APRIL 4,1507.
If
THE NEBRASKA INDEPENDENT
LIVE STOCK
in1
I'arnMilirn in Hug.
The term parasite Is applied to a
living organism. A parasite may be
long either to the plant or to the ani
mal kingdom. If may live on either an
animal or a plant, from which, it de
rives its nourishment for a part or the
whole of Us life cycle. The plant' or
animal on which the parasite lives ia
called its host. Parasites are, as stated,
ither of an animal or vegetable form.
Some live outside of the body and some
Jive inside of the body, and are accord
ingly termed external and internal
parasites. Some parasites live their
whole life on the host, but the great
majority spend only a part of their
life there Almost all of the lower
forms of animal parasites must pass
through different forms during their
life cycle. This stage of change or in
cubation Is called metamorphosis.
There are usually three separate peri
ods, first that when the egg is hatched,
second when it reaches the larval
state, or better known in insects as the
caterpillar stage, often called grub or
maggot; from this form it usually
changes into a third, namely the pupa
or chrysalis stage, and from this to the
adult state. For a good illustration the
reader is referred to the butterfly. This
insect is fumilar to all, and like this
insect the parasites pass through a
metamorphosis state. However, some
pass through a number of different
stages in different animal hosts, while
still others pass through only one
transformation and some do not pass
through any.
A number of authors state that
swine are a great deal more susceptible
to animal parasites than other farm
animals. This the writer hardly be
lieves to be a fact, for he believes that
when a more thorough investigation
has been made other animals, especial
ly the sheep, dog and cat, will be found
to harbor many more parasites than
swine. However, it is bad enough as
it is, for hogs are infested by a large
number of intestinal parasites. For
tunately, however, they do not seem to
be so disastrous to swine as they are,
for instance, to sheep, for it is a fact
that the greatest loss occuring in sheep
is due to parasites, the sheep Industry
in some of the eastern states having
been practically abandoned by reason
of the severe loss from parasitic dis
eases. The intestines of swine harbor
the greatest number as well as the
most harmful parasites.
We will first take up the little round
worm (Ascaris suilla Duj.) found in
swine. This worm is commonly called
the roundworm and is one of the
worm most frenuentlv found. Al
though occuring in great abundance it
Iocs not seem to do a great deal of
damage. It is a large, long, round
worm that tapers towards both ends.
It is found in the small intestines, but
may also be seen in the large intes
tines and- in the stomach. It loosely at
taches itself to the intestinal wall by
its mouth. The males are from six to
seven inches long and the females from
eight to ten inches. They are of a
dark yellowish-white or of a reddish
brown color. It is not uncommon to
find these worms even in the common
bile duct or some may enter the gall
bladder. The writer has also found
them in the lobes of the liver, that is,
when they were found in great abun
dance in the small intestines. These
are the common worms found in the
young pig and they completely
obstruct the intestine. They are usu
ally found in the young, unthrifty pig.
They produce a general unthriftiness
among young pigs weighing from forty
to 120 pounds, and the trouble is often
mistaken for cholera and swine plague.
On account of the presence of this
worm we find a popular notion that
these parasites have something in com
mon with hog cholera and swine
plague. This is a very erroneous idea.
The vitality of the host is reduced by
harboring these parasites, and it is on
this account that thehe symptoms are
found. It can be stated safHy that over
50 per cent of the -hogs slaughtered
in the Mississippi valley are infested
with this worm and often to a large
extent. Professor Kaupp states that he
nasi "seen the worms no numerous
that the intestines for as much as two
feet would be conahlerably distended
with them," and the writer has fre
quently seen cases where the entire
lumen of the Intestine was filled with
them. But it Is probable that the
wvirns rollert U In then masses nf.r
the animal hail h-n killed. Certainly
such n condition could not lutve ex
litel for any length of tUiie prior to
death without having produced Hog
gto; r1 Inflammation of the intestine,
wlira the intestine seemed to be In
a .ealUy condition.
