FINANCIAL EMERGENCY NOW FACING SCHOOLS the federal office of EDUCATION The emergency in education this year is fully as extensive as last year. More than one-eighth of the school children of the Unit ed States are in school districts without sufficient funds to oper a.e schools the customary school term. This is the central conclusion of a final report on the financial situation in rural schools and in dependent school districts for the current school year, presented by United States commissioner of Ed ucation John W. Studebaker iO Secretary of the Interior Harold L. Ickes. A copy of the report was also forwarded to Relief Ad minis.rator Harry L. Hopkins. The survey was requested by Secretary Ickes last October at the time President Roosevelt au thorized the relief funds to keep financially distressed schools open. A preliminary report was submit ted on December 10. Approximately 42,200 schools are in districts reporting insuf ficient funds to opera.e schools for the number of months to which they were accustomed in past years. In these schools, lo cated in 25 states there are 3,429 020 pupil and 102,116 teachers, j “Although numerous reports of sounder financial conditions in school districts—especially city school districts—have reached the; Federal Office of Education, this improvement should not obscure the continuing emergency in many rural school districts and oven some city school districts, declared Commissioner Studebak er, commenting on the report. Other outstanding facts disclos ed the survey are: In 467 school districts in eight s.ates there were on available funds to operate schools this year, la these dis.rict there are 57,090 pupil and 1,745 teachers. Without the receipt of additional funds the school lerm for one eighth of the school children of the United States will be short ened on an average of 3 months. Deficits in opertaing funds re-; ported by officials of the schools involved a total of $31,816,010. Adding deficits estimated official-1 ly for six additional States the total is $37,316010. Of this amount $24,544,874 rep resents salaries for teachers. Rular schools reported wtihout sufficient funds total 37,513, with 2,122,468 elementary school pu pils and 562,712 high school pu pils. ! City or independent schools without sufficient funds for norm al terms total approximately 4,700, with 687,650 elementary school pupils and 501,165 high school pupils. “It is rather difficult to define what a sloced school is,” says Dr. Howard A. Dawson, who pre pared the survey at the request of Commissioner Studebaker. “But it is relatively easy to de termine whether or not a school has any money with which to pay its teachers. In many cases, hist year and this, schools which did not have any money remained open only because the teachers served in a missionary capacity. From a technical standpoint, at least, such schools may be desig nated as closed schools.” Some schools began the year without funds; others were' able to operate a few months. This is revealed by summary showing that 1,745 teachers are in schools that are financially unable to op erate at all, 4,018 teachers in schools able to operate less than 3 months; 11,712 less than 4 months; 26,968 in schools less than 5 months; 38,698 less than 6 months; 59.320, less than 7 months; 85,551, less than. 8 months; and 102,116 teachers in schools that ar financially unable to operate in excess of 8 months.” “One of the significant facts revealed by these data,” continu es the report, “is that the aver age salaries paid to teachers in these distressed school districts are certainly among the lowest salaries in the United States. Sixty-four per cent of the teach ers affected are in States where the average salary paid to teach ers in distressed school districts is less than $100 a month.” How low teachers salaries go in the United States is revealed by the facts assembled for districts in which received Federal emer gency aid last year. The Relief Administration agreed to pay these teachers the salaries called for by their contracts with board of education up to $100 per month. Reports show that the || average contract salaries of ele mentary teachers in aided school districts was less than $58 per month and one fourth of all ele mentary teachers received less than $50 per month. This is less than the minimum for unskilled labor in most codes. In 16 S ates many teachers-Te ceived less than $20 per month. In 22 States a considerable number of teachers received less than $40 per month. Local school officials were