2
JULY 23, 1908.
A Review of Modern Society la th Light of.
Ethnology id Economic, Showing that the
Tendency f Cap itaiUm U Toward Revival of
Democracy en a Higher .Scale, ,a W hich imper
ialism Wltl Be Inconceivable. -
"Leads Them All.
r . - ? JLJULft Wl 1UUU111
1 J"". r
THE VANGUARD
By Dr. H. S. A LEY, Lincoln, Ntb.
THE TEACHINGS OP SCIENCE.
Modern science, in the domain of
ethnology, supplies ample evidence to
V prove that primitive man began his
career on this earth as an extreme in
dividualist or anarchist, If you please.
It also proves that the Aryan and
Semitic races, who, unassisted, worked
their way from savagery to barbarism
and thence to civilization, earh nassed
through many phases of economic and
T political development - This science
" jalso proves that there is a law of de-
velopment that, In the last analysis,
" - . mw .rVf f , Kluiu
ft as the moral, religious, domestic and
political life of the individuals corn
uprising the body social. Ethnology
teaches that, no matter how remotely
two races may be situated from each
teiviuer, tuai, matting auuwance.ior.va
v , riations in natural , surroundings, in
r tne same stage of social development,
the thoughts, acts and characteristics
4 vi tnese two races, as made manifesi
. . AM LUViAX DtVUIAl llinLIl III llllin Will ' I
1T1 th6lf OAvio I InetirnHAna mill V
much the same. In the , light of the
.it above teaching, we contend that all
lam , have .passed from;ganarchim to
communism, thence to a higher status
of individualism, and that all those
who have reached a high .state of cap
italist civilization. like Eneland
France, Belgium, . Germany and the
United States, are now ripe for the
change back to a higher form of com
munism. . ' ' '
Among all primitive societies the
form of government was some type of
democracy and the unit of such so
cieties was the gens, but as soon as
, .gentile society, that was based, upon
communal property, gve way jto po
litical society that is 'based ..upon pri
vate" or Individual property, then did
the form of government change from
mat of democracies to reoublics and
: oionarcmes as we now know them to-
.. Jay. v,. ... - .:, . .
. Taking the above facts as the basis
of our Argument, and at the jsarne time,
Viewlne the future in the Tlsrht nf 'the
,past, our conclusion . lalthat the ten-
: talist states' is not toward imperial
ism, as ; personified 'Jn . monarchy, butr
on the contrary, toward a higher type
Vf democracy; to harmonize with the
.b'gher - type of communal property
- that- in the near future? must, take the
place of the present system of private
property in all capitalist countries if
social progress is to' continue.
The history of the Aryan and Sem
itic races proves beyond doubt that the
iine: of least residence, socially,, has
been from individualism to nomrrmn-
isra, from communism back to individ
ualism,' and the logic of events now
goes, to snow that the line of least re
sistance, socially, for ." the further
progress of these two races is from in-
n viniio Mom .
u.r.uuaimiu uaciv iu communism, ir
this proposition be true, then all sav
age, barbarian and semWivniTed m.
lions must follow in the footsteps of
the Aryan and Semitic mos wmiu
they live in harmony with the law of
uciai development., . ,
GOVERNMENT UNDER GENTILE
SOCIETY. v, , (
- In order that wa may show clearly,
in fact, prove, the above thesis, we
) all rlflr. C r .
... . j, . . v, v.. j 11UIU JL.CW1B n.
Morgans' "Ancient Society." He di
fides the prehistoric period into six
..Mimic stages three of savagery and
ihree of barbarism, the last stage of
. barbarism ending with the discovery
if the phonetic alphabet that, in turn
jjshered in the historic period, or civ-dization.-
He shows, after the first
stage of savagery up to the advent Of
civilization, that all property prac
tically was held in common by the
unit of gentile society, usually the
gens, and that, as we stated in the be
ginning, the government was some
lorm of democracy. .
Under primitive society the gens
was the unit and it was composed of a
consanguine family, with the same
name and the snmo i, .
pnratry was composed of a number of
gens that spoke the same language. A
tribewas composed of a number of
phratries speaking the same language.
A confederation was composed of a
EADACHE
S& eler. 25 Coaea aSe. j
number of tribes speaking- different
dialects of the same language. ? '
Morgan shows that government-un
der savagery and barbarism passed
through three stages, the first stage
or iorm Deing a council of chiefs
elected by the members of the gens;
the second was a government co-ofdi
nated between a council jot chiefs and
a general military commander - one
representing the civil and the other
i iie muuary iunctions or government.
Both the council and . chiefs were
elected by the members of the gens.
