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About The Omaha guide. (Omaha, Neb.) 1927-19?? | View Entire Issue (May 4, 1935)
A NOTE ON THE NEGRO AND THE NEW DEAL By John P Davis . / Executive Secretary, Joint Committee On National Recovery. It is highly important for the Ne gro cit.zen of America to take inven tory of the gains and losses which have come to him under the “New Deal.” The Roosevelt Administra tion has now had two years in which to unfold itself. Its portents are reasonably clear to anyone who ser iously studies the varied activities of its recovery program. We can now state with reasonable certainty what the “New Deal” means for the Negro. At once the most striking and irre futable indication of the effect of the “New Deal” on the Negro can be gleaned from relief figures furnished by the government itself. In October 1933, six months after the present ad ministration took office, 2,117,000 Ne groes were in families receiving re lief in the United States. These rep resented 17.8 percent of th total Ne gro population as of the 1930 Census In January 1935, after nearly two years of Recovery measures, 3,500,000 Negroes were in families receiving relief, or 29 percent of our 1930 pop ulation. Certainly only a slight por tion of the large increase in the num ber of impoverished Negro families can be explained away by the chari table, on the grounds that relief ad ministration has become more hu mane. As a matter of fact federal relief officials, themselves, admit that ] grave abuses ex.st in the administra tion of rural relief to Negroes- And this is reliably borne out by the dis proportionate increase in the number of urban Negro families on relief to the number of rural Negro families on relief. Thus the increase in the number of Negroes in relief families is an accurate indication of the deep ening of the economic crisis for black America. NRA Lowers Negro Standard of Living The promise of NRA to bring high er wages and increased employment to industrial workers has glimmered away. In the code-making process occupational and geopraphical differ entials at first were used as devices to exclude from the operation of mini mum wages and maximum hours the bulk of the Negro workers. Later, clauses basing code wage rates on the previously existing wage differential between Negro and white workers tended to continue the inferior status of the Negro. For the particular firms for whom none of these devices served as an effective means of keep- ■ ing down Negro wages, there is an easy way out through the securing of an exemption specifically relating to the Negro worker in the plant Such exemptions are becoming more num erous as time goes on. Thus from the beginning relatively few Negro •workers were even theoretically cov ered by NRA labor provisions. But employers did not have to rely on the code-making process. The Ne gro worker not already discriminated against through code provisions had many other gaunlets to run- The question of importance to him as to all workers was, “As a result of all of NRA’s maneuvers will I be able to buy more?” The answer has been “No.” A worker cannot eat a wage rate. To determine what this wage a number of other factors. Thus rates for longshoremen seem relatively high- But when we realize that the average amount of work a longshore man receives during the year is from ten to fifteen weeks, the wage rate loses much of its significance. When we add to that fact the increase in the cost of living—as high as 40 per WHAT EVERY WOMAN \ OUGHT ^ TO mm W\ know r Cleanse dirt and impurities out of^ your pores with Black and White Cleansing Cream and you’ll have a clear, radiant blem ish-free complexion. Large can, 25c. Trial size, only 10c. © ftrfnMij/jL. Keep your skin youthful by nourishing it with the rich oils in Black and White Cold Cream. 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Finally the complete break-down of compliance machinery in the South has cancelled the last minute advantage to Negro workers which NRA's en thusiasts may have claimed. Farmers Exploited Under AAA The Agricultural Adjustment Ad ministration has used cruder methods in enforcing poverty on the Negro farm population. It has made viola t-ons of the rights of tenants under crop reduction contracts easy; it has rendered the enforcement of these rights impossible. The reduction of th acreage under cultivation through the government rental agreement made unnecessary', large numbers of tenants and farm laborers- Although t>o contract with the government pro vided that the landowner should not reduce the number of his tenants he I did so. The federal courts have now refused to allow tenants to enjoin such evictions. Faced with this Dred Scott decision against farm tenants, tho AAA has remained discretely si-j lent- Farm laborers are now jobless by the hundreds of thousands, the conservative government estimate of the decline in agricultural employ ment for the year 1934 alone being a quar.er of a million. The larger por tion of these are unskilled Negro agri cultural workers—now' without income and unable to secure work or relief. But the unemplo; ment and tenant 1 evictions occasioned by the crop re duction policies of the AAA is not all. j For the tenants and sharecroppers who were retained on the plantations,: the government’s agricultural pro gram meant reduced income. Whole- j j sale fraud on tenants in the payment | of