asked to report the causes of the financial emergency in their school districts. Following is an analysis of the reasons given in order of greatest frequency: Delinquent or unpaid taxes. Decrease in taxable valuation resulting in lower returns from general property:taxaiion. Drought conditions. District carrying the maximum current or bonded indebtedness. Unusual or unexpected increase in population. Maximum tax limitations too low. Insufficient State aid. Reduced valuations due to ac quisition of property by United! States Government. Calamities, such as storms. Small weak school districts. State salary schedule requires increased expenditures. Nonpayment of taxes by cor porations holding cut over lands or abandoned mines. “There is no reason to believe that reports concerning all dis .ricts in distress have been re ceived,” according to the report. “But the data presented are more complete concerning this educa tional problem than any hereto fore presented.” Commenting on the report United States Commissioner of Education John W. Studebaker said. “Last year the emergency in education was relieved by the agreement of thu Relief Admini stration to place teachers of schools faced with closing short of the regular term on relief rolls. Approximately $14,500, 000 was advanced to 33 States. This money was used to pay sala ries of about 100,000 teachers of 3,000,000 pupils for periods rang ing from a few days to 16 weeks. “This year,” continued Com missioner Studebaker, “the Re lief Administration placed on the relief rolls teachers in sections of j four States; South Dakota and North Dakota, Arkansas and Ala-’ bama. More recently four addi-i tional States—Oklahoma, Missis sippi, Florida and New Mexico— have been added to the list to re ceive funds for teachers in schools faced with closing. Fourteen ad ditional States have applied for aid. According to the Relief Ad ministrator approximately $5,VOO DOO has already been authorized for this purpose this year. This authorization should not be con fused with the unemployment of needy teachers for special adult classes and nursery schools. “Legilatures of 44 States are meeting or have met this winter. All of them have school legisla tion under consideration or pas sed. One State, Ohio, has taken action on a new school financing program. Information reaching the Federal Office of Education is that all of the States included in this report, with the possible exception of Ohio, will experience considerable difficulty in keep ing financially distressed schools open this spring. “States have not shirked tneir responsibilities to education,’’ said Commissioner Studebaker. “Most of the Sttaes which now have many districts in need art States that have for years led the list in percentage of funds for schools supplied from States sources. Many States also have, at the urgenee of the Federal Government, extended and raised their tax system to the breaking point to cooperate in financing general relief. The curtailment of school term, teachers’ salaries and services does not indicate failure of the part of localities or States to do what they can for themselves. Quite the contrary. “Adminisrator Harry L. Hop kins has declared that aiding the distressed schools through the Re lief Administration is not satis factory. The difficulties of the FERA* faces in aiding schools have been revealed in reports to the Federal Office of Education. The Relief Administration w-as created to aid individuals rather than schools. Rules practicable for individual relief prove awk ward when applied to a school situation. “First of all, as Mr. Hopkins says, the placing of teachers on relief rolls is anything but desi rable. Then, other difficulties crop up in applying relief rules to the school situation. In some rural schools both man and wife are teachers. If such schools were to be kept open, only the men or the wives could be paid from re lief funds. This means that in each of these cases one teacher must; teach without compensa tion, or resign. Then a new teacher must be employed. Last year, moreover, the Relief Ad ministration paid teachers their contract salaries up to $100 per month, although few received anything near this figure. This year the limit a teacher may re ceive teaching a school included among those eligible for aid is $00 per month. The individual viewpoint in relief also means tha. nothing may be advanced for books, operation of the school bus, or to purchase fuel, even in cases where there was absolutely no money for such needs and no way to raise ihe money. As Ad ministrator Hopkins points out, schools are in a different cate gory, and if the Federal Govern ment is going to help keep schools open for children it should set up a special program for this purpose. In other words, what is needed is ‘school-relief,’ not individual teacher relief. Cities of 5,000 and more popu lation are excluded from relief for schools. Some of the most distressed situations in the country are in cities 5,000 to 10,000 population. Provision also needs to be madef for assisting the schools in such situations.” WJVAVAVAV.WAW AV T NEWS ; ■.