The. third stage was a. form of -government
that was composed of a coun
cil of chiefs, an assembly of the peo
rle and a general military commander,
who, toward the end of gentile society,
evolved into a king. : ' f ; - '
Thei Spaniards took the Aztec' con
federacy for' a monarchy but in -this
they were mistaken. These people
were in the second stage of barbarism
and the gens of the Aztecs held their
lands in common. Montezuma th
supposed kihg or monarch, was sim
ply the general inilitary commander of
me Aziec coweaeracy. This confed
eracy was COmDOSed Of thWA irlhe.
and 4was governed - by a council of
wuiis auu a general military com
mander. Each of these, three triw
was supreme, in the administration of
its own local affairs ; in , fact, stood in
iuucu me same relation, to the coli
lederacy as. do our states. to the fed-
trai, government, ' , j t
In primitive society, the gens was
prior to the phratry, the phratry to
the tribe and the tribe to the confed
eracy; The-phratry was, the unit of
wuisaip, aiso tne unit of. military or
ganization. While
tarr commander was at;first elected
oy the members of the tHhoa
usually, s after a time the office became
ncieuaary m, . One particular gens,
hence it was but a short step to mon
aiChy. When disrnvero w s
iards : he custom of the Aztecs was
JV w..ineir,, general, .military .,-com-andifrom
the Aztec, ibe, but the
power of electlng thetr commander
rJp-H- J ttsseu ironi! Aands
Qt the peoDle into the
.touhcll o$ chiefs, -who: in, turn, was
4 cyi ewjai meir respective
phratries. The genera l i it,..
SS Si;-decisive' step
,iT" Vunsu'tlnS. the council of
y;;;:;- ua m power to
j.. . . , ----- .valjr lumiuau
oer and elect his rhoooa
- . .- r-vwvui,; w :.--
, forB. of government was . a
juyuiucu, milltarv demrwraw
-wi vi vujis was elected by a een-
ou.ius.ui oaroarism as the
pJili?. A?tecs' a the other
fT""rc!"l'fortn Amenca in the
ThL Vo na. S12teenth centuries were
,rr D"u siage or barbarism.
,nr 1 f government in all was
much the same. At this time several
confederacies had already been formed'
the more prominent of which were. as
Jollovs- The-. Iroquois, composed of
five tribes; the Creeks, composed of
.i"le.Si.th Ottawa, composed of
Z a ' ine Kota League, com
posed Of 'ieven rnnnHi fi j a.
Moque, in New Mexico, composed of
-:.cu yueuios. ah these were mili
tary democracies in otki.i,
v . """ iue mem
bers of the gens ultimately ruled. The
tuey were m the scale of de
velopment the nearer ihaxr ...,, uj
the types found in Mexico and Peru
enierc as Montezuma and
n(!fS.- These two confederacies
ere ramdlv annmnMnn.
ftc Bociai development when dis
covered by the Spaniards as was Rome
at tne time of Rnmnim- t
Sf,Grr ?. ""d.er th. leadership of
fJR13!T7!rT(' TTMrinT
v... wivn vjcxn liL.Kijitjvi,
in nrimlflvo ri i.. . .
, -I """.-. ,v. 'cccc, me same as
aatong the aborigines of North and
South America, the gens was the unit
of the social system, not the family
aa man.. ..rvnA. . t-t . ,
f i. . - unaer gentile socie
ty the family was not and could not
Pe a Unit, as the hnehon
2KLi!?.. excePti0, belonged to
""'"cm pcus.
At the time of Rnlon
the male line; the property of a de-
un went to his gens, as. un
der gentileism, he could not will it to
cri not a member Af Mi
slieht modification. the sens, phratry
"e regulations of the Greeks
were the same as the Iroquois. . The
nterian phratry was a combination of
"ver.1" wmws. ror religious . and fra
ternal purposes. It was also the unit
of military organization." In other
Mords ,the tribe,'; went to war by
phratries. ; The gens-" had its Archon,
orhief, who 'also 'officiated as priest
in the religious observances oi the.
gens," and each f phratry had its patri-.
arch who presided at its meetings and
officiated in the solemnization of its
religious rites. . Each gens phratry
and tribe spoke the same dialect of the
same language. The Basileus was . a
chief who stood at the head "of each
tribe. He also possessed nriestiv func
tions, but it is not known that he "had
any political power. ; During the he
roic period of Greece B. f!. xnn r 7r,ft
the Athenian erovernment. hnre a
close resemblance to the Aztec and
ether American confederacies that had
reached the second ' status of harha r.
ism, as it was composed of three parts,
viz: nrst, a council of chiefs, that was
doubtless selected bv the chiefs of the
gens from; (heir own number; second,
tne Agora.; an assemblv comnnRei of
all the nebtile who desired to
pate in its deliberations, and, third, a
- - - - t"' UU"
casneus, or chief, who nossessei the
attriDutes of a judge, priest and com
manaer-of the military forces. in the
Agora, or assembly, all questions of
general interest were discussed ; and
then voted upon bv a show of Hands
and such ; vote usually influenced the
council m its nnai decisions.