parity checks occurred. Tenants complaining to the Department of Agriculture have their letters referred back to the locality in which they live and trouble of serious nature often | results. Even when this does not happen, the tenant fails to get his check. The remainder of the land he tills on shares with his landlord brings him only the most meagre ne cessities during the crop season, vary ng from three to five months. The rest of the period for him and his fam ily is one of “root hog or die.” The past year has seen an extension of poverty even to the small percen tage (a little more than 20 percent) of ! I Negro farmers who own their own land. For them compulsory reduction of acreage for cotton and tobacco crops, with the quantum of such re duction controlled and regulated by local boards on which they have no representation, has meant drastic re duction of their already low income. Wholesale confiscation of the income j of the Negro cotton and tobacco far mer is being made by prejudiced local boards in the South under the very nose of the federal government- In the wake of such confiscation has come a tremendous increase in land tenant ry as a result of foreclosures on Ne gro-owned properties. PW A Seeped Through With Prejudice Nor has the vast public works pro gram, designed to gtve increased em ployment to workers in the construc tion trades, been free from prejudice. State officials in the South are in many cases in open rebellion against the ruling of PWA that the same wage scales must be paid to Negro and white labor. Compliance with this paper ruling is enforced in only rare cases. The majority of the instances of violation of this rule are unremed ied. Only unskilled work is given Ne groes on public works projects in most instances. And even here discrimina tion in employment is notorious. Such is bound to be the case when we real ize that there are only a handful of investigators available to seek en forcement. Recently a move has been made by Negro officials in the Administration to effect larger employment of Negro skilled and unskilled workers on pub lic works projects by specifying that failure of a contractor to pay a cer tain percentage of his payroll to Ne gro artisans will be evidence of ra cial discrimination. Without doubt ing the good intentions of the spon sors of this ingenious scheme, it must nevertheless be pointed out that it fails to meet the problem in a number of vital particulars. It has yet to face a test in the courts, even if on* is willing to suppose that high officials of PWA will bring it to a test. Per centages thus far experimented with are far too low and the number of such experiments far too few to make an effective dent in the unemployment conditions of Negro construction in dustry workers. Moreover the scheme gives aid and comfort to employer advocates of strike-breaking and the open shop; and, while offering, per haps, some temporary relief to a few hundred workers, it establishes a dan gcrous precedent which throws back the labor movement and the organiza ion of Negro workers to a consider able degree. The scheme, whatever its Negro sponsors may hope to the contrary, becomes therefore only an other excuse for their white superiors r.aintaining a “do-nothing” policy A'.th regard to discrimination against Negroes in the Public Works Admin istration . Long Term New Deal Policies Con demn Negroes To Ghettoes The Negro has no pleasanter outlook in the long term social planning ven tures of the new admin.stration ■ Plan ning for subsistence homesteads for industrially stranded workers has been muddled enough even without consid eration of the problems of integrating Negroes into such plans. Subsistence homesteads projects are over burdened vith profiteering prices for the home steads and foredoomed to failure by the lack of planning for adequate and permanent incomes for prospective homesteaders. In callous disregard of the interdic “■ on in the Constitution of the United States against the use of federal funds for projects which discriminate a gainst applicants solely on the ground if color, subsistence homesteads have been planned on a strictly “lily-white” basis- The more than 200 applicants for the first project at Arthurdale, West Virginia were not even consid ered, Mr. Bushrod Grimes ((then in charge of the project) announcing that the project was to be open only to “native white stock.” As far North as Dayton, Ohio, where state laws prohibit any type of segregation against Negroes, the federal govern ment has extended its “lily-white” pol.ay. Recently it has established two Jim-Crow projects for Negroes." Thus the new administration seeks in its program of social planning to per petuate gheltoes of Negroes for fifty years to come. An even more blatant example of this policy of “lily-white” reconstruc tion is apparent in the planning of the model town of Norris, Tennessee, by the Tennessee Valley Authority. This town of 450 model homes is intended for the permanent workers on Norris Dam. The homes are rented by the j federal government, which at all times maintains title to the land and dwel lings and has complete control of the town manp-?ment. Yet officials at TVA openly admit that no Negroes are allowed at Norris. TVA has other objectionable feat ures. While Negro employment now approaches an equitable proportion of total employment; the payroll of Ne ; gro workers remains disproportion ; ately lower than that of whites. j While the government has maintained i a trade school to train workers on the project, no Negro trainees have been admitted. Nor have any meaningful plans matured for the future of the several thousand Negro workers who in another year or so will be left with out employment, following completion of work on the dam being built by TVA. No one at TVA headquarters at I Knoxville seems to have the remotest ! idea of how Negroes in the Tennessee i Valley will be able to buy the cheap electricity which TVA is designed to produce. The officials frankly admit | that standards of living of the Negro population are low that the introduc tion of industry into the Valley is at present only a nebulous dream, that even if this eventuates there is no as surance that Negro employment will result- The fairest summary that can be made of TVA is that for a year or so it has furnished bread to a few thousand Negro workers. Beyond that everything is conjecture; conjec ture which is most unpleasant be ; cause of the utter planlessness of j those in charge of the project. Recovery legislation of the present session of Congress reveals the same fatal flaws which have been noted in the operation of previous recovery ventures. Thus, for example, instead of genuine unemployment insurance we have an administration plan pro posing to exclude from any insurance domestic and agricultural workers, in which classes are to be found 15 out of every 23 Negro workers. On ev ery hand the administration has used “New Deal” slogans for the same raw deal Negro Masses Reacting to the Crisis The sharpening of the crisis for Ne groes has not found them unrespons ive. Two years of increasing hard ship has seen strange movement among the masses- In Chicago, New York, Washington and Baltimore the struggle for jobs has given rise to action on the part of a number of groups seeking to boycott white em ployers who refuse to employ Negroes. “Don’t Buy Where You Can’t Work!” campaigns are springing up every where. The crisis has furnished re newed vigor to the Garvey movement. And proposals for a 49th state are being seriously considered by various groups. In sharp contrast with these strictly racial approaches to the problem have been a number of interracial ap proaches- Increasing numbers of un employed groups have been organized under radical leadership and have picketed relief stations for bread. Sharecroppers Unions, under Commu nist leadership in Alabama, Georgia and North Carolina and under Social ist leadership in Arkansas, have shak en America into a consciousness of the growing resentment of Southern farm tenants and the joint determination of the NegTO and white tenants to do something about their intolerable con dition. In every major strike in this coun try Negro union members have fought w.th their white fellow workers in a struggle for economic survival. The bodies of ten Negro strikers killed in such s‘rike struggles offer mute testi mony to this fact Even the vicious policies of the leaders of the A. F. of L. in discrimination against Negro workers is breaking down under the pressure for solidarity from the ranks of the whites. Nation-wide Conference Scheduled For May This heightening of spirit among all elements of black America and the seriousness of the crisis for them make doubly necessary the consideration of the social and economic condition of the Negro at this time. It was a real ization of these conditions which gave rise to the proposal to hold a national conference on the economic status of Negroes under the New Deal at How ard University May 18, 19 and 20. At this conference, sponsored by the Social Science Division of Howard University and the jJoint Committee on National Recovery, a candid and intelligent survey of the social and economic position of the Negro will be made. Unlike most conferences, it w.H not be a talk-fest. For months nationally known economists and other technicians have been working on pa pers to be presented. Unlike other conferences it will not be a one-sided affair. Ample opportunity will be af forded for high government officials to present their views of the “New Deal • ” Others not connected with the government, including representatives of radical political parties, will also appear to present their conclusions. Not the least important phase will be the appearance on the platform of Negro workers and farmers them selves to offer their own experiences under the “New Deal. ” Out of such conference can and will come a clear cut analysis of the problems faced by the Negro and the nation. But a word of caution ought be expressed with regard to this signifi cant conference. In the final analysis it cannot and does not claim to be representative of the mass opinion of Negro citizens in America. All it can claim for itself is that it will bring together on a nonrepresentative basis well informed Negro and white tecn nicians to discuss the momentous prob lem it has chosen as its topic. It can furnish a base for action for any or ganization which chooses to avail it self of the information developed by it. It cannot act itself. “National Negro Congress” Suggested Thus looking beyond such a confer ence one cannot fail to hope that it w;il furnish impetus to a national ex pression of black America demanding a tolerable solution to the economic evils which it suffers. Perhaps, it is not too much to hope that public