■.V.V.V.V/.V.V.'.V.V.V.VJ The girls of: the Blue Triangle and Up to Date Clubs enlisted their smal- ! ler sisters and brothers to take part in a Health Parade in celebration of National Negro Health Meet on Sat urday, April 6th Several girls dec orated their doll buggies attractive ly; other girls wore the head dresses of Red Cross Nurses. Still others car ried striking health posters. These posters were the work of MiSs Ethel Cole, former Robin Club sponsor. Doris Newland, a member of the Up to Date Club assisted while the pos ter drawn by Betty Riggs, Blue Tri angle club member, was on display a the “Y” for constant inspiration to better health practices. Several small boys characterized famous health doc tors—‘Sunshine’ ‘Fresh Air', ‘Health’ ‘Sleep’, etc. The ‘Y’ yroup joined the Urban League Center group at the “Y”; the parade beginning when the police es cort arrived- The Boy Scouts of Troop 79 set the pace and the route was down Grant Street to 24th, South on 24th to Lake and East on J Lake to the Center where the child ren entered the auditorium under an arch formed by flags held by two Boy Scouts. Mr. De Loach of the Center staff, led the group in singing and present ed two dance numbers by his grade school tap dancing class. Miss Palm quist, city visiting nurse, was then introduced by Miss Rachel Taylor. Miss Palmquist made a very interest ing talk encouraging the boys and girls to keep on “Safety Hill” in other words to strive for and maintain the perfect health condition. Miss Ethel Cole and Mrs. Dolores Richie helped the “Y” staff in preparing their unit for the parade. Y. W. SENDS 250 LETTERS TO ' SUPPORT ANTI-LYNCH BILL The Public Affairs Committee of the North Side Y- W. C. A. is to be congratulated on its splendid piece of work in the support of the Costigan Wagner Anti-Lynching Bill; due to the splendid cooperation of Dr. Wes ley Jones, President, Local NAACP, Dr. A. L. Hawkins, President Negro Business and Professional Men’s ■ League, Mr. J. L. Taylor, Mrs. Jessie Cain, Mrs. A. L. Hawkins, Mrs. Viola Turner, Captain J. H. Rose, Fire Station No. 4, members of the Committee of Management, namely, Mrs. John A- Williams, Mrs. Herbert Wiggins, Mrs. Minnie Dixon, Mrs. Walter Seals, Mrs. Charlotte Craw ford, Mrs Clara Dacus, Mrs. C- B. Wilkes, Mrs. Frank Gray. These petitions were circulated through the entire community. Members of the Quack and Trojan clubs of the Y. W. C. A. and citizens of the community signed the letters which were for warded to the President and Senators Burke and Norris- It was the aim of the committee to send 500 letters. If there are any persons who have not signed letters and who are inter ested in doing so, come immediately to the Y. W. C. A. Members of the Public Affairs Committee are: Miss How to Get Rid of GRAY HAIR Look Years Younger When you can change your gray, faded, or streaked hair to its natural youthful soft color in less than half an hour— And do it at home without fear of harm to the hair—why go on looking years older than you should leok. Rap—I—Dol is the real, original hair colorer—18 shades to choose from it is so supremely good that the best beauty shops In all the large cities in the world feature it- Rap—I—Dol will not wash off or fade nor affect mar cell or permanent waves. Go to any Beaton Drug Store today and choose the shade you need—you’ll be a happy woman if you do—for a | tong time to come. Jennie Robinson, Chairman assisted by Mesdames lone Hanger, J. S. Wil liams, S. H- Dorsey, Howard Battles, Malcolm Scott, J. H. Kerns, Jessica Wright, Mary Frazier, Isaac Bailey, Kate Wilson. OPENS TRAINING SCHOOL FOR HOUSEHOLD EMPLOYEES To meet the demand of girls for training in household employment, a request was made by the North Side Y- W. C- A. to the Board of Educa tion for a training school for house hold employees. Early in the fall temporary plans for such a school were set up but because of lack of finances, the project was not devel