There wcwn to no doubt that the
y.r r tmrolr of .trtslt" irieil
HMM tedur the vitality of tfcs lut by
absorbing a great quantity of the food
consumed and otherwise preventing
good, healthy assimilation of food in
the pig. Aside from this they must
cause great irritation and thereby dis
turb the digestion and deprave the ap
petite so that the pig will not make
the gains that it should on the amount
of food consumed. Further it must
constantly place the pig in such a po
sition that it will be more liable to
contract contagious diseases should the
animal be placed in position for Jnfoc
tion, such as coming in contact with
diseased herds, etc. It is safe to say,
from the number of hogs infested with
worm, and from the debilitating effects
It produces and the large per cent of
hogs constantly lighting ror existence
and warding off diseases, that this
worm is directly and indirectly re
sponsible for the heavy loss that oc
curs annually In the hog growing dis
tricts of the United States.
Source , of infeotion. The eggs are
passed with the excreta and dropped on
the ground, and either the eggs or the
embryos hatched from them are eaten
with food by other hogs and these
hosts ar then Infested, it is, however.
necessary for the ground to be moist
and warm for the hatching of the
eggs, and yet it has been found that
they have great resisting power and
that they can withstand heat and ex
treme dryness. On account of the
ground becoming infested with these
eggs it is exteremely dangerous for
hogs to root or to have the habit of
eating large quantities of earth, be
cause they are more liable to become
infested. It is "also a fact, as can be
readily seen from the above state
ments, that where a herd is free from
worms one individual hog that is In
fested can contaminate the premises
so that it will be but a short time be
for the entire herd will become infested
with these terrible parasites, and it is
in this way that the parasites have
spread over such large territories and
that such a large per cent of hogs is
found to be infested. When purchasing
hogs it is therefore important not
only to quarantine them and examine
them for hog cholera, but also to as
certain whether they are infested with
any of these parasites. The further
fact that a large number of hogs are
constantly feeding on earthen floors or
on very dirty feeding floors, or in Ios
where the have stagnant water,
makes it a very easy matter for the
average hog to become infested with
these parasites, for the feeding troughs
and drinking troughs constantly be
come contaminated with these eggs
and the hogs are continually taking up
fresh infection with each feeid. It seems
that the things to be taken into con
sideration are the disinfection of the
pens and the adoption of better hygien
ic measures.
Symptoms. Unless the pig is in
fested with a large number of worms
there are no marked symptoms. But
whenever pigs are kept under unfavor
able conditions, where the feed lot is
dirty and wet and where the in
fested animals can infect the feeding
troughs and the watering troughs,
then there will be a marked retardation
in growth and these pigs will be in
fested with a large number of para
sites which materially assist in hinder
ing the growth of the hog. An animal
in this condition is usually termed
"stunted," for, as stated, whenever
worms are present in large numbers
they cause a -disturbance of the di
gestive tract and impair assimilation
and finally produce chronic indigestion.
It is well, whenever examining hogs
for parasites, to ask the owner or at
tendant if any parasites have been
seen to pass with the feres. This helps
In the diagnosis. As stated, the pigs
most frequently affected are those
weighing from 40 to 120 pounds. In
older hogs parasites are seldom present
in sufficient numbers to do any harm.
Symptoms of nervousness and of chol
era may often be present.
Dr. Youngberg, of Iake Park, Minn.,
records in Vol. XVII, p. 478, of the
Journal of Comparative Medicine 'and
Veterinary Archives, an outbreak of
this trouble In swine. He gives the
symptoms as follows: "Hair stand
ing upright; very much emaciated;
Home were coughing; others paralysed
and unable to walk." Two were de
stroyed and a necropsy revealed the
fact that they wr badly InfaMed
with this worm. Treatment was given,
with the result that the worm were
destroyed and the pigs recovered.
It Is not Impossible that tome of the
outbreak that are up pound to be chol
era are due to thin worm In-teaU of to
the cholera burlllu.