opin ion may be moulded by this confer ence to such an extent that already ex isting church, civic, fraternal, profes sional and trade union organizations will see the necessity for concerted effort in forging a mighty arm of pro test against injustice suffered by the Negro. It is not necessary that such organizations agree on every issue. Or. the problem of relief of the Negro in America from intolerable poverty there is little room for disagreement. The important thing is that through out America as never before Negroes awake to the need for a unity of action on vital economic problems which perplex us Such a hope is not lacking in foun dation upon solid ground. Such an in stance as the “All India Congress” of British India furnishes an example (and there are many) of what repress ed groups can do to better their social and economic status • Perhaps, a j ‘ National Negro Congress” of dele gates from thousands of Negro organ izations (and white organizations will ing to recognize their unity of inter ; est) will furnish a vehicle for channel ing public opinion of black America. One thing is certain: the Negro may stand still but the depression will not. And unless there is concerted action of Negroes throughout the na tion, the next two years will bring even greater misery to the millions of underprivileged Negro toilers in this country. Separate Negro State Held Race Problem Solutios New York, May 2.—Whether or not the American Negro’s sal vation lies in a separate Negro state in this country is the sub ject of a spirited three-cornered debate in the May issue of THE CRISES, official organ of the Na tional Association for the Ad vancement of Colored People, out this week. Arrayed on the side of racial separation are Attorney Oscar C. Brown, founder of the 49th State Movement, and James S. Allen, Communist writer. In his characteristic manner George S. Schuyler, well-known author and columnist, ridicules the idea, de claring it to be nonsensical, un feasible and unconstitutional. At torney Brown is not specific as to the possible location of the 49th State but Mr. Allen suggests that section of the South known as the Black Belt where Negroes pre dominate in the population. Each statement is stimulating and re vealing, and the debate will pro voke wide discussion. Another well-written timely, and elooely reasoned article is “Ethiopia and World Politics” by George Padmore, erstwhile editor of the Third International organ “The Black Worker” who was ousted by Soviet Russia be cause he protested against the failure of the Communists to rally to he aid of the African workers. In the same issue Daisy E. Lampkin, regional field secret ary of the N. A. A. C. P. tells of suc cessful organization work in the South. John P. Davis lashes the impoverishment of Negro work ers under the New Deal and there is an important statement on the much-discussed George Crawford ease, accompanied by hither.o un published documents. L L D. Moves to Free Youngest Scottsboro Boys Demands Hearing in Juvenile Court for Rcty Wright and Eugene Williams FOR RELEASE OF Al-L BOYS New York—CNA—Immediate hearings in the juvenile court for Eugene Williams and Roy Wright, the two youngest Scottsboro boys, will be sought by Attorney Os nond K. Fraenkel, white, the In ternational Labor Defense an nounced this week. Fur her legal steps in the cases of Haywood Patterson and Clar ence Norris are waiting on the mandate to be handed dowrn by ^he U. S. Supreme Court. On April 1, that court reversed the i .death sentences of Patterson and Norris. Hearing to be Set. B. L. Malone, white justice of he Decatur juvenile court, was mterviewed las week by C. B. Powell, white, Birmingham, Ala bama, lawyer associated with the Scottsboro defense of the I. L. D.. Malone agreed to set a date for the hearings and informed Mr. Powell that he had notified Attorney-General A. Carmichael to that effect. On June 1, 1933, Judge James J. Horton was forced to separate the cases of Roy Wright and Eu gene Williams {from the others because of their ages -when At torney Fraenkel made application for a writ of habeas corpus on the grounds they were being illegally held without trial. At the time, they were both 13 years old. Two Issues Involved The judge of a juvenile court, according to the laws of the state of Alabama, must pass on two is sues. They are, first, whether a defendant is innocent or guilty, and secondly, if guilty, whether he can be reformed! If the judge finds a defedant incorrigib le, the case is sent back to the ordinary criminal court for trial. Witnesses who testified in the previous trials of Haywood Pat terson and Clarence Norris at De catur, Alabama, will be used in the hearings before Judge Malone to prove the innocence of Eugene Williams and Roy Wright. Anna Damon, acting national secretary of the I. L. D. urged all friends and sympathizers of the Scottsboro boys to redouble their protest activities .raising the de mand for no re-indictments and the immediate, unconditional re lease of the Scottsboro boys. Miss Damon requested that all funds for Scottsboro defense be rushed to the national office of the L L. D., at 80 E. 11th Street, New York City. Davis Scores NRA and FERA Jim Crowism Washington, May 2.