oped. The matter was again taken up at a later date and with the united efforts of the North Side and Central Y. W. C. A. and the Federal Employ ment Bureau and the Board of Educa tion, the school will open Monday, April 15th. Classes will be held at the Y. W C. A ■ residence on 20th j and Cass Street and will include in struction in all of the arts of efficient household training. Lessons in cook ing, cleaning, house management, the use of electrical equipment, table ser vice, meal planning, and other things 1 - - I IBOOR CHILD jl I/AND Tilt SCHOOL \ f| By D*. ALLEN G. IRELAND I f Umn~. «W H.jhh EJtMMm ! I Mm |M7 M» Dynm** W i( HiJJe* Drives This kind of a' “drive” needs explaining. It is something within that makes us do things. In a recent article I wrote of the inherited desire of children to buu.\ to create, actually to work out their ideas. Snow sculp turing was the inci dent I used. I cou;d have mentioned mud castles, paper dolls, or building blocks. The “dnve' to make something is there and it must come out. To suppress it b to do the child real harm. Another good example is the girl’s love of dolls, or tbe boy’s insistent wish for pets. Rea! drives are there, planted by nature dur ing the history of the human race. In effect nature says of the girl “she's destined to become a moth er; she needs to be prepared.” Within the female child nature plants an urge or drive which comes out at a certain age as a desire. The doll may be a re modelled clothes pin or made of rags ot the best man can make. But the- girl gives it her love, while she nurtures it, cares for it with a very real devotion. From it she acquires a sense of ownership. Sne has practiced sympathy and the feeling of mothering. The boy from care of his pets is a changed character. A life de pended upon him. He gave affec tion and care. He practiced toler ance. He was rehearsing the busi ness of fathering. There are many other drives to be discussed later. To utilize them is real education. They represent the basis of that great educational field called “physical education." They ex plain the demand for education through play. Next week Dr. Ireland will tell something more about the hiduen drives of children. ‘ iQOOU CHILD : ./AMD IMC SCHOOL; rr'S‘ by D». ALLEN a. ntELAND . Drmtttr, Phytic* md Ht*ih Edmttd— * Nn> Iwtdy ilMt Dtpaamm ft PwUti lmtlrmctitm More About Drives I Last week I introduced the sub ject of “drives" or impulses. These ! are inherited urges to do, to be, or * to make believe. They appear in every normal child the world over, and they always have since the earliest ages of naan on earth. I tried to show that they represent nature’s attempt to educate the human child, or for ' that matter the kitten or the puppy. ■ Nature says “Do” that you may acquire experiences and get the rough corners smoothed off. I men tioned the child’s desire to con ' struct something, the girl’s irre • sistible yearning for a doll, and the boy’s longing for a pet. Think how universal those urges are. A nature that can grow a tree from a seed, that can create a miracle like a child, isn’t going to leave the development of its produces to mere chance. No! A power that great will provide, and it does, rain, sunshine and soil for the tree, and deep-seated urges for children. We must remember here that the school and its subjects is a man made institution, hence artificial. But the play of children is nature’s educational medium. It is the child’s work, his business, the rea son ho is serious at play. For other drives, look to the significance of curiosity, imitation, emulation, hero worship. Examine the question, “why do giris play at keeping house, boys at playing fireman or soldier, why do they love to collect things, why do they have crushes, why are they so insistent in asking questions?” Then, you will see education, na tural education at work. It’s really a wonderful discovery. And you’ll find the answer to some of your questions about play at school and education through physical activity. Dr. Ireland will write about snow amd ice play next week. w.ll be given. Mrs. Helen Mahammitt, a member of the staff will teach the cooking. The class will run for six weeks and will be held from 9:00 un til 4:00 o’clock daily. The last two weeks will be spent in practice work; the girls being ass.gned to homes where they will put into reality the things they have been taught in the school. The training school for house hold employees, while a recent ven ture in Omaha, has become an insti tution and a legal department of tha