The Athenian gentile militafv nem
ocracy was transformed into a rni?tt
cai uemocracy under the leaderships
of Solon (B. C. 594) and Cleisthenes
(B. C. 509). and as a result rtmnerttr
ueabea to De communal , and became
. . r--t-.
individual. v " r v '
The economic or industrial revolu
tion thai;" made i this change of owner-
Miip pofsiDie had been coin s on for
200 years. Not" hnwevor Tn nui
itmes nau discovered 4;he idea of the
deme or township was the political
revolution that 'Chanced the RVStem nf
uwuersnip' made'-possible. : r i ' :
in short, the system of- production
was individuaUstic . before . rrlvate
MiuytJfiy in iana was a nncoiK,in,r
ROME UNDER GENTILEISM.
u6!10 to the time, .-of.R.omulus
VttUUUl ilO ' tS. Clr the .RnMane
prised a loose - confederation of thirty
tr ibes. They were then in the upper
Slm8 UL UarDansm. The Rnniar nn
tne society was composed - of eens
v-u.mhh,. mat nnaily-united in
a confederacy. Ten wne mo n
- o" ""uc a tuna
o.nd ten curia made a tribe, but. under
me leaoersnip of Romulus,4 all the
uwa were com Dined into three tribes.'
i ne government comnHsod
bly of the people, to whom all im-
4i wui matters were submitted- a
COUnCll Of Chiefs or cmntQ
at first of .100 members or one for
JLeM- Dut after, the number of
ocuatura was raised tn anA s a.,
lI,eh n.b?J lastly, there was a
u wr,cniei, or.iiex, who also pos
sessed certain reiie-inno fnu
in snort, the Roman
lJltL01 barbarism, was practl-
SJ.! of the Aztecs,
- wuiMua aua irreeifs in
?m aeveiopment ,
. . " iuc aauie
ovviA CUSTOMS COMPARED.
To brine out mnra i-
t . . " 7 v.ica.i our con
tention that the Riai
hv o T ?; ln-tns main, determined
Sll hrieLf SDCial develPnent, we
111 Dneflv comnaro thn
.f.r?.Ts """feracy in . the same
lews: ' f1B ttS 101
RIGHTS. PRTrTT vnx?o m
OBLIGATIONS OP thp kt.v,t,
OF THE IROOUOTS n.""'
V rrn. . ... . T A. -
me nent of eiefino- n
and chief: (2) the hT"
Saehm ucng us
;;"ol V"! ' tne obligation
ti7iTi " lne gens' (4 the mui
tuai rishts of infioi.nn.
cf decked .-IZ:'."!
ui gneyances; (6) the right of be
stowing names imnn . v.... rr.
It iS; ?' ad0Jtine dangers into
ouerry" V mm0B relios rites
?ioTI' i COmmon burial place;
(10) a council of the gens. (From
Morgan's "Ancient Society," page 7U
RIGHTS. PmVIIIT!PO nm.
,1, iwiAIN uiflNS.
(i Common reHcri,, ;
tUa3 Jlghts of accession to prop
erty of deceased members: (3) a coi
ry in the gens in the case of orphans
tZnrt and heIresses' -) the po8:
session of common property, an archon
and treasurer; (7) the limitation of
2jritii male iine; (8 th -
gation sot to marry in the cens ex
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cept in the specified cases; (9) the
right to adopt strangers into the gens;
(10) the right to elect and depose its
chiefs., (Ibid, page 223.) ' !
RIGHTS, PRIVILEGES AND :
OBLIGATIONS OF THE MEMBERS
OF THE ROMAN GENS. ; '
(1) Mutual rights of succession to
property, of deceased, gentiles; (2) the
possession of a. common burial place;
(3) common religious rites; (4) the
obligation not to marry -inthe gens;
(5) the possession of lands in com
mon; (6) reciprocal, obligations oi
help, defence and. redress of injuries;
(7) the right to hear the gentile name;
(8) the right -to adopt strangers in
the gens; (9) the rigLt tc elect and
depose its chiefs. (Ibid, page 85.)
Taking Rome as the best example of
what course political institutions took
in ancient and classical times, with
the Aryan race, and we find they
evolved, under communal property, ia
the strictest sense of the'. -word from
pure democracy to military democracy.
About the time of Romulus the mili
tary democracy was Gradually .trans
formed into a monarchy, whieh form
of government lasted for about 250
years. It was during this period of
Roman history that the economic rev
olution was completed through which
crmmunai property was transformed
into individual nroDertv. Tr, the year
508 B. C, the Roman republic was
established, which lasted, until the
year 27 B. C, at which time the Ro
man empire came into existence- ir
in turn, lasted unt41 A. D. 476, when
itome as a nation ceased to be. Be
It remembered that the nominal in
stitutions of Rome, under the repub
lic and empire (a period of 984 years),
was based-unon Drivate nronertv vhMa
under the kings, the system of own
ership was mixed, being part com
munal and part individualislic.
When the barbarians came in wh
were still gentiles, and as such held
their lands in common the intitn
tions of Rome became hlenrteH
- V
irixed . with those of its cor.miCrorgt
ana civilization was deflected from the
straieht course it had heen
- . . K-'iuviue,
for nearly 1,000 years and resulted in
a new social systemthe feudal that
was a mongrel or cross, economically.
tu mat it was semi-communal and