—Appear ing as a representative of the Na tional Association for the Ad vancement of Colored People be fore the Senate Finance Commit tee on Aril 16, Attorney John P. Davis of this city scored the ad ministration of federal relief and NRA code differentials which have sunk the Negro farther into poverty and degradation. He declared that 12 per cent more Negroes are now on relief than in October 1933, when the NRA began. At that time 17.8 per cent of the Negroes were on re lief. The figure now is in excess of 29 per cent he said. Protesting against wage differ entials in codes, Davis mentioned the case of the fertilizer industry in Delaware which employs-large ly Negro workers. In order to pay them less, Delaware is listed as a southern state, though for other industries it is considered in the north and workers are paid accordingly. Replying to a ques tion by Senator King, Davis point ed out that where Negro workers organize, their wages are higher. Intimidation keeps most of them from joining unions in the south, however, he said. Referring to delays and discri minations in cases affecting Ne- j groes, Davis related that after 15 months of pressure to remedy a j code wage violation in the case ; of 134 Negro women formerly employed by the Maid "Well Gar ment Co. of Forrest City, Ark., the case is dtill pending. He pointed out tliaf absence of Ne groes on NRA boards makes it easy to discriminate against them iii labor dispu.es. Davis ca’led for outlawing of company unions; labor represent ation on compliance boards; a na tional minimum wage based on annual labor income; abolition of occupational, geographical and other wage differentials; and ou. lawing of any differencials based on race. Tobias Joins Staff of Race Relations Group “O— Y. M. C. A. Senior Secretary Will Divide Time With Commissicm on Inter-racial cooperation. Atlanta, Ga., May 2—For the ensuing year, in addition to his work as Senior Seere ary of the National Council of the Y. M. C. A., Dr. Channing H. Tobias will devote part of his time to the work of the Commission on In ter-racial coopera ion, according to an announcement from the headquarters of the latter organi zation in This city. The Y. M. C. A. agreed to share Dr. Tobia’s lime at the earnest request of the Inter-racial . Commission, which fell that he could render the cause of race relations a unique and invaluable serivce in connec tion with certain projects which the commission is promoting. The ve eran Y. 1.1. C. A. leader was encouraged to accept the ad ded responsibility by recent op portunities to address importan. I Southern groups as an irterpre er of inter-racial good-will, and by the unifoim courtesy and appre ciation with ivhich his services in .hat connection were received. In, a recent good will tour in Texas he spoke by invitation before the State Teachers Association and in seven of the leading while col leges, and everywhere was given a most cordial and sympathetic hearing. His appearance last summer as one of the principal speakers a' the Southern Method ist Summer Conference at Lake Junaluska, N. C., is another ease in point. It should be clearly understood that Dr. Tobias’ connection with the Y. M. C. A. as Senior Secre tary for Colored Work continues unchanged. The new arrange ment with the Inter-racial Com mission means only that he will divide time between the two or ganizations. The Commission counts itself fortunate in effect ing this arrangement. Biographical Dr. Tobias is a native of Au gusta, Ga., and is a graduate of Paine college and of Drew Theo logical Seminary. He is a trus Tee of Paine college, Howard Uni versity, and Palmer Memorial In stitute. He taught six years at Paine college and for twenty-four years has been connected with the International Committee of the Y. M. C. A., for the last eleven years as senior secretary. Dt. To bias has twice been To Europe, first as a delegate to the Pan African Congress and later as a delegate to the Y. M. C. A. world conference at Helsingford. In 1928 he received the Harmon Aw ard for distinguished service in the field of religion. Orators to Clash in Contest on May 13. New York, May 2.—Champion orators selected from contests staged by the Staten Island, New York, Jamaica and New Rochel le, N. A. A. C. P. branches will participate in the Metropolitan district oratorical contest held by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People at Curtis high school, Staten Is land on Friday evening, May 3. Participating branches are hold ing preliminary contests as fol lows: New" York at Grace church on April 28; Jamaica at Allen A. M. E. church, 160th St. near South Road, on April 26: and New Ro chelle at Wingah Avenue Method ist church on April 24. Staten The Omaha Guide Recommends The State Furniture Co. Corner 14th and Dodge Streets. As One of the Most Reliable and Accomodating Firms to Buy from. Prices the Lowest and Terms the Easiest Island helds its contest, March 29 and Miss Edna Morgan won it. Subjec s must deal wi.h the his tory, achievements, problems and activities of the Negro race. The Lehman cup, given by Gov ernor Herbert II. Lehman, a di rector of the N. A. A. C. P., will go lo the winning branch. Any branch receiving the cup twice in succession or three times, will keep it. Individual prizes of gold, silver and bronze medals will be awarded those winning first, second and third places. Evade Michigan Law to Fix Death Penalty Detorit, Mich.—CNA—Federal authorities here are determined to execute James O. Kirk al though Michigan law prohibits the death penalty. 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