Treatment. Tliht should t larguty
preventive, for ihpw van be tuccm
p?lfhtd by strict hygienic mrim
than by treatment. Sanitary omiitiow
bit the farm mould t iokU loto
thoroughly. ' The hog lots should be
well disinfected. If there is insufficient
drainage of the water found iu the hog
lots, this should be looked after at
once. Hog wallows should not be al
lowed unless disinfecting fluids are
freely sprinkled In the water. Pools
should also be disinfected. The feed
ing troughs should be washed with
hot water, to which a disinfecting
fluid, such as carbolic acid, lime wa
ter, or the like, has been added; or
better yet. place the troughs over a
small amount of burning straw so as
to char them and subject all the crev
ices to the heat. The feed lot, stable,
and pens should be thoroughly scraped
and the litter burnt. When hogs are
given medicinal treatment, it is well to
give the pens' plenty of bedding so
that when the parasites and the eggs
are dropped with the feces they will
not, to any great extent, contaminate
the floors but will adhere to the bed
ding and in this wav can be burnt.
For treatment there ia possibly noth
ing better than coal tar creosote, tur
pentine, or pantonine. Other drugs
may be mentioned, but the writer does
not believe there is anything better
than coal tar creosote given as follows:
Coal tar creosote 1 ounce
Water.. 99 ounces (6 pints and 3 ounces)
One ounce of this is a dose for a
full grown animal and is best admin
istered with the morning feed. Or you
may give them turpentine or gasoline,
which should be administered in the
Bwill, and the best on an empty stom
ach. The best way to feed this medi
cine is to omit the morning feed and
give a tablespoonful in the feed for an
average hog. Two or three applica
tions usually suffice. If you wish to
drench the animal instead of giving it
in the feed, use a drenching tube. A
drenching tube may be made by tak
ing an ordinary tin funnel and rubber
tube or hose, say three feet long and
three-eighths to half an inch in dia
meter. Into this rubber tube insert
the lower end of the funnel, and then
drench the animal by placing the rub
ber tube between the animal's back
teeth, allowing the hog to bite on it.
It is also well to place a piece of metal
at the end of the rubber tubing, so
that the arnimal may bile on it con
tinually without stopping the flow of
liquid by pinching the rubber hose. It
is of great importance not to close the
patient's njstrils while drenching.
Turpentine may be given with either
fiour water or with milk, a teaspoonful
to every 60 to- 100 pound hog. .Panto
dig racitaoe
Or - ' aSSg
See that ifs on your list.
See that your grocer has it
See that it's in your rig wEeh
you start home.
Then you'll have what you
wanted.
You'll be saved an extra trip.
You'll be saved the disap
pointment that comes with
every paper bag of bulk
crackers soggy from ex
posure to moisture, broken
and crumbled because it
can't be helped. '
( jgpSBjfl'lSESuttjrjsAS, ciw
CRACKER ft CANDY COi U.SJ!A.
"Th Mod.rn Bakna
nine may also be given, but the writer
does not recommend it, because i
Plight overdose of it is poisonous and
may kill the hogs. The best resu'xs
have been obtained from coal tar creo
sote. These medicines should be given
on a partly or entirely empty stomach.
The Trembling- Poplsrn.
Have you Been the poplars quiver
In the evening by the river,
Where the torch of twilight glance,
And the twilight wind is cool'.'
Where the fireflies beside them
Hail the high stars and deride thorn
Till the high stars cast their lances
Of reflection in the pool?
There the rushes loan and listen
To the silver leaves that glisten
As they toll their knell unceasing
Up and down .the lonely shore.
And the waters grieve at gloaming
When they hear the wild birds homing,
For the poplars find releasing
From their vigils nevermore.
Oh, and it' the night be dreary, .
Still the poplars may not weary;
Though the wind should sleep forever
And the waves forget its loss
Though the stars be quenched tomorrow.
Still the poplars in their sorrow
May forget, oh, never, never,
llirn who bore the poplar cross.
-The Reader.
GETTINQ IN DEADLY WORK
"Ptoetlcai Pete gays he has some
pew thoughts to give the public"
"That's the only way the public
would get 'cmit would never
buy" 'em."
ita;
Next
imefou
Go to Tovn.
You are entitled to your
money's worth. Get it in a
25-cent package of Loose
Wiles Soda Crackers.
Made in a modern bakery
by our exclusive method
from soft winter wheat flour
that has all the good of the
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Don't forget the Loose
Wiles Soda Crackers.
3