Board of Education of many cities. Its effort is primarily to train house hold employees so that hours, wages and working condit.ons may be im proved and new standards for work be set up. The following girls from the North Side Y. W. C. A. will at tend the school: Miss Edith Smith, Ethel and Juanita Cole, and Miss Elizabeth Hunter DEBATE AT “Y” A most appreciative audience lis tened to a well prepared debate at the North Side Y. W. C. A- on Fri day. The subject: “Resolved that Re lief Should Be Abolished” was very ably handled by the two teams. Speaking for the affirmative as cap tain, Mr. Lycurgus Curry, proved his ability as a debater and an orator. He was ably supported by Mr- Fred Wakefield and Miss Helena Thomas, member of the Trojan Club. Miss Celestine Smith, Secretary, Trojan Club gave an intelligent concise pre sentation favoring relief. Her sup porters were: Miss Ola McCraney, Vice President, Trojan Club and Miss Jearldie Harvey, also a member of the Trojan Club, who backed her up in all of her arguments. It was a tense ( moment when the judges Mrs. Robbie j T. Davis, Mrs. Thelma Hancock and Mr. J. Dillard Crawford announced | the decision in favor of the Affirma- j tive. The Y. W. C- A- is proud of these young people who so loyally and I convincingly and with dignity present ed this debate. The affair was spon sored by the General Education Com mittee of the North Side Y. W. C. A. MAXIE MILLER WRITES (For the Literary Service Bureau) Daughter Made Mistake — Father Wants to Drive Her Away From Home—Mother Says NO—Mother Is Right—Should Try to Save The Girl From Utter Ruin. (For advice, write to Maxie Miller, care of Literary Service Bureau, B16 Minnesota Ave., Kansas City, Kans. For personal reply send self-addressed, stamped envelope.) (For The Literary Service Bureau ) Maxie Miller: I am a man and a father. My youngest daughter has gone wrong. She is to be a mother. Don’t any folks know it, but I am disgusted and want to make her leave home. My wife says it is my duty to hold on to the girl and try to save her. But I’ve done my part by her and don’t think I should share her disgrace. I wonder what you will say about this case. What do you think I ought to do?—Sad Father. Sad Father: Your wife is right. This girl made a mistake, but she’s your child ‘right on”. Yes, try to save her from drifting farther. Since it is not generally known why not send her for a visit to some relative then think out some way to properly care for the child. Think it over. You’ll be a sadder father if you drive this girl to utter ruin.—Maxie Miller. TO PROSECUTE ASSAILANTS OF GEORGIA GIRL Eastman, Georgia—Charged with a malicious attempt to attack Miss Mur raylean Roy, trusted servant at the luxurious W. L. jJessup home here, two white men have been jailed with the serious charges of burglary and assault facing them. The two intruders entered the home of W. L. Jessup, wealthy white citizen, and tried to force Miss Roy to tell where the family kept their money in the house, which she refused to do. The bandits pushed her into another room and attempted to attack her. When she fought back, they slashed her about the stomach with a pen knife. After their unsuccessful efforts to assault her, they fled but were ap prehended near Hazel, Ga., about 40 miles away. Mr. Jessup has promised that Miss Roy’s assailants will be punished to the full extent of the law. Attorney Ray L. William*, Room 200, Tuchman Bldg., 24th and Lake Street. PROBATE NOTICE In the matter of the estate of Samuel J. Green, Deceased. Notice is hereby given: That the creditors of said deceased will meet the administrator of said estate, be fore me, County Judge of Douglas County, Nebraska, at the Count Court Room, in said County, on the 20th day of May, 1935 and on the 20th day of July, 1935, at 9 o'clock A. M.. each day, for the purpose of present- j ing their claims for examination, ad- I justment and allowance. Three months are allowed for the creditors to pre sent their claims, from the 20th day of April, 1935. egins 3-30-35 Bryce Crawford, Ends 4-13-35 County Judge. Attorney Ray L. Williams, Room 200, Tuchman Bldg., 24th and Lake Street. PROBATE NOTICE In the matter of the estate of Lizzie Conners, Deceased. Notice is hereby given: That the TIRED, WORN OUT, NO AMBITION HOW many women are just dragging them selves around, all tired out with peri odic weakness and pain? They should know that Lydia E. Pinkham’s Tab- ' lets relieve peri odic pains ana dis» comfort. 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