? Is it in order to civilize Ethiopia that Italy de sires the domination of a people whose courage and scorn of death are known throughout the world ? Or rather is it in the hope of con stitutinog a powerful army which it would one day be able to hurl against Africa or Europe—against those who would wish to prevent it from realizing its imperial dreams, “Italy accuses Ethiopia of prepar ing acts of violence. The Ethiopian ideal is not that of setting up a military system which would take children and prepare them in a spirit of hatred with the view of conquering a territory.” “Do not refuse heip to Ethiopia,” Jeze concluded, “because she is weak and her aggressor is powerful. Let it not be written in history that na tions either were terrorized or were accomplices or impossible in their very selfishness and abandoned the little to people who threatened their very existence.” MAXIE MILLER WRITES (For the Literary Service Bureau) (For advice, write to Maxie Mil ler, care of Literary Service Bureau, 516 Minnesota Ave., Kansas City, Kansas. For personal reply, send self-addressed, stamped envelope.) Girl 17 Loved Unwisely—Love Be tween Them Died—-(Newcomer on the W&j—Duty to Marry and Give the Child a Name Even If They Do Not Live Together—Do It Now! Maxie Miller: I am broken-hearted. I trusted a boy and he ruined me. He says he’ll marry me if I insist but confesses he does not love me. I thought I loved him, but since he treated me this way I don’t love him any more. I hate to marry with no love on either side, but I hate to have my baby born with no father. I’m worried to death over this thing, and my poor parents are almost crazy. I’m only 17 years old, too. What must I do ?—Eulah May. Eulah May: As a general thing, marriage without love is a crime, but to give birth to an illegitimate child is a greater crime—a crime against the child. In this case you should pocket your pride and insist. You should have this man marry you and give the child a name if you never live together. You owe it to the child. WEEKLY SHORT SERMON By Dr, A. G. Bearer (For the Literary Service Bureau) Dorcas—(A Female Deer) Text: This woman was full of good works and almsdeeds which she did.— Acts 9:3C. While the name Dorcas signifies gentleness, tenderness, like the fe male deer, by the actions of the wo man mentioned in the text, the name becomes a synonym of the most en viable and most helpful qualities of womankind, 1. Philantrophy. Philantrophy means lofve for mankind, and the whole life of this woman was inspir ed by such love. Only deepest inter est in others could have actuated her to make the contributions which she made to the well being of- others. 2. She Gave Concrete Demonstra tions. The love of Dorcas for others and her interest in others did not end with expressions of interest and -with good wishes. She demonstrated these by her actions—her almsdeeds, as given in the text. It is stated that “this woman was full of good works”. To Peter came widows whom she had helped, weeping and shoving the gar ments she had made for them. 3. Every Woman Should Be a Dor cas. Every woman should love and serve others. Every woman will have opportunity for such service. To be ?. Dorcas means the joy of service and a continuation of the good after the doer has passed to reward- There is no greater life to which a woman can aspire than that of a Dorcas—a helper of others. Dorcas—“may her tribe increase,” Proverbs and Parables By A. B. Mann (For the Literary Service Bureau) The Bird in the Hand Very familiar is the adage “A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush”. The intention is to caution against throwing away a certainty for an un certainty. Another illustration of the I folly is found in the story of the dog which dropped the bone he had in his mouth to catch the reflection of the same bone. This is tersly expressed as “Losing the substance to catch the shadow”. Finally, the maxim is Legal Notices Attorney Ray L. Williams, Room 200, Tuchman Bldg., 24 and Lake St. NOTICE OF PROBATE OF WILL In the County Court of Douglas County, Nebraska. In the Matter of the Estate of Margaret Tucker, Deceased. All persons interested in said es tate are hereby notified that a peti tion has been filed in said Court, praying for the probate of a certain instrument now on file in said Court, purporting to be the last will and testament of said deceased, and that a hearing will be had on said petition before said Court on the 28th day of September, 1935 and that if they fail to appear at said Court on the said 28th day of September, 1935, at 9 ; o’clock A. M., to contest the probate of said will, the Court may allow and probate said will and grant ad ministration of said estate to Charlie Cage or some other suitable person, enter a degree of heirship, and pro ceed to £ settlement thereof. Begins 9-7-35 Bryce Crawford, Ends 9-21-35 County Judge. PROBATE NOTICE In the matter of the Estate of Lucy Jones, Deceased. Notice is hereby given:—That the creditors of said deceased will meet the administrator of said estate, be fore me, County Judge of Douglas County, Nebraska, at the County Court Room, in said County, on the 3rd day of October, 1935, and on the 3rd day of December. 1935, at 9 o’clock A. M., each day, for the purpose of presenting their claims for examina tion, adjustment and allowance. Three months are allowed for the creditors to present their claims, from the 3rd day of September, 1935. Began 8-10-35 Bryce Crawford, Ends 8-29-35 County Judge Attorney Ray L. Williams, Room 200, Tuchman Bldg., 24th and Lake Street. NOTICE BY PUBLICATION ON PETITION FOR SETTLEMENT ACCOUNT— In the County Court of Douglas County, Nebraska. In the Matter of the Estate of Hattie Austin Ford, Deceased: All persons nterested in said mat ter are hereby notified that on the 27th day of July, 1935, Maude Thomas filed a petition in said County Court, praying that her final administration account filed herein be settled and allowed, and that she be discharged from her trust as administratrix and that a hearing will be had on said petition before said Court on the 24th day of August, 1935, and that if you fail to appear before said Court on the said 24th day of August 1935 at 9 o’clock A. M., and contest said petition, the Court may grant the prayer of said petition, enter a decree of heirship, and make such other and further orders, allowances and decrees, as to ths Court may seem proper, to the end that all mat ters pertaining to said estate may be finally settled and determined. Begins 8-3-35 Bryce Crawford, Expires 8-17-